的定位

 以珍汕97A/明恢63的F2群体为材料,应用SSR标记对水稻野败型恢复基因Rf3进行定位。该试验从F2分离群体中筛选出119个极端不育单株组成隐性基因定位群体。针对水稻第1染色体短臂Rf3所在染色体的可能区间,应用37个SSR标记检测亲本,从16个多态性标记中挑选出9个检测定位群体。结果表明物理位置连续排列的SSR标记RM10353、RM1195和RM3746各有8个单株与Rf3基因发生了单交换,且重组子数表现为最少,据此可将Rf3定位于这3个标记的两侧标记内。因此最终将Rf3定位在相距679.9 kb的SSR标记RM10338和RM10376之间。     

水稻优良恢复系明恢63两个恢复基因恢复力的单独评价

野败型细胞质雄性不育系统是选配杂交稻组合广泛应用的主要不育细胞质资源，野败型细胞质雄性不育的育性恢复能力由两个恢复基因控制。以前的研究表明，明恢63具有2个恢复基因Rf3和Rf(μ)，分别位于第1和第10染色体上。为了分别准确估计这两个恢复基因的遗传效应，根据分子标记基因型，从珍汕97／明恢63衍生的241个F9重组自交系群体中选择两个自交系R124和R1183，它们分别含有单个恢复基因Rf3和Rf(M)，将R124和R1183与珍汕97A杂交，分别得到F1A和F1B，再自交得到F2A和F2B。在武汉和海南分别考察F1的育性，F1A的自然结实率海南和武汉分别为53．4％和60．2％，F1B的自然结实率海南和武汉分别为70．5％和75．7％。而珍汕97A／明恢63的杂种汕优63结实率为81．4％。F2A和F2B群体育性分离均符合1个主基因1：3的孟德尔期望分离比，表明，R124和R1183分别只含有一个恢复基因Rf3和Rf(M)。Rf(M)的效应较大，恢复力强，它单独几乎可以使育性恢复正常。利用标记辅助选择方法，转移两个恢复基因可以快速选育优良恢复系。     

杂交早稻恢复系中恢复基因的遗传

分析了2个早稻恢复系(R402和测48-2)对水稻矮败型细胞质雄性不育恢复性的遗传.结果表明,恢复系R402中存在一对显性恢复基因R1R1;而测48-2中有两对显性恢复基因R1R1R2R2,R1和R2间表现显性上位作用.追溯恢复基因R1和R2的来源,它们分别来自我国晚籼品种仙那和印度品种SLO17.     

水稻恢复系选育的轮回选择法及其应用效果研究

利用野败型细胞质雄性不育性作为遗传工具,进行水稻恢复系的轮回选择。试验证明：（1）由于构建基础群体时,加入了一定比例具有保持系性质的常规品种,以及在后续世代中,不断将经过后裔测验,证实在主要恢复基因位点上均为杂合型的中选可育株种子返回群体,给不育株授粉,因而保证了每轮次轮回选择群体内不育株比例基本稳     

Rf-1位点CAPS标记对水稻不同胞质雄性不育育性恢复系的关系分析

水稻育性恢复基因Rf-1是目前水稻上克隆的唯一恢复基因.通过位于Rf-1位点的两个特异性CAPS(cleavable amplified polymorphic sequences)标记对滇I型、野败型、红莲型及BT型恢复系基因型分析,发现这四种不同胞质的恢复系在Rf-1位点具有相同的带型,滇I型的两个保持系具有不同的带型.结果表明这四种不同胞质系统的恢复系均具有Rf-1基因.该结论与从恢复系选育的系谱分析的结果相一致的.     

T型细胞质雄性不育小麦T763A的败育特点及育性恢复

为了明确T型细胞质雄性不育小麦T763A败育的形态特征和细胞学特点及对T763A恢复系的选用提供依据,以不育系T763A,保持系763B,恢复系Tm3315B、Tm504B和TP731B为供试材料,进行外部形态特征观察和花粉粒制片(醋酸洋红、I2-KI和DAPI);并以中国春和黑麦为对照试材,对所有供试材料进行核型鉴定。结果表明:T763A败育类型为典败和圆败,成熟花粉粒皱缩无规则,内含物少,花粉败育,败育主要发生在单核晚期到二核期;所有供试材料均为非1B/1R类型;3个恢复系(Tm3315B、Tm504B和TP731B)恢复能力均较强,其中以Tm504B对T763A的恢复能力相对最好,这可能与T763A的胞质类型及与恢复系所含的恢复基因数量有关。     

野败型育性恢复基因在AA基因组野生稻中的分布与遗传

分析了野败型恢复基因在AA基因组野生稻的分布。结果表明：（1）在31份野生稻中，有16份含有恢复基因，分布频率达51.6%。（2）6个AA基因组野生稻种中有4个种存在恢复基因，但主要集中于O. rufipogon和O. nivara。（3）在所鉴定的16份野生稻恢复系中，对野败型花粉育性恢复力大于80%和50%～80%的各6份，小于50%的4份；强恢复     

小麦胞质不育系花粉败育与活性氧代谢关系的研究

Laser等在70年代就报道作物雄性不育花粉在发育过程中内膜及细胞器膜解体退化,但对造成这一现象的原因至今尚不十分清楚.近年来的许多研究表明,生物体内活性氧过多积累,可导致细胞膜的伤害、代谢失调甚至细胞死亡.还发现动物精子可因活性氧的伤害而失活,以SOD处理可防止其失活.水稻光敏感核不育花粉的败育与O_2~(?)的增多有关.而小麦细胞质雄性不育系花粉的败育及膜系统的解体是否为活性氧伤害所致?目前尚缺乏研究.本文     

中国科学家阐明Boro II型水稻细胞质雄性不育和育性恢复的分子机理

自从20世纪70年代中国成功实现杂交水稻三系配套以来,不少学者致力于水稻细胞质雄性不育及育性恢复的机理研究。近年来,国内外科学家已定位和克隆了控制细胞质雄性不育和育性恢复的基因。2006年华南农业大学刘耀光研究组在《ThePlantCell》上发表论文揭示:BoroII型水稻细胞质雄性不育由线粒体编码的细胞毒素肽引起,两个含PPR蛋白基因中的任何一个均可破坏或降解细胞毒素肽使植株育性恢复,从而在分子水平解释了BoroII型水稻细胞质雄性不育及育性恢复性的机理。这是中国科学家对植物细胞质雄性不育及育性恢复研究的最新贡献。     

中国科学家阐明BoroⅡ型水稻细胞质雄性不育和育性恢复的分子机理

自从20世纪70年代中国成功实现杂交水稻三系配套以来，不少学者致力于水稻细胞质雄性不育及育性恢复的机理研究。近年来，国内外科学家已定位和克隆了控制细胞质雄性不育和育性恢复的基因。2006年华南农业大学刘耀光研究组在《The Plant Cell》上发表论文揭示：BoroⅡ型水稻细胞质雄性不育由线粒体编码的细胞毒素肽引起，两个含PPR蛋白基因中的任何一个均可破坏或降解细胞毒素肽使植株育性恢复，从而在分子水平解释了BoroⅡ型水稻细胞质雄性不育及育性恢复性的机理。这是中国科学家对植物细胞质雄性不育及育性恢复研究的最新贡献。     

Varietal difference in physicochemical properties of pigmented rice varieties

The physicochemical properties of pigmented (Midorimochi, Jeokjinjubyeo, and Heukmichalbyeo) and non-pigmented (Hwayoungbyeo) rice varieties were investigated. Starch from non-pigmented rice consisted mainly of large polyhedral granules that were more loosely packed than those of the non-pigmented sample. Pigmented rice showed higher linoleic acid content (36–40%) and hydrolysis rate (63–79%) but lower oleic acid content (35–39%), blue value (0.05–0.17), and viscosity values than the non-pigmented one. Significantly higher mineral content, blue value, and pasting and viscosity values were observed in the Jeokjinjubyeo sample compared to those of the other pigmented rice samples. The Midorimochi variety, on the other hand, exhibited the highest total amino acid (816.82 ng mg⁻¹) and sugar (0.15–3.35 μg g⁻¹) contents and the lowest pasting and viscosity values. No substantial difference in the X-ray diffraction pattern was observed among the samples. Results of this study could serve as baseline information for the quality evaluation of three pigmented rice cultivars and provide a better understanding of their potential uses and food industry applications.     

硒肥处理对水稻食味特性的影响

以天津市育成的5个水稻品种为材料,在相同的管理条件下,于孕穗期分别喷施不同剂量的亚硒酸钠,成熟期取样进行食味特性分析。结果表明,不同品种对硒肥处理的表现不尽相同,但总体来看一定计量的硒肥处理可以提高稻米的整精米率,改善稻米的外观品质。在食味特性方面,硒肥处理可以通过影响蛋白质和直连淀粉含量,提升稻米食味值。     

Comparative analysis of the physicochemical properties of rice endosperm from cultivars with diverse amylose content

The physicochemical properties of five rice cultivars (Hwayoungbyeo, Goamibyeo, Yoosojung, LGC-soft, and Manmibyeo), varying in amylose content, were investigated. Morphological properties differ among cultivars depending on the amylose content of starch. High amino acid content was found in LGC-soft and Manmibyeo (low-amylose rice) while Goamibyeo (high-amylose rice) exhibited high mineral and sugar content. No substantial difference in fatty acid composition was observed among cultivars. LGC-soft and Manmibyeo showed faster hydrolysis rate, low pasting temperature, and higher peak and breakdown viscosities than that of the other cultivars. This study illustrates the wide variation in the physicochemical properties of the rice cultivars analyzed. The results could serve as baseline information for plant breeders and assist food processors in quality evaluation of rice with specific characteristics suitable for specialty food processing.     

Objective evaluation of whiteness of cooked rice and rice cakes using a portable spectrophotometer

The whiteness of cooked rice and rice cakes was evaluated using a portable spectrophotometer with a whiteness index (WI). Also, by using boiled rice for measurement of Mido values by Mido Meter, it was possible to infer the whiteness of cooked rice without rice cooking. In the analysis of varietal differences of cooked rice, ‘Tsuyahime’, ‘Koshihikari’ and ‘Koshinokaori’ showed high whiteness, while ‘Satonoyuki’ had inferior whiteness. The whiteness of rice cakes made from ‘Koyukimochi’ and ‘Dewanomochi’ was higher than the whiteness of those made from ‘Himenomochi’ and ‘Koganemochi’. While there was a significant correlation (r = 0.84) between WI values and whiteness scores of cooked rice by the sensory test, no correlation was detected between the whiteness scores and Mido values, indicating that the values obtained by a spectrophotometer differ from those obtained by a Mido Meter. Thus, a spectrophotometer may be a novel device for measurement of rice eating quality.     

籼稻背景下导入Wx~(in)等位基因改良稻米食味和理化品质

水稻Wx~b等位基因已广泛用于籼稻的品质改良,但携带该等位基因的一些籼稻米饭往往偏软,仍需进一步改良。为明确籼稻背景下导入Wxin等位基因对稻米食味品质和理化品质的效应,分别以携带Wxin的IR64和携带Wx~b的9311为供体,以携带Wxa的籼稻SIR3611 (3611)为受体,基于分子标记辅助选择,通过杂交和连续回交的方式构建了3611背景下携带Wxin和Wx~b的近等基因系。系统比较了不同近等基因系间的农艺性状以及稻米的食味和理化品质。结果表明,近等基因系与受体亲本3611的主要农艺性状基本接近,无显著差异。NIL(Wxin)稻米的表观直链淀粉含量较亲本3611极显著下降而胶稠度极显著增加。NIL(Wx~b)稻米表观直链淀粉含量最低且与之对应的胶稠度最高。近等基因系NIL(Wxin)和NIL(Wx~b)稻米的食味值较亲本极显著提高。NIL(Wx~(in))和NIL(Wx~b)稻米的GBSSI丰度与对应的表观直链淀粉含量具有明显的正相关。稻米粉的黏滞性谱、热糊化特性和晶体结构与直链淀粉含量显著相关性。本研究为在我国籼稻品种品质改良中有效利用Wxin等位基因提供了重要依据。     

燕山板栗和太行山板栗品质差异的研究

从外观品质、营养品质和风味品质对燕山板栗和太行山板栗品质的差异进行研究。结果表明,燕山地区和太行山地区的板栗品质间存在显著差异,主要表现在燕山组的板栗单果重、还原糖、矿质元素Zn,Cr含量明显低于太行山组,而燕山组栗果中的蛋白质、矿质元素P,Cu含量明显高于太行山组。     

Relationship between rice grain amylose and pasting properties for breeding better quality rice varieties

One hundred and sixty‐seven rice varieties/laudraces from 23 different rice‐growing countries were used for studying the relationship between the amylose content (AC %) and paste viscosity parameters (RVU) through Pearson correlation. AC and paste viscosity parameters were measured using Auto Analyser and Rapid Visco Analysers respectively. Based on all five RVA pasting properties, i.e. peak viscosity (PV), minimum viscosity (MV), breakdown (BD), final viscosity (FV) and setback (SB), the simple paired t‐test (at P = 0.05) was carried out to identify varieties that showed non‐significant differences (similar) from the check variety, separately for each of the four AC groups, e.g. Waxy rice AC (0–8%, n = 21) –‘IR29’ (Philippines); Low AC (8.1–16%, n = 58) –‘Koshihikari’ (Japan); Intermediate AC (16.1–24%, n = 64) –‘Local Sadri’ (Iran); high AC (>24.1%, n = 24) –‘Kasalath’ (India). Significant variation among the rice varieties for AC and pasting properties were observed. Means of the AC and the viscosity parameters including PV, MV, BD, FV and SB were 15.8, 416.1, 180.3, 235.8, 380.9 and 200.6 RVU respectively. Significant correlations existed between AC and paste viscosity parameters at AC group level. The paste viscosity parameters, i.e. PV, BD and SB are important within an AC group as far as cooking quality is concerned. In the low AC group, ‘Koshihikari’ (check) was most preferred by Japanese consumers, which was used for identifying 16 varieties that showed non‐significant differences for pasting properties with it. Some of the important Japanese varieties were ‘Todorokiwase’, ‘Owarihatamochi’, ‘Sasanishiki’, ‘Reimei’ and ‘Kinuhikari’. These varieties had good cooking quality with low AC, high PV and BD with low SB. In contrast, the Iranian cultivar ‘Local Sadri’ with good cooking quality had intermediate levels of AC and SB while recording high PV and BD. The varietal diversity for pasting properties available within each AC group may allow the breeder to make effective selections for improving the cooking quality according to consumer choice.     

Quantitative trait loci for whiteness of cooked rice detected in improved rice cultivars in Hokkaido

Improving the eating quality of cooked rice has been one of the most important objectives in rice breeding programs. Eating quality of cooked rice is a complex trait including several components, such as external appearance, taste, aroma, and texture. Therefore, dissection of these components followed by marker-assisted selection of detected QTL(s) may be a useful approach for achieving desirable eating quality in rice breeding. Whiteness of cooked rice (WCR) is an important factor related to the external appearance of cooked rice. WCR is known to be associated with the amylose and protein contents of the endosperm. However, the genetic basis of WCR remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated phenotypic variation in WCR among recently developed rice cultivars from Hokkaido, Japan. Then, we developed doubled haploid lines (DHLs) derived from a cross between two cultivars from Hokkaido, Joiku No. 462 (high WCR) and Jokei06214 (low WCR). Using the DHLs, we detected two QTLs for WCR, qWCR3 and qWCR11, on chromosomes 3 and 11, respectively. We also examined the dosage effect of the two QTLs based on both the categorized segregants in the DHLs and the relationship between the WCR phenotype and inheritance around the QTL regions in cultivars from Hokkaido.     

小米食味（适口性）评价方法研究

常规化学分析测试方法和百分制感观评定方法是目前小米进行适口性评价的二种主要方法。笔者以小米的色泽、芳香、味道、粘性、回生以及综合评价等六项感观性状为评定指标,设3、2、1、0、-1、-2、-3共7个评判值,以统一对照（晋谷21号）为参照,对参评品种的评判平均数进行T测验统计评价分析。评价分析结果：长农35号食味值为1．389,长农39号食味值为1．000,两个品种品尝食味值高,与晋谷21号达到95％水平上的显著差异,是适口性好的优质小米品种。该分析结果与前二种方法基本一致,分析方法方便科学,可以作为一种新的小米适口性评价方法。     

粳型杂种稻米籽粒外观品质性状分离的初步研究

摘要：以辽宁省近年审定的杂交粳稻组合T优418及其亲本和对照辽粳9为试验材料,对杂种稻米籽粒间外观品质性状的分离程度及遗传控制进行研究。研究结果表明,杂种稻米籽粒在外观品质性状上普遍发生分离,其中垩白面积的分离最严重,变异系数达224.25%,变幅也都表现为超越双亲,其次为粒重、长宽比、粒长和粒宽,变异系数分别为12.16%,7.79%,5.18%,5.03%。虽然杂交种在垩白性状上分离最严重,但双亲却均表现为垩白较少,说明垩白性状是由多基因控制,受父母本遗传背景影响的。因此在杂交稻米品质改良过程中,考虑双亲的品质差异,不能仅从表型出发,更要注重对亲本基因型的选择。