Lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes in the tissues and sera of clinically normal dogs

The total activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the percentage distribution of its isoenzymes in the tissues and sera of clinically normal adult dogs are presented. Total LDH activity was greatest in skeletal muscle followed by heart muscle, kidney, small intestinal mucosa, liver, lung, pancreas and bone. Each tissue had a unique isoenzyme pattern and the proportions of the isoenzymes in serum suggested that liver is the source of normal serum LDH. The tissue isoenzyme patterns were similar to those obtained by other authors in human beings, horses, cattle, sheep and cats although in liver, differences between ruminants and monogastric animals including dogs were evident. The data presented provide a basis for the interpretation of serum LDH isoenzyme patterns in canine disease.     

Lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase isoenzyme levels in the tissues and serum of normal lambs

The normal activities of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase isoenzymes in the tissues and serum of clinically normal five-and-a-half-month-old lambs are presented. The percentage distribution of the lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in serum, liver, heart, lung and skeletal muscle were in agreement with previous studies but the distribution in ovine abomasum, small intestine, large intestine and red blood cells has not been previously described. Up to five creatine kinase isoenzymes were detected in ovine tissues and four in serum. One creatine kinase isoenzyme present in serum and tissues was thought to represent a mitochondrial isoenzyme which is absent from the normal serum of other species. Estimations of both lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase isoenzymes allowed all the tissues examined to be distinguished and were therefore more likely to allow tissue-specific isoenzyme patterns to be detected in serum than the estimation of the isoenzymes of either enzyme alone.     

Alkaline phosphatase and its isoenzymes in the tissues and sera of normal dogs

The total alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity and the pattern of its isoenzymes were studied in the tissues and sera of normal adult dogs. Small intestine mucosa showed the greatest total AP activity followed by kidney, bone, pancreas, liver, lung, skeletal muscle and heart muscle. After separation by agarose gel electrophoresis, each tissue showed only one isoenzyme except lung which showed two. The tissue isoenzymes, in decreasing order of migration distance towards the anode, were as follows: fast lung isoenzyme, liver or slow lung isoenzyme, the group consisting of skeletal muscle, bone, small intestine and pancreas isoenzymes and, finally, the kidney isoenzyme. Two isoenzymes occurred in serum. The major band corresponded to liver and the slow lung isoenzyme, while the minor band was considered to be the corticosteroid-induced isoenzyme, previously thought to be absent from normal serum.The AP isoenzyme patterns in lung and skeletal muscle and the presence of an isoenzyme migrating an identical distance to the corticosteroid-induced isoenzyme do not appear to have been reported before in normal dogs.     

Alkaline phosphatase and its isoenzymes in the tissues and sera of normal dogs

The total alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity and the pattern of its isoenzymes were studied in the tissues and sera of normal adult dogs. Small intestine mucosa showed the greatest total AP activity followed by kidney, bone, pancreas, liver, lung, skeletal muscle and heart muscle. After separation by agarose gel electrophoresis, each tissue showed only one isoenzyme except lung which showed two. The tissue isoenzymes, in decreasing order of migration distance towards the anode, were as follows: fast lung isoenzyme, liver or slow lung isoenzyme, the group consisting of skeletal muscle, bone, small intestine and pancreas isoenzymes and, finally, the kidney isoenzyme. Two isoenzymes occurred in serum. The major band corresponded to liver and the slow lung isoenzyme, while the minor band was considered to be the corticosteroid-induced isoenzyme, previously thought to be absent from normal serum. The AP isoenzyme patterns in lung and skeletal muscle and the presence of an isoenzyme migrating an identical distance to the corticosteroid-induced isoenzyme do not appear to have been reported before in normal dogs.     

Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in the lungs of sheep with acute and chronic pneumonia

Total lactate dehydrogenase and the absolute and percentage levels of its isoenzymes were measured in lung lesions and macroscopically normal areas of lung from lambs with chronic proliferative exudative pneumonia and acute pasteurella pneumonia. Lung lesions had a higher total enzyme activity which was associated mainly with increases in the activity of the LDH4 and LDH5 isoenzymes, particularly in chronic pneumonia, and gave lung lesions a considerable potential for altering the serum isoenzyme distribution. Thus, the nature of any changes in the serum isoenzyme distribution will depend on whether the isoenzymes are released from abnormal or normal areas of lung. This appears to be the first report on lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in ovine pneumonia.     

Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in the lungs of sheep with acute and chronic pneumonia

Total lactate dehydrogenase and the absolute and percentage levels of its isoenzymes were measured in lung lesions and macroscopically normal areas of lung from lambs with chronic proliferative exudative pneumonia and acute pasteurella pneumonia. Lung lesions had a higher total enzyme activity which was associated mainly with increases in the activity of the LDH₄ and LDH₅ isoenzymes, particularly in chronic pneumonia, and gave lung lesions a considerable potential for altering the serum isoenzyme distribution. Thus, the nature of any changes in the serum isoenzyme distribution will depend on whether the isoenzymes are released from abnormal or normal areas of lung. This appears to be the first report on lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in ovine pneumonia.     

Lactate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase isoenzymes in tissues of laboratory animals

The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) isoenzyme distributions in tissues of the ICR mouse, Wistar rat, guinea pig and golden hamster were analyzed by histoelectrophoresis. Tissues obtained were as follows: liver, pancreas, stomach, small intestine, heart, femoral muscle, uterus, kidney, spleen, lymph node, cerebrum, spinal cord and erythrocyte. Histoelectrophoresis was for the direct analysis of LDH and CPK isoenzymes in the tissues and had high practical value compared with previous tissue-extraction methods. In tissues of the mouse, guinea pig and golden hamster, LDH isoenzymes showed five bands. In the rat, LDH isoenzyme was separated into four fractions. CPK isoenzyme showed three bands; BB, MB and MM. In some tissues, the MM band was separated into two sub fractions.     

Tissue and plasma enzyme activities in juvenile green iguanas

OBJECTIVE: To determine activities of intracellular enzymes in 8 major organs in juvenile green iguanas and to compare tissue and plasma activities. ANIMALS: 6 green iguanas < 1 year old. PROCEDURE: Lysates of liver, kidney, epaxial muscle, heart, lung, spleen, small intestine, and pancreas were analyzed for alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), creatine kinase (CK), glutamate dehydrogenase (GMD), and amylase (AMS) activities. RESULTS: In general, low tissue enzyme activity coincided with low plasma activity. The CK activity was high in epaxial muscle and the heart and low in all other tissues tested. The AMS activity was found exclusively in the pancreas. Moderate LDH and AST activities were found in all tissues. Low ALT and ALP activities were found in a variety of tissues. Plasma and tissue activities of GGT and GMD were low or undetectable. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that plasma CK activity may be muscle specific in iguanas, but high values may not always indicate overt muscle disease. The AMS activity may be specific for the pancreas, but the wide range of plasma activity would likely limit its diagnostic usefulness. Activities of AST and LDH may reflect tissue damage or inflammation, but probably do not reflect damage to specific tissues or organs.     

绵羊组织器官LDH同工酶特异性研究

本研究利用不连续聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对绵羊的８种组织器官ＬＤＨ同工酶的分布及相对活性进行了分析测定。比较ＬＤＨ同工酶的酶谱特征。结果表明，绵羊的ＬＤＨ同工酶分布特征不同于其它动物，其相对活性有显著差异。骨骼肌中ＬＤＨ５活性比ＬＤＨ１强，Ｍ亚基比例大于Ｈ亚基；肝脏和心脏中ＬＤＨ１的活性最强。     

Distribution of tissue enzymes in three species of pinnipeds.

In domestic animal medicine, changes in serum enzyme levels are routinely used as diagnostic tools to detect liver disease. Hepatic disease occurs in pinnipeds, but limited data are available on the tissue distribution of serum enzymes in marine mammals. The objectives of this study were to determine the tissue distribution of seven serum enzymes in three pinniped species. Enzymes evaluated were alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) in tissues from California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) (n = 5), harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) (n = 5), and northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) (n = 5) that stranded and then died at a rehabilitation center. Samples were evaluated in duplicate from liver, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, kidney, adrenal, spleen, pancreas, lung, lymph node, and intestine. Patterns of tissue enzyme distribution were similar in all species, with SDH activity highest in liver and kidney, CK activity highest in skeletal and cardiac muscle, ALP activity highest in adrenal, and GGT activity highest in the kidney. Aspartate aminotransferase and LDH activities were less specific, with high activity in multiple tissues. Tissue ALT activity was high in the liver of all species, but was also high in cardiac muscle (California sea lions), skeletal muscle (harbor seals), and kidney (elephant seals). These results suggest that concurrent analysis of SDH, ALT, and CK would provide high specificity and sensitivity for the detection of hepatic lesions, and allow differentiation of liver from skeletal muscle lesions in pinniped species.     

鹅脂肪甘油三酯脂肪酶和长链脂酰辅酶A合成酶1基因表达差异及其对脂肪沉积和血清脂类代谢的调控

本试验旨在研究脂肪甘油三酯脂肪酶(ATGL)和长链脂酰辅酶A合成酶1(ACSL1)基因在鹅的不同组织器官中的表达差异,并探索2个基因表达对机体脂肪沉积和血清脂类代谢的调控。选取16周龄五龙鹅30只(公母各占1/2),屠宰后用实时荧光定量PCR检测不同组织器官(肝脏、心脏、皮下脂肪、腹部脂肪、胸肌、腿肌、肌胃、腺胃、小肠、肾脏、大脑、肺、脾脏)中A TG L、A CSL1基因表达量。结果表明:1)在鹅的皮下脂肪、腹部脂肪、肝脏、脾脏、肾脏、心脏、胸肌和腿肌中均检测出ATGL和ACSL1基因的表达;ATGL基因在皮下脂肪和腹部脂肪中表达量最高,其次是肝脏和脾脏,在肾脏、心脏、胸肌和腿肌中只有少量表达;ACSL1基因在皮下脂肪、腹部脂肪、肝脏、脾脏中表达量较高,在肾脏、心脏、胸肌和腿肌中有少量表达,而在肌胃、腺胃和肺中几乎不表达。2)ATGL基因表达量与腿肌肌内脂肪率、胸肌肌内脂肪率、腹部脂肪率、胸肌率和腿肌率呈显著或极显著负相关(P0.05或P0.01),与皮下脂肪率呈显著正相关(P0.05);ACSL1基因表达量与腿肌肌内脂肪率、胸肌肌内脂肪率、胸肌率呈正相关(P0.05),与腿肌率呈显著正相关(P0.05),与皮下脂肪率呈显著负相关(P0.05)。3)ATGL基因表达量与血清甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和葡萄糖含量呈显著或极显著正相关(P0.05或P0.01);ACSL1基因表达量与血清总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和葡萄糖含量呈负相关(P0.05),与甘油三酯含量呈显著负相关(P0.05)。由此可见,ATGL和ACSL1基因在鹅的不同组织器官中的表达具有明显差异性,对机体脂肪沉积和血清脂类代谢具有反向调控作用。     

Relative bioavailability of selenium yeast for broilers fed a conventional corn–soybean meal diet

The present study was conducted to assess the relative bioavailability of selenium (Se) as Se yeast (SY) relative to sodium selenite (SS) for broilers fed a conventional corn–soybean meal diet. A total of 360 one-d-old Arbor Acres commercial broilers were randomly assigned to 5 treatments with 6 replicates per treatment in a completely randomized design involving a 2 (Se sources: SY and SS) × 2 (added Se levels: 0.20 and 0.40 mg Se/kg) factorial design of treatments plus 1 (a Se-unsupplemented control diet) for 42 days. The results showed that Se concentrations in plasma, liver, heart, breast muscle, pancreas and kidney of broilers on d 21 and 42, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in the pancreas on d 21 as well as in the breast muscle and pancreas on d 42, and GSH-Px mRNA levels in the liver, heart, breast muscle and pancreas on d 21 increased linearly (p < .03) as levels of added Se increased. Furthermore, a difference (p ≤ .05) between SY and SS was detected for Se concentrations in plasma, liver, heart, breast muscle, pancreas and kidney, GSH-Px activity in pancreas on both d 21 and 42, as well as pancreatic GSH-Px mRNA level on d 21. Based on slope ratios from the multiple linear regressions of the above indices, the Se bioavailabilities of SY relative to SS (100%) were 111%–394% (p ≤ .05) when calculated from the Se concentrations in plasma, liver, heart, breast muscle, pancreas, kidney and GSH-Px activities in pancreas on d 21 and 42, as well as GSH-Px mRNA level in pancreas on d 21. The results from this study indicated that the Se from SY was more available for enhancing the Se concentrations in plasma or tissues and the expression and activity of GSH-Px in pancreas of broilers than the Se from SS.     

罗斯及印第安河鸡发育时期组织LDH同工酶变化

罗斯及印第安河鸡在胚胎第3d的混合胚中出现LDH_(1～3)3种同工酶(3条区带,梯度凝胶电泳),或LDH_(1～4)4种同工酶(6～7条区带,等电聚焦电泳);第7d检出心肌、胸肌和脑的5种同工酶(LDH_(1～5),5～7条区带);第12d检出肝脏的LDH_(1～5)5种同工酶(8或15条区带).组织LDH同工酶区带数随发育过程明显增多,同种鸡同一组织不同发育时期的LDH同工酶活性变化相差显著或极显著.在相同发育时期,印第安河鸡胸肌和肝脏的LDH_1相对活性均明显高于罗斯鸡(P<0.01).两种鸡心肌、胸肌、肝和脑组织LDH同工酶的等电点主要分布在pH6.0～8.2内.     

A serum enzyme increasing effect of non-toxic herring meal fed to sheep

In a series of experiments it was demonstrated that highly increased activities of aspartate aminotransferase (= GOT), total lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and α-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBD) occurred in serum of sheep on herring meal feeding. The alanine aminotransferase (A1AT = GPT) level remained unchanged. The enzyme increase was apparently not related to the liver toxic agent dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA) occasionally occurring in lethal doses in meals produced from raw materials preserved with excesses- of nitrite. Histological changes of the liver or other tissues were never detected in experimental animals killed at a stage with very high serum enzyme values. Diets equivalent in digestible crude protein consisting of vegetable as well as of animal protein sources other than fish meal, did not give rise to elevated serum enzyme values.Electrophoretic separation of the LDH isoenzymes in serum of herring meal-fed sheep showed an increased percentage of the LDH₁ fraction, which is predominant in liver, heart, and kidney. Determination of enzyme activities in various tissues resulted in a markedly higher concentration in livers from herring meal-fed animals than in sheep fed casein at an equal protein level. It is suggested that herring meal may have a special promoting effect on the de novo synthesis of the enzymes concerned.As a practical consequence of the experiments it must be emphasized that serum determinations of these enzymes for diagnostic purposes will give a false picture of the clinical condition of sheep fed even moderate amounts of herring meal.     

Serum enzyme changes in lambs with experimentally induced acute muscular dystrophy

An experiment was performed to study some serum enzyme changes taking place in artificially fed lambs made dystrophic on a skim milk ration supplemented with α-tocopherolextracted cod liver oil. In the course of two to three weeks the lambs showed highly increased serum values of aspartate- and alanine aminotransferase (AspAT = GOT and A1AT = GPT), total lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine phosphokinase (GPK). The latter enzyme proved to be the most sensitive test of myopathies, with serum values above 1000 times the normal level. A high-grade hyaline skeletal muscle degeneration was confirmed by histology. Myocardial changes were also present.Contrary to expectations, electrophoretic separation of LDH isoenzymes in the serum of the dystrophic lambs did not reflect any increase of the prevalent muscular cathodic thermolabile fraction LDH₅. The use of a so-called LDH heat stability test as an aid in clinical diagnostic work, as previously suggested, therefore does not seem to be valid in this disease. The results are discussed.     

番鸭呼肠孤病毒弱毒株在免疫番鸭体内的分布及排毒规律

番鸭呼肠孤病毒(Muscovy duck reovirus,DRV)B37弱毒株经肌内免疫1日龄雏鸭,应用RT-PCR检测病毒核酸,以阐明病毒在体内分布及排毒规律。结果表明,B37株免疫雏鸭后4h,即可在血液、心、肝、脾组织中检出DRV RNA;接种后8h,血液、心、肝、脾、肺、肾、胰腺均可检测到DRV RNA;接种后3d,喉头和泄殖腔棉拭子可检出DRV RNA;接种后14d,喉头和泄殖腔棉拭子已不能检出DRV RNA;接种后28d,肺、肾和胰腺均已不能检出DRV RNA;接种后42d,血和心脏已不能检出DRV RNA;接种后49d,所有组织均已不能检出DRV RNA。因此,DRV弱毒在血液、心脏中分布时间为接种后4h～35d,在肝、脾组织中分布时间为4h～42d;肺、肾和胰腺的分布时间为8h～25d;向外界排毒时间为3～14d。     

雏番鸭细小病毒病显微和超微结构研究

应用光镜和电镜技术研究了人工感染雏番鸭细小病毒病死鸭的心、肝、脾、肺、肾、胰、法氏囊和大脑等8种器官的显微结构和发病鸭的心、肝、脾、肺、肾、胰等6种器官的超微结构变化。结果如下：1．显微结构变化主要表现为：各器官的血管扩张、充血，以肺脏尤为严重，并见少量淋巴单核细胞浸润，同时心、肝、肾、胰和大脑均呈现不同程度的变性；而免疫器官脾、法氏囊则主要表现为淋巴细胞数量减少。2．超微结构变化主要表现为：（1）各实质细胞内线粒体肿胀，嵴变少而或崩解，内质网减少，脂滴增多，部分细胞水肿坏死；（2）血管内皮均有不同程度的脂滴增多，水肿以至脱落；（3）吞噬能力加强，表现为细胞内次级溶酶体增多，吞噬细胞数量增加，其胞浆内含大量的吞噬体。     

Studies on the Haematology and Trace Element Status of Adult Bactrian Camels (Camelus bactrianus) in China

Reference values were established for some haematological and serum biochemical constituents in Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) in China. The contents of seven trace elements in the blood, hair, liver, kidney, heart, spleen, lung, cerebrum, cerebellum, rib, ovary, pancreas and gluteal muscle of Bactrian camels were also measured. Some of these values are reported for the first time for Bactrian camels in China. Most haematological and serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, yaks, sheep and dromedary camels, but the mean serum albumin concentration and the albumim/globulin ratio were significantly higher than those in other ruminants and the mean thyroxine concentration was half that in dromedary camels. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, zinc, manganese and iron, and the renal cortex contained the highest concentration of selenium. The concentrations of selenium, cobalt, zinc, manganese and molybdenum in the tissues were within the reference ranges for other ruminants, but the mean iron and copper concentrations in the liver were significantly higher than those in other ruminants.     

Distribution of 5'-nucleotidase and gamma glutamyl transferase activities in the tissues of the horse

In the horse, 5'-nucleotidase (5'-NT) activity is found mainly in homogenates of lung, kidney, small intestine, mammary gland, liver and pancreas. Lower activities are present in brain and muscle. Activity can be demonstrated histochemically in the glomeruli and tubules of the kidney, in the sinusoidal borders of the hepatocytes and the bile duct epithelium as well as in the blood vessels of all organs. There is no significant difference between the 5'-NT activity in serum and plasma of normal horses and of horses suffering from a range of orthopaedic conditions. Previous findings that gamma glutamyl transferase activity is greatest in kidney and high in liver and pancreas have been confirmed.     

Heat stability of serum lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes in young and adult cattle and sheep. Evaluation of a relative heat stability test and serum determination of alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase in diagnostic work

The heat stability of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) has been investigated in serum from young and adult cattle and sheep. The thermoresistance of the isoenzymes was determined by electrophoresis of serum samples preincubated at different temperatures. Marked differences were found in the percentage distribution of isoenzymes in serum from the two species as well as in the heat stability. LDH in serum from sheep was inactivated at a lower temperature than that in serum from cattle, and inactivation occurred at a lower temperature in young than in adult animals. The enzyme was in both species less tolerant to elevated temperatures than what is reported for human serum. Procedures worked out for a so-called relative heat stability test of LDH in human clinical diagnosis may therefore give misleading results if they were applied uncritically to sera from these animals.The LDH isoenzyme pattern of some main organs in calves and sheep indicates that a serum heat stability test may be useful in the diagnosis of skeletal muscle injuries in sheep. In cattle the tissue isoenzyme distribution is assumed to be too uniform to give information about specific organ lesions either by serum electrophoresis or by a heating technique.In contrast to what has been reported in man, serum levels of α-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBD) in cattle and sheep, as earlier reported in swine, are found to be far better correlated to total LDH than to the most thermostable isoenzyme, LDH₁.