临泉县大力发展畜牧业促进农民增收——规模化生产 标准化饲养 产业化经营

临泉县委、县政府紧紧围绕市委、市政府“优化一产、突出发展畜牧业”的总体部署，坚持以国内外市场为导向，以科技为依托，以效益为中心，以促进农民增收为导向，以科技为依托，以效益为中心，以促进农民增收为目的，大力实施畜牧致富工程、畜产品品牌工程和流通工程，大力发展适度规模养殖，积极推广标准化生产，切实推进产业化进程，促进了畜牧业健康发展。     

湖南省重点建设四大畜禽基地

从2005年开始，湖南省畜牧业产业化重点建设四大畜禽基地，采取“基地 小区”的模式，推进畜禽养殖标准化，带动农民发展规模化养殖增收。     

标准化养殖小区建设带动地方畜牧业经济快速发展

贵州省松桃苗族自治县自2008年初以来，将标准化养殖小区建设工程作为加快畜牧业发展的着力点，作为提升畜牧业产业化水平、助民增收致富的支柱产业来抓，通过标准化养殖小区建设工程和规模养殖带动全县畜牧业的快速发展。截至10月底，全县生猪养殖小区已新增建30个，新增规模养殖大户（饲养能繁母猪50头且产仔出栏1000头以上，饲养育肥猪1000头以上，养牛50头以上，养羊300只以上，养禽500只以上）201户。     

建设规模化养殖小区拓宽畜牧业发展思路

近年来,吐鲁番地区把发展畜禽养殖场（小区）建设作为转变畜牧业生产方式,加快发展现代畜牧业,推进新农村建设的重要举措,大力实施规模化养殖、标准化生产、产业化经营,畜牧业已成为农村经济发展的突破口,农民增收致富的新亮点。     

信都小区规模养殖的做法和体会

八步区通过实施小区规模养殖,加快畜牧业规模化、集约化、标准化、产业化经营的发展步伐,促进养殖增效和农民增收。2003年率先在西牛公司牧场建立厂信都杂种牛养殖小区,实行“种草-养牛-养鱼-牛粪-果树-牧草”模式建设小区,并取得,良好的经济效益和社     

贵州农村养猪小区建设要点

近年来,我省生猪养殖发展迅猛,农村养猪方式逐渐由传统的家庭散养方式向养猪小区集中饲养方式转变,并成为我省农村转变生猪养殖畜牧业生产方式、促进生猪产业结构调整、推进生猪产业化经营、提高养猪经济效益、促进农民增收的主要途径。养猪小区建设的合理性、规范性直接影响生猪养殖效益,也事关养殖户切身利益。笔者结合近年来贵州生猪养猪小区建设实际,谈谈养猪小区建设的要点。     

养殖小区建设浅议

养殖小区是以村或村民小组为单位,在养殖专业村或养殖业较集中的地区,将人畜分离,即一家一户庭院式畜牧业,将养殖区移建至村外,集中连片,形成规模.这种小型养殖业集中模式即有效解决了人畜同院、专业村环境卫生差,也有利于将分散小型化的畜牧业实现规模化,专业化和产业化发展,拉动农村产业结构调整,是目前农区畜牧产业规模化和现代化发展的必然选择,是促进农村经济增长和农民增收的有效途径.     

提升洮北区畜牧产业化建设水平促进现代畜牧业发展

<正>洮北区围绕牧业提质增效,加快畜牧业生产方式转变,大力实施规模化养殖,标准化生产,产业化经营战略,畜牧产业化建设得到快速发展。全区肉、蛋、奶总产量分别为3.33万吨、2.48万吨和7.72万吨,畜牧业产值实现18.24亿元,势头强劲的养殖业成为洮北区农村经济发展的重头戏,农民增收致富的新亮点。1畜牧产业化发展步伐加快1.1畜禽养殖种类呈现格局化     

濮阳市养殖业污染现状与对策

20世纪90年代以来，濮阳市把发展畜禽养殖业特别是规模化养殖业作为农业结构调整，促进农民增收致富的重要举措，先后推行了“公司＋农户”、“龙头企业＋基地”、“抓百区，带千户，促进农民增收”等畜牧业产业化工程。经历十几年的快速发展，濮阳市畜禽养殖业结构进一步优化，养殖规模持续扩大，畜产品质量逐年提高，为“三农”发展做出了积极的贡献，但随之也带来了集约化养殖场畜禽粪便排放急剧增长的问题。     

加快转变畜牧业生产方式全面提高畜产品质量安全

转变生产方式，推进健康养殖，建设生态养殖小区；实现产业化经营，突出技术更新，促进产业升级，实施养殖生产全过程监管；提升畜产品的质量安全水平，使畜牧业尽快从单纯追求数量向数量与质量、效益和生态并重的方向转变；走优质、高效、生态、安全的可持续发展道路，以增强畜产品的市场竞争力，实现畜牧业增效，农民增收。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.