不同菌种组合对固态发酵黄酒糟生产蛋白饲料的研究

试验探讨了不同菌种组合及其发酵工艺对固态发酵黄酒糟生产蛋白饲料的研究。选用黑曲霉(H)、康氏木霉(K)、米曲霉(M)、白地霉(B)、热带假丝酵母(R)、绿色木霉(L)对黄酒糟进行双菌和三菌组合固态发酵试验,三菌组合发酵效果优于双菌组合,其中RLM组合发酵产物的氨基酸总量达24.94%,胱氨酸、蛋氨酸含量显著高于其他组合(P<0.05)。通过L(934)正交试验优化发酵工艺,结果表明:在30℃、90%以上湿度的条件下,发酵时间48h不搅拌,不添加营养盐,菌种比例(R∶L∶M)为2∶1∶1。本试验结果为开发利用黄酒糟提供了理论参考。     

不同菌种固态发酵马铃薯渣对其营养价值影响研究

马铃薯渣是马铃薯生产淀粉的下脚料,不经处理直接排放,会造成资源浪费和环境污染。通过微生物固态发酵处理可提高蛋白质含量并降低粗纤维含量,从而提高马铃薯渣的饲用价值。试验以酵母菌、霉菌、芽孢杆菌和乳酸菌为发酵菌种,研究不同菌种及组合固态发酵对其增值效果。结果表明,在温度为30℃和pH自然的条件下,发酵72h,马铃薯渣营养价值显著提高,10种菌单菌发酵,其真蛋白含量提高,粗纤维降低。其中,酿酒酵母、产朊假丝酵母、X霉菌、绿色木霉、黑曲霉和米曲霉发酵真蛋白总量提高超过40%,植物乳杆菌、康宁木霉和黑曲霉发酵粗纤维降解率超过50%,均可提高总氨基酸和必选氨基酸含量;15个双菌组合发酵均能提高马铃薯渣真蛋白含量,降低粗纤维含量。其中,酿酒酵母+米曲霉、酿酒酵母+黑曲霉和酿酒酵母+康宁木霉组合真蛋白总量提高超过50%;酿酒酵母+黑曲霉、扣囊复膜酵母+康宁木霉组合粗纤维降解率超过50%,均可提高马铃薯渣总氨基酸和必需氨基酸含量。综合考虑,马铃薯渣单菌发酵,以黑曲霉效果最好,双菌组合以酿酒酵母+黑曲霉为最佳组合。     

不同组合菌种固态发酵马铃薯渣对其营养价值影响研究

研究以马铃薯渣为原料,芽孢杆菌、酵母和霉菌为候选发酵菌种,固态发酵马铃薯渣,研究不同菌种组合固态发酵对其营养价值影响。结果表明:在温度为30℃及自然p H的条件下,发酵72 h,15个组合均能够提高马铃薯渣真蛋白和氨基酸含量、降低粗纤维含量和优化氨基酸组成。其中枯草芽孢杆菌+产朊假丝酵母+绿色木霉和枯草芽孢杆菌+扣囊腹膜酵母+黑曲霉组合改善马铃薯渣氨基酸组成效果较好,总氨基酸含量分别提高111.87%、106.34%和107.93%;枯草芽孢杆菌+酿酒酵母+绿色木霉、枯草芽孢杆菌+产朊假丝酵母+霉菌X3、枯草芽孢杆菌+酿酒酵母+霉菌X3及枯草芽孢杆菌+产朊假丝酵母+绿色木霉组合综合增值能力较强,枯草芽孢杆菌+酿酒酵母+绿色木霉增值加权值达到37.09%,明显或显著高于其他组合(P0.05)。     

固态发酵葡萄皮渣生产生物饲料的菌种筛选

为了筛选适宜固态发酵葡萄皮渣生产生物饲料的菌种,以葡萄皮渣为主要原料,以真蛋白含量为评价指标,采用产朊假丝酵母、酿酒酵母、嗜酸乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌4株菌的单菌和多菌组合进行固体发酵试验筛选最佳发酵菌种,同时研究了固体培养基灭菌与不灭菌工艺对其产物真蛋白含量的影响。结果表明,葡萄皮渣固体培养基不灭菌发酵产物的真蛋白含量高于灭菌处理;4株菌中产朊假丝酵母单菌发酵后产物的真蛋白含量最高,为13.75%;产朊假丝酵母和嗜酸乳杆菌双菌组合的发酵效果优于三菌和四菌发酵,发酵后产物的真蛋白含量最高,为13.88%。由该试验结果可以确定固态发酵葡萄皮渣的最佳菌种组合为产朊假丝酵母+嗜酸乳杆菌。     

复合菌固态生物转化啤酒糟发酵条件优化的研究

利用黑曲霉、绿色木霉、热带假丝酵母三菌株对啤酒酿造下脚料———啤酒糟进行固态发酵转化,在优化的培养基基础上,通过单菌种发酵试验,对发酵接种量、培养方式、菌种配比等进行优化;确定最佳的固态生物转化啤酒糟的发酵条件:菌种配比为,黑曲霉∶绿色木霉∶酵母=2∶1∶1,接种方式为先接黑曲霉、绿色木霉,24h后接酵母。经29℃,200r/min发酵5d得到的产品,具有多种酶活性,酸性蛋白酶酶活力达3540U/g(干基)、纤维素酶活力达432U/g(干基)、糖化酶活力达190U/g(干基),真蛋白质含量升高11.8%。     

复合菌种固态发酵法提高甜高粱秸秆饲料品质的研究

试验探讨了不同菌种及菌种组合对固态发酵甜高粱秸秆酒糟生产蛋白饲料的影响。以产朊假丝酵母、康宁木霉、黑曲霉、枯草芽孢杆菌和白地霉为发酵初筛菌种,探索单一菌种及双菌组合对甜高粱秸秆酒糟木质纤维素、蛋白质含量积累的影响。结果表明,对比未发酵甜高粱秸秆酒糟数据可知,单一菌种和双菌组合均能提高发酵产物的蛋白质含量和降低粗纤维含量。黑曲霉和产朊假丝酵母组合为最佳菌种配伍,且当菌种比例为11时,粗蛋白质含量为18.79%;粗纤维含量为34.68%,较未接菌降低了16.38%,且较单一菌种黑曲霉和产朊假丝酵母分别降低了8.15%、7.01%。通过微生物菌种发酵处理可以降解部分纤维素、提高蛋白质含量,还可在很大程度上缓解饲料中蛋白不足的矛盾。     

啤酒糟发酵产高蛋白饲料菌种的配伍

以啤酒糟为主要原料,采用多菌种混合固态发酵生产蛋白饲料,并通过菌种的配伍实验对发酵产蛋白饲料菌种的组合进行优化,试验结果表明:挑选的8株菌都能在以啤酒糟为唯一底物的平板上生长,并且菌种最佳组合为固氮菌、白地霉、绿色木霉、啤酒酵母、热带假丝酵母等5株菌,其发酵后的蛋白质含量为31.45%,粗蛋白为39.22%,无机氮转化率为56.42%。     

香蕉茎叶粉固态发酵条件优化及鹅对其养分利用率的研究

本试验旨在研究应用固态发酵技术改善香蕉茎叶粉养分组成的工艺参数及鹅对其养分的利用率。选择米曲霉和产朊假丝酵母作为发酵菌种,逐步探究5个因素(单菌种发酵、硫酸铵添加量、米曲霉和产朊假丝酵母接种比例、混合菌液接种量)对发酵后香蕉茎叶粉蛋白质含量的影响。利用正交设计筛选最优发酵温度、底物水分和发酵时间的组合。结果显示:米曲霉和产朊假丝酵母单独发酵均能显著或极显著提高发酵后香蕉茎叶粉的粗蛋白质含量(P0.05或P0.01)。添加硫酸铵能显著或极显著提高发酵后香蕉茎叶粉的真蛋白质含量(P0.05或P0.01),其中添加2%硫酸铵组的真蛋白质含量最高。米曲霉∶产朊假丝酵母接种比例为2∶1的处理发酵后香蕉茎叶粉的蛋白质净增加量显著或极显著高于比例为1∶1、1∶3和3∶2的处理(P0.05或P0.01)。正交试验结果显示,以4%的接种量、接种比例为2∶1(米曲霉∶产朊假丝酵母)、2%的硫酸铵添加量,在基质水分为50%,30℃的环境下发酵4 d效果最佳。经过该工艺发酵后的香蕉茎叶粉粗蛋白质含量提高了33.82%,氨基酸分析结果显示,除赖氨酸和精氨酸外其余的15种氨基酸含量均有不同程度的提高。马冈鹅的代谢试验结果显示,发酵后香蕉茎叶粉中的粗蛋白质利用率提高了52.66%,极显著高于发酵前(P0.01);此外,代谢能和能量利用率也都略有提高(P0.05)。由此可见,经过该发酵工艺发酵后的香蕉茎叶粉营养价值不仅得到了改善,也促进了鹅对其养分的消化吸收。     

单菌和混菌固态发酵三七渣生产蛋白饲料的动力学比较

试验对康宁木霉纯种及康宁木霉/热带假丝酵母混菌发酵三七渣生产蛋白饲料的动力学过程进行了比较分析.结果表明,与康宁木霉纯种发酵相比,康宁木霉/热带假丝酵母混菌固态发酵三七渣生产蛋白饲料无明显优势.在发酵前期,混菌发酵体系可在一定程度上促进总糖消耗,提高还原糖生成的速率;在发酵中后期,单菌发酵体系的酶活力和真蛋白质含量更高.     

混合菌种固态发酵餐厨垃圾生产蛋白饲料的研究

试验对固态发酵餐厨垃圾生产蛋白饲料的发酵工艺进行研究。通过不同菌种组合发酵试验,确定菌种组合为解淀粉孢杆菌、蜡状芽孢杆菌、热带假丝酵母和解脂假丝酵母为2∶2∶1∶1。采用正交试验优化餐厨垃圾固态发酵生产菌体蛋白饲料的发酵工艺,确定最佳发酵条件为餐厨垃圾和麸皮添加质量为80∶20,接种量为5%,发酵温度为36℃,发酵时间为72 h。在此条件下发酵饲料中真蛋白含量为23.8%,较发酵前提高41.7%。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -