植物根际促生菌提高植物耐盐性的研究进展

植物根际促生菌(PGPR)是一类可有效减轻盐渍环境对植物的损伤、促进植物对矿物质营养吸收、显著拮抗病原菌的有益菌类。合理施用PGPR在植物抗逆机理、土壤生态修复、育种策略改良等方面具有极其重要的应用潜力。本文总结了PGPR促进植物养分吸收,调节植物激素稳态和减轻植物盐胁迫损伤等方面的研究进展,为进一步分析PGPR在未来育种改良研究中的应用前景提供理论依据。     

植物响应盐碱胁迫的机制

土壤盐碱化对农林业生产和发展的影响日渐严重,已经成为全球范围内所面临的重大环境问题。研究盐碱胁迫的危害以及植物对盐碱胁迫的响应机制,有助于挖掘植物耐盐碱基因,选育耐盐碱品种,改良盐碱地,提高农作物的产量,扩大园林植物的栽培应用。盐、碱实际上是两种不同的非生物胁迫,碱胁迫在盐胁迫的基础上还增加了高pH胁迫,其危害程度较盐胁迫更深。本综述分析了土壤盐渍化现状,盐碱胁迫对植物产生的渗透胁迫、离子毒害、高pH伤害、活性氧胁迫等危害,从渗透调节物质的合成、离子的吸收转运与pH调节、增强抗氧化酶活性及内源激素响应等方面阐述了植物耐盐碱的生理机制;从盐碱胁迫的信号转导、转录因子调控响应及抗盐碱相关基因的表达等方面梳理了植物耐盐碱的分子机制。最后对植物适应盐碱胁迫的研究方向及多组学联合分析在全面研究植物抗盐碱机制中的应用作出了展望。     

盐碱胁迫下植物生理和钙信号通路分子机制的研究进展

土壤的盐化和碱化往往伴随发生,在盐碱胁迫下,植物会遭受许多类型的非生物胁迫,严重影响植物的正常生长发育.本综述首先介绍了盐碱土的分类;其次从四个方面对植物在盐碱胁迫下体内产生相应生理机制进行详细介绍;接下来以植物在盐碱胁迫下产生的钙信号为重点进行阐述,包括植物首个非离子通道型盐胁迫下离子感受器GIPCs的发现、盐碱胁迫...     

植物抗旱耐盐机理的研究进展

干旱、盐碱均是影响植物生长发育及作物减产的非生物胁迫因素,研究植物的抗旱性和耐盐性对农业生产和生态建设具有重要的意义。植物在受到干旱胁迫或者盐碱胁迫时,可以通过渗透物质的变化以及保护酶活性变化来响应干旱胁迫或者盐碱胁迫,从而提高植物的抗旱耐盐能力。同时许多与植物抗旱耐盐相关的基因被克隆和分析,并通过转基因技术将这些基因转到植物中异源表达,同样提高了转基因植物的抗旱耐盐能力。笔者从植物形态、生理生化水平以及活性氧清除和转录因子等方面概述了植物的抗旱和耐盐机制。     

菌根真菌增强植物抗盐碱胁迫能力的研究进展

土壤盐碱化是一个全球性问题,我国盐碱化土壤面积较大,严重影响当前农业发展,因此提高植物抗盐碱胁迫能力,盐碱土壤改良已成为当前我国生物科学面临的重大课题之一。菌根真菌是生态系统中普遍存在的土壤微生物,它在增强寄主植物的抗盐碱胁迫能力中的作用逐渐引起国内外学者的广泛关注。笔者从盐碱胁迫下菌根真菌对植物生长、营养吸收的影响,和菌根真菌提高植物抗盐碱胁迫能力的机理两方面,对近年来国内外有关研究成果进行了综述。同时也对当前研究中存在的问题以及今后的研究方向进行了探讨。     

非生物胁迫对芍药属植物生长发育影响的研究进展

芍药属植物在园林绿化等方面应用前景良好,但其在生长发育过程中不可避免地会遭遇各种各样的逆境胁迫,适度的胁迫可以促进植物生长,但过度的胁迫不仅能够抑制芍药属植物生长,导致植物根、茎、叶等在形态上发育不良,还会使植物内部有机物质、无机离子、酶等含量发生变化,甚至造成芍药属植物的死亡。本综述从非生物胁迫中的温度胁迫、光照胁迫、水分胁迫、盐碱胁迫以及重金属胁迫等方面入手,对非生物胁迫对芍药属植物形态和生理影响的研究现状进行了综述,旨在帮助人们了解芍药属植物的抗逆生理机制,并且为芍药属植物的研究和推广创造有利条件。     

1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸在恶臭假单胞菌 趋化双孢蘑菇菌丝中的作用

真菌-细菌生物膜(FBB)在制备高效生物肥料接种剂和生防制剂中发挥着重要作用,探讨FBB的形成机理非常有必要。以双孢蘑菇和恶臭假单胞菌UW4为对象,研究了1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸(ACC)在双孢蘑菇-细菌生物膜形成过程中的作用。采用PDA平板培养双孢蘑菇菌丝,在距离菌丝尖端边缘处涂布UW4菌悬液,双孢蘑菇菌丝生长速度比涂布超纯水的对照组提高10.85%,同时,显微镜和扫描电镜均可观察到UW4能够在双孢蘑菇菌丝表面形成菌膜。使用ACC合成酶抑制剂氨基氧乙酸(AOA)抑制双孢蘑菇菌丝ACC的合成,则UW4不能在双孢蘑菇菌丝表面形成菌膜。此外,UW4 ACC脱氨酶基因缺失突变株也不能形成菌膜。趋化试验发现,UW4可趋化ACC,趋化强度与双孢蘑菇菌丝分泌物中的强趋化物谷氨酰胺和柠檬酸类似,且ACC最适趋化浓度的趋化强度高于谷氨酰胺和柠檬酸最适趋化浓度的趋化强度。而UW4 ACC脱氨酶基因缺失突变株不能趋化ACC。转录组测序分析ACC对UW4基因表达的影响,发现ACC能够引起UW4中趋化和运动相关基因的表达水平发生显著的上调或下调。以上结果表明,ACC是假单胞菌趋化双孢蘑菇的一种强趋化物质,同时是产ACC脱氨酶细菌在真菌菌丝表面形成菌膜的关键信号物质。     

PGPR对莠去津污染土壤中结缕草生长及生理的影响

探究接种植物根际促生菌(PGPR)对结缕草幼苗生长与生理代谢的影响,为莠去津污染土壤中种植草坪草提供理论依据.采用双因素试验设计,以结缕草幼苗为材料,将幼苗分为PGPR(荧光假单胞杆菌,Pseudomonas fluorescens)接种和未接种两组,进行莠去津处理(浓度梯度为0、3、15、75 mg/kg),并测定不...     

盐碱胁迫对农牧作物种子萌发的影响研究进展

种子萌发期是植物生长发育的起点和关键环节,受环境影响尤为敏感。盐碱胁迫是影响种子萌发的重要环境压力和限制性因子。土壤盐碱化已危及人类生存和生活,研究盐碱胁迫对种子萌发的影响具有紧迫性和重要性。本研究论述了盐碱胁迫对种子萌发抑制的原理、生理生化变化和提高种子萌发耐盐性对策,为作物耐盐碱性研究和盐碱土地改良利用提供理论参考。     

外源脱落酸在水稻盐碱胁迫作用中的进展

在水稻的生长发育过程中,土壤盐碱化程度向来都是生长发育和产量的重要指标之一。盐碱胁迫对于水稻的危害已经成为全球水稻生产核心问题。脱落酸作为植物生长过程中的必要生长素,具有抑制与促进生长,维持植物幼芽与种子休眠的作用。此外,对于果实与叶的脱落和植物叶片气孔关闭等现象,脱落酸都有一定影响,对盐碱胁迫下的水稻生长发育更是有着重要影响。本综述着重介绍脱落酸对水稻盐碱胁迫下的水稻表观形态、生理生化、分子机制等方面的影响的研究进展。     

根际促生菌的生防机理及用作生防制剂的潜能

植物根际促生菌是一类可以显著提高植物生活力或植物抗病害能力的天然土壤细菌,除可经由多种途径促进植物的营养吸收与物质积累、提高植物的各项生长参数与生理生化指标外,其还可通过多种途径对植物病害加以防治。根际促生菌的生物防治活性依赖于其在植物根际的定殖,并经由特定生防活性物质的分泌、对植物系统抗性的诱导来加以实现。利用根际促生菌在植物根际的定殖,可对植物病害病原菌的生长造成抑制,这对于一些难以使用化学药剂进行防治的植物病害十分关键。本文论述了根际促生菌的生物防治机理,并探讨了将根际促生菌用作植物病害的生物防治剂的可能性,可为生态农业的发展提供了新思路。     

根际促生菌在植物修复重金属污染土壤中的应用研究进展

近年来,由于土壤的重金属污染问题日益严重,迫切需要研发出高效的重金属污染土壤修复技术。植物修复技术与传统方法相比以其经济、环保与安全的特点,已成为解决土壤重金属污染问题的重要手段,特别是植物根际促生菌联合植物修复技术。评价了如何利用植物根际促生菌来提高植物对重金属的抗性、吸收与转运以及植物的生物量,从而提高植物修复重金属污染土壤的效率。简述了植物根际促生菌不仅可以分泌有机酸、生物表面活性剂等来提高土壤中重金属的生物有效性,从而直接影响植物对重金属的吸收,还可通过分泌植物生长激素吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)、1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸脱氨酶(ACCD)、铁载体以及促进植物对矿物元素（磷）吸收等促进了植物的生长和对重金属的抗性、间接提高植物对重金属的吸收、富集。对近年来国内外根际促生菌在植物修复中的应用进行了综述,并对其研究前景进行了展望。     

Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria and kinetin as ways to promote corn growth and yield in a short-growing-season area

The base temperature for germination of corn is approximately 10°C, which results in slow germination and emergence of corn crops sown into cool soils. The effects of plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and kinetin on grain and sweet corn emergence, plant growth and yield were studied under short season conditions in 1996 and 1997. Two PGPR strains (Serratia proteamaculans 1-102 and Serratia liquefaciens 2-68) were used. The kinetin concentrations were 0, 1 and 5 μM. The experiment was structured as a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The plant growth responses were variable and depended on the PGPR strain, harvest date and growth parameters evaluated. There were interactions among PGPR, kinetin and corn hybrid. PGPR provided a greater stimulation of seedling emergence than kinetin. PGPR strain 1-102 was best at promoting emergence. One month after planting, both PGPR and kinetin increased plant growth, and PGPR strain 2-68 resulted in a greater growth than that of strain 1-102. PGPR strain 2-68 plus 1 μM kinetin was the best treatment for promoting plant growth. The plant height and root dry weight of sweet corn were less affected than those of grain corn. The effects of PGPR on plant growth decreased as the plants developed. Two months after planting, there were no effects of kinetin on plant growth, however, PGPR still had positive effects on the leaf area of grain corn, but they decreased the leaf area of sweet corn. The plant dry weight of grain corn was increased by PGPR strain 2-68. The grain corn yield was increased by PGPR strain 2-68 in both years. In 1997, PGPR strain 2-68 increased the sweet corn yield. Kinetin alone had no effects on yields in either year for the two cultivars studied.     

Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in Alleviating Salinity Stress in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Grown Under Ambient and Elevated CO2

Plant growth and development are influenced by future elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration and increased salinity stress. AM (arbuscular mycorrhiza) symbiosis has been shown to improve plant growth and resistance to environmental stresses. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of AM fungus in alleviating salinity stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants grown under ambient and elevated CO₂ concentrations. Wheat plants inoculated or not inoculated with AM fungus were grown in two glasshouses with different CO₂ concentrations (400 and 700 μmol l^?1) and salinity levels (0, 9.5 and 19.0 dS m^?1). Results showed that salinity stress decreased and elevated CO₂ increased AM colonization. AM inoculation increased plant dry weight under elevated CO₂ and salinity stress. Stomatal conductance, density, size and aperture of AM plants were greater than non‐AM plants. AM fungi enhanced NUE by altering plant C assimilation and N uptake. AM plants had higher soluble sugar concentration and [K⁺]: [Na⁺] ratio compared with non‐AM plants. It is concluded that AM symbiosis improves wheat plant growth at vegetative stages through increasing stomatal conductance, enhancing NUE, accumulating soluble sugar, and improving ion homeostasis in wheat plants grown at elevated CO₂ and salinity stress.     

Plant–Water Relations of Kidney Bean Plants Treated with NaCl and Foliarly Applied Glycinebetaine

Salinity is at present one of the most serious environmental problems influencing crop growth. It has been extensively demonstrated that salinity affects several physiological processes in the plant, including the plant–water relations of most salt-sensitive crops species. In this study, the effects of salinity on the plant–water relations of kidney bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and the possibility that foliarly applied glycinebetaine improves these water relations are examined. Kidney bean plants were grown in a greenhouse and treated with 0, 30, 50 and 100 m M NaCl, combined with 0, 10 and 30 m M glycinebetaine in foliar applications. Increased salinity levels decreased stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate, transpiration and leaf relative water content in the 30, 50 and 100 m M treatments relative to the control treatment. Glycinebetaine applications of 10 m M increased stomatal conductance at 50 m M NaCl, ameliorating significantly the effect of salinity on water relations through increases in the leaf relative water content. At 100 m M NaCl, 30 m M glycinebetaine applications in particular contributed to osmotic stress, and had an adverse effect on plants. Our experiment suggests that glycinebetaine can be used as an alternative treatment to reduce the effects of salt stress on the water relations of salt-sensitive plants, but only to limited salinity levels. Furthermore, the improvement in the water status of kidney beans was dose dependent, suggesting that the concentration of glycinebetaine essential for the survival of salt-sensitive plants is species specific and must be determined individually for each plant species.     

桃果实中ACC合酶基因克隆及基因沉默载体构建

摘 要：植物中乙烯是一种具有促进果实成熟和衰老的内源激素。ACC合酶是植物乙烯生物合成途径中一个重要的限速酶,沉默ACC合酶基因的表达能减少植物性内源性乙烯的产生。本研究以中华寿桃为研究材料,采用RT-PCR 技术,克隆获得ACC合酶基因。将该基因酶切回收后连接到pTRV-RNA2载体上,转化DH5α,筛选阳性克隆,进行酶切鉴定。测序后与已知序列进行同源性比较,其同源性达到99.6%,表明将ACC合酶基因成功连接到pTRV-RNA2基因沉默载体上。     

植物根际促生菌的研究进展及其应用现状

为了解植物根际促生菌(PGPR)的作用机理及定殖动态,综述了植物促生菌的种类和研究进展、影响微生物在植物根部定殖的主要因素、定殖微生物的检测方法、植物促生菌的促生机制包括产生铁载体、固氮、解磷、产生植物生长素等。得出结论应加强PGPR菌株的筛选及适应能力的研究,并将分子生物学技术应用到PGPR的研究中,充分利用传统培养方法与分子生物学技术相结合,跟踪植物根际菌群的变化、演替规律,对今后研究方向进行了分析和展望。     

Evapotranspiration as a Criterion to Estimate Nitrogen Requirement of Maize Under Salt Stress

We tested the hypothesis that by reducing the application of N, based on the decrease in evapotranspiration (ET) expected due to increase in soil salinity, it is possible to reduce N loss without causing N deficiency or further yield loss in salt‐stressed maize plants. We tested four levels of salinity of irrigation water (S1 = 0.5; S2 = 2.5; S3 = 5.0; and S4 = 7.5 dS m^?1) and four N rates using outdoor soil columns with five replicates. The N rates were as follows: N1: N recommendation for maize (2.6 g per column); N2: 0.3 times the N recommendation (0.78 g per column); N3: reduction in N1 based on the decrease in ET caused by salinity; and N4: reduction in N2 based on the decrease in ET caused by salinity. The amounts of N for N3 and N4 were reduced (in relation to N1 and N2) by 7 %, 15 % and 30 % for 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 dS m^?1, respectively. Salinity caused NO₃^? accumulation in the soil, plant growth inhibition and stomatal closure. The low rates of N (N2 and N4) did not meet the N demand of maize plants, especially for low levels of salinity (control and 2.5 dS m^?1). On the other hand, based on the available growth data, physiological responses and nutritional status, one can conclude that plants under N1 and N3 had the same potential for final yield. For these N rates, reduction in N application according to ET (N3 rate) not only allowed plant growth and maize physiological responses, but also increased N‐use efficiency and greatly reduced soil nitrate accumulation compared to N1 rate, at the same levels of salinity. We conclude that reduction in N application, based on reductions in ET, is a good strategy to reduce both the risk of ground water contamination by NO₃^? leaching and fertilization costs, without causing additional damage to plant development under salt stress.