四川紫色土丘陵区不同土地利用方式下大型土壤动物群落结构

为了解不同利用方式土地大型土壤动物群落结构,于2006年冬季和2007年春季对四川紫色土丘陵区农田边界、农田、果园和退耕林地进行了大型土壤动物调查,采用野外手捡法共采集大型土壤动物2 838只,隶属于3门9纲24类.研究结果表明:不同土地利用方式大型土壤动物群落的个体密度、类群数和DG多样性指数存在差异.冬季,农田边界的个体密度显著高于其他土地利用方式,类群数和DG多样性指数显著高于退耕林地和农田;农田的个体密度、类群数和DG多样性指数明显处于最低水平.大型土壤动物群落的个体密度和类群数在垂直分布上具有明显的表聚性.Jaccard相似性系数和Grower系数表明农田边界、果园与退耕林地三者间相似程度较高,农田与农田边界、退耕林地、果园之间相似程度较低.研究认为土地利用方式对大型土壤动物的群落结构有明显影响,农田边界的存在对大型土壤动物生物多样性的保护具有重要意义.     

A multi-scale study of soil macrofauna biodiversity in Amazonian pastures

The influence of three spatially hierarchical factors upon soil macrofauna biodiversity was studied in four pasture plots in eastern Amazonia. The first factor was the local depth of the soil. The second factor was the ground cover type on the soil samples (bare ground, grass tufts, dead trees lying on the ground). The third factor was the dimensions of the grass tufts sampled (size and shape). The effect of each factor upon the morphospecies richness and density of total soil macrofauna was analysed. Detailed results are given for earthworms, termites, ants, beetles and spiders. All factors significantly affected the morphospecies richness and/or density of the soil macrofauna. The type of ground cover had the strongest influence, affecting the total richness and density of the soil macrofauna and of almost all the groups represented. The soil depth affected only the density of the termites and the global morphospecies richness. Interactions between soil depth and ground cover type affected the total macrofauna morphospecies richness and the density of the earthworms. The dimensions of the grass tuft influenced the global morphospecies richness, the morphospecies richness of the ants and the density of the spiders.     

不同施肥处理对土壤养分含量及土壤酶活性的影响

在田间试验条件下,通过对花生各生育期土壤养分含量与酶活性的研究,探讨了不同施肥处理对土壤养分含量及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:各生育期不同施肥处理土壤养分含量以控释掺混肥处理最高,在整个生育期内都能满足花生对养分的需求,普通复合肥在土壤中养分释放迅速,后期出现脱肥现象;土壤脲酶活性、酸性磷酸酶活性以控释掺混肥处理最高,纯控释肥处理其次,均明显高于普通复肥和对照处理,过氧化氢酶活性受肥料类型的影响较小,变化范围在2.68～6.26ml/g之间;3种土壤酶活性与速效P含量的相关性最好,其中脲酶活性与土壤速效P含量相关性达到极显著正相关,过氧化氢酶活性与速效P含量为极显著负相关,脲酶活性与碱解N含量存在显著正相关,磷酸酶活性与碱解N同样存在显著正相关,过氧化氢酶活性与速效K含量存在极显著负相关。这说明土壤酶活性与土壤养分含量呈密切的相关性,可将其作为评价土壤肥力的指标。     

Size spectra of soil nematode assemblages under different land use types

Although the slopes of size spectra (plots of abundance on organism size) have been widely used to assess aquatic and terrestrial communities, size spectra have not been used to assess soil nematode communities. Two forms of size spectra (one based on the average biomass of nematode genera and another based on the average biomass of nematode size classes were used to assess the soil nematode communities in managed forage land and cropland, and in naturally developed grass-shrubland and secondary forests in a karst peak-cluster depression area. R² values were larger for size spectra based on nematode size classes than on genera. The slopes of the size spectra for total nematodes were more negative in forage land and cropland than in grass-shrubland and secondary forests, which was consistent with disturbance of the soil nematode community by agricultural management. The results suggest that size spectra analysis is applicable to soil nematodes; they can reveal different land use types and may reveal the degree to which the soil nematodes in particular and the soil community in general have been disturbed. Size spectra may be more useful if based on nematode size classes rather than on genera.     

Quantitative detection and diversity of the pyrrolnitrin biosynthetic locus in soil under different treatments

The prevalence of antibiotic production loci in soil is a key issue of current research aimed to unravel the mechanisms underlying the suppressiveness of soil to plant pathogens. Pyrrolnitrin (PRN) is a key antibiotic involved in the suppression of a range of phytopathogenic fungi. Therefore, field soils from different agricultural regimes, including permanent grassland, arable land under common agricultural rotation and arable land under maize monoculture, were investigated in respect of the prevalence of pyrrolnitrin biosynthetic loci. Primers for detection of the prnD gene were used for initial PCR/hybridisation-based assessments. By this method, evidence was obtained for the contention that PRN production loci were most prevalent in grasslands, however, robust quantitative data were not achieved.To quantify the prevalence of PRN biosynthetic loci, we designed a TaqMan PCR system based on the prnD gene for the real-time quantitative detection of this production locus in soil. The system was found to be specific for prnD sequences from Pseudomonas, Serratia and Burkholderia species. Using pure culture DNA, the prnD gene was detectable down to a level of 60 fg, or approximately 10 gene copies, per amplification reaction. Application of the system to soil DNA spiked with different levels of the target DNA indicated that, in a soil DNA background, specific amplification could be obtained to about the same level of sensitivity.Field soil samples obtained from the different agricultural regimes were then screened for the prevalence of prnD with the real-time PCR system. The quantitative data obtained suggested a strongly enhanced presence of prnD genes in grassland or grassland-derived plots, as compared to the prevalence of this biosynthetic locus in the arable land plots. The implications of these findings are placed in the context of the suppressiveness of soil to phytopathogens, notably Rhizoctonia solani AG3.     

Effects of plant diversity on plant biomass production and soil macrofauna in Amazonian pastures

We examined the effect of plant diversity on plant production and soil macrofauna density and diversity. Four plants species (Arachis pintoi, an herbaceous legume; Brachiaria brizantha, a perennial grass; Leucaena leucocephala, a legume shrub; Solanum rugosum, a non-legume shrub) were used in a field experiment and communities of all combinations of one, two, three or four species were established. Plant diversity neither significantly affected density and diversity of soil macrofauna nor total plant biomass, however, the biomass of specific plants was negatively affected by plant diversity. Earthworm and ant densities were significantly higher in the presence of A. pintoi although this plant influenced neither the density of the other group nor fauna diversity. Earthworm and diplopod densities increased significantly with shoot biomass of A. pintoi. Fauna diversity increased significantly with shoot biomass (specific and total). Root biomass did not affect fauna density and diversity. Our results suggest that fauna density is affected by litter quality and that it is more affected by resource quantity than quality. Our results also confirm the importance of nitrogen fixers to ecosystem function.     

Effects of prescribed burning and seasonal and interannual climate variation on nitrogen mineralization in a typical steppe in Inner Mongolia

Fires in grasslands significantly alter nutrient cycling processes. Seasonal climatic changes can interact with fire to further modify nutrient cycling processes. To investigate the effects of fire on soil nitrogen transformation processes and their seasonal change and interannual variability in a typical steppe in Inner Mongolia, we determined the rates of net nitrogen mineralization and nitrification over two growing seasons and a winter following a prescribed spring fire in May 2006. Fire significantly decreased rates of both net nitrogen mineralization and net nitrification during the first growing season and winter following burning. Cumulative net nitrogen mineralization in unburned and burned plots in the 2006 growing season was 133% and 183% higher, respectively, than in the drier 2007 growing season. Nitrogen mineralization apparently occurred in winter and the cumulative net nitrogen mineralization from October 2, 2006, to April 27, 2007 in unburned and burned plots amounted to 1.18 ± 0.25 g N m⁻² and 0.51 ± 0.08 g N m⁻², respectively. Cumulative net nitrogen mineralization was higher in a wet 2006 than in a dry 2007 growing season, indicating that the net N mineralization rate was sensitive to soil moisture in a dry season. Our study demonstrated that a one-time prescribed fire decreased net N mineralization rates only for a short period of time after burning while interannual variation in climate had more significant effects on the process of nitrogen mineralization.     

地下水浅埋区重度盐碱地滴灌不同种植年限对土壤酶活性的影响

为了解在地下水浅埋区重度盐碱地上长期覆膜咸水滴灌对土壤酶活性的影响,文章通过时空转化的方法研究了覆膜咸水滴灌种植枸杞1年、2年和3年的盐碱地土壤碱性磷酸酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性的变化及土壤酶活性在0～40 cm土壤剖面上的分布特征,并利用数学方法探求土壤酶活性与土壤环境因子之间的相关分析,同时以试验地附近未种植的盐碱荒地作为对照。结果表明3种土壤酶活性均随土壤利用年限的增加而增大,经过3年种植后,土壤碱性磷酸酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性分别从未经滴灌种植时的1.29、0.73和7.23μg/(g.h)增加到14.5、4.48和158.1μg/(g.h);在水平和垂直方向上,土壤碱性磷酸酶和脲酶活性在覆膜滴灌种植后均随水平距离和土层深度的增加而减小,蔗糖酶在各方向波动性较大,没有明显规律;土壤酶活性在滴头下方的空间分布表明,在作物生育期结束时,各年限处理土壤酶活性在剖面均呈以滴头为圆心的椭圆形分布,自滴头向外径向减小;土壤酶活性与土壤环境因子之间的相关性随着土壤利用年限的增加而提高,可以作为土壤环境指标表征盐碱土土壤质量,覆膜滴灌3年后,影响土壤酶活性的主要是土壤养分。     

Influence of long-term residue management on soil enzyme activities in relation to soil chemical properties of a wheat-fallow system

Summary Soil enzyme activities (acid and alkaline phosphatase, arylsulfatase, -glucosidase, urease and amidase) were determined (0- to 20-cm depth) after 55 years of crop-residue and N-fertilization treatment in a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-fallow system on semiarid soils of the Pacific Northwest. All residues were incorporated and the treatments were: straw (N₀), straw with fall burn (N₀FB), straw with spring burn (N₀SB), straw plus 45 kg N ha^–1 (N₄₅), straw plus 90 kg N ha^–1 (N₉₀), straw burned in spring plus 45 kg N ha^–1 (N₄₅SB), straw burned in spring plus 90 kg N ha^–1 (N₉₀SB), straw plus 2.24 T ha^–1 pea-vine residue and straw plus 22.4 T ha^–1 of straw-manure. Enzyme activities were significantly (P<0.001) affected by residue management. The highest activities were observed in the manure treated soil, ranging from 36% (acid phosphatase) to 190% increase in activity over the control (N₀). The lowest activities occurred in the N₀FB (acid phosphatase, arylsulfatase and -glucosidase) and N₉₀ treated soils (alkaline phosphatase, amidase and urease). Straw-burning had a significant effect only on acid phosphatase activity, which decreased in spring burn treated soil when inorganic N was applied. Urease and amidase activity decreased with long-term addition of inorganic N whereas the pea vine and the manure additions increased urease and amidase activity. There was a highly significant effect from the residue treatments on soil pH. Arylsulfatase, urease, amidase and alkaline phosphatase activities were positively correlated and acid phosphatase activity was negatively correlated with soil pH. Enzyme activities were strongly correlated with soil organic C and total N content. Except for acid phosphatase, there was no significant relationship between enzyme activity and grain yield.Journal Paper No. 8072 of the Agricultural Experimental Station, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA     

不同氮肥处理对污染红壤中铜有效性的影响

通过室内培养试验,发现不同氮肥处理对污染红壤中铜有效性有显著影响。在培养前期(0~15 d),施用尿素显著降低了红壤水溶态铜和有效态铜含量,而施用硫酸铵和硝酸钙则显著提高了水溶态铜含量,且硝酸钙的作用显著大于硫酸铵,但这两种氮肥对红壤有效态铜含量影响较小;培养60 d后,尿素对该红壤两种形态铜的抑制效应逐渐转为正效应,且硫酸铵的促进作用更为显著;硝酸钙对红壤两种形态铜的促进作用不如尿素。氮肥的施用量对两种形态铜也具有显著影响。同一施氮水平下,水溶态铜含量和有效态铜含量在不同氮肥处理间均达显著差异(硫酸铵>尿素>硝酸钙)。不同氮肥影响红壤铜有效性的主要机制是土壤pH的变化,红壤水溶态铜和有效态铜含量均与pH呈极显著负相关。     

Impact of a no-till with mulch soil management strategy on soil macrofauna communities in a cotton cropping system

Systematic exportation, burning of crop residues and decreases in fallow periods have led to a large-scale depletion of soil organic matter and degradation of soil fertility in the cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cropping systems of Cameroon. The present study tested whether soil management systems based on a no-till with mulch approach intercropped with cereals, which has been shown to restore cotton production, could boost the biological activity of soil macrofauna. The impacts of no tillage with grass mulch (Brachiaria ruziziensis Germain and Eward) (NTG) and no tillage with legume mulch (Crotalaria retusa L. or Mucuna pruriens Bak.) (NTL) on the abundance, diversity and functional role of soil invertebrates were evaluated during the third year of implementation in northern Cameroon (Windé and Zouana), compared to conventional tillage (CT) and no tillage (NT) without mulch. Macrofauna were sampled from two 30 cm × 30 cm soil cubes (including litter) at the seeding stage of cotton, and 30 days later. The collected organisms were grouped into detritivores, herbivores and predators. Examination of the soil macrofauna patterns revealed that the abundance and diversity of soil arthropods were significantly higher in NTG and NTL than in CT plots (+103 and +79%, respectively), while that of NT plots was in-between the no tillage groups and CT (+37%). Regarding major ecological functions, herbivores and predators were significantly more abundant in NTG and NTL plots than in CT plots at Windé (+168 and +180%, respectively), while detritivores, predators and herbivores were significantly more abundant in the NTG plots than in CT plots at Zouana (+92, +517 and +116%, respectively). Formicidae (53.6%), Termitidae (24.7%) and Lumbricidae (9.4%) were the most abundant detritivores while Julidae (46.1%), Coleoptera larvae (22.1%) and Pyrrhocoridae or Reduviidae (11.8%) were the dominant herbivores. The major constituents of the predatory group were Araneae (33.8%), Carabidae (24.6%), Staphylinidae (15.7%) and Scolopendridae (10.3%). Direct seeding mulch-based systems, NTG and NTL, favoured the establishment of diverse macrofaunal communities in the studied cotton cropping system.     

水分胁迫下土壤下层水分和硼对苔期油菜的作用

采用分层隔水盆栽试验 ,研究不同土壤状况下 ,表层土壤干旱 ,下层土壤湿润条件下 ,下层土壤中的水分和养分对油菜营养生理的影响 ,结果表明 ,土壤上下层干旱使油菜生长严重受抑 ,而下层湿润且硼含量充分的土壤上栽培的油菜可获得生长所需的水分和硼 ,从而改善其营养状况 ,增加其生物量 .土壤湿润情况下 ,油菜对土壤硼的利用效率增强 ,而土壤中硼各组分对油菜的有效性也有显著变化     

长期施用不同基肥对日光温室土壤环境的影响研究

试验研究长期施用不同种类基肥对日光温室土壤理化特性以及生物环境的影响结果表明:秸秆有机肥处理土壤物理性状良好,土壤速效养分含量、土壤酶活性及放线菌数量较高,细菌和真菌数量比值(B/F)稳定,综合土壤肥力在3个处理中最高;长期施用膨化鸡粪处理土壤酸化快,土壤养分含量处于中等,土壤酶活性较高,土壤细菌和真菌数量增多,可能会引起致病菌的增殖;缓释肥作为基肥施用,可加速土壤速效养分积累,但土壤有机质含量较低,土壤酶活性和微生物活性都不高。生产上应该根据实际情况,利用有机-无机肥料的配合施用以达到理想效果。     

土壤消毒措施对土壤物理特性及黄瓜生长发育的影响

采用田间试验方法,研究了垄沟式太阳能消毒、石灰氮麦秸、垄鑫3种土壤消毒方法对日光温室土壤物理特性及黄瓜生长发育的影响。结果表明,垄沟式太阳能消毒处理对土壤物理特性未产生较大影响,处理后粗粉粒含量较对照降低9.5%,砂粒两个粒径(0.1～0.5mm、0.5～1.0mm)含量较对照分别增加39.4%、117.7%,其余组分无明显变化;石灰氮麦秸处理后黏粒含量增加163%,细粉粒两粒径(0.001～0.005mm、0.005～0.01mm)含量较对照分别增加52.1%和116.8%;施用垄鑫处理后土壤黏粒含量较对照降低65.8%,细粉粒两个粒径含量较对照分别降低33.0%、32.2%。不同处理对土壤微团聚体的形成均有一定阻碍作用,其中石灰氮麦秸处理对土壤团聚体的形成影响最大,其次是垄鑫处理,垄沟式太阳能消毒处理影响最小。3个土壤消毒处理都能提高黄瓜平均叶片数、平均株高、叶绿素含量和黄瓜产量,其中垄沟式太阳能消毒处理能显著提高黄瓜生物学指标,有良好的增产效果。     

多菌灵重复施药对其持久性及土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

选择浙江大学华家池校区大棚蔬菜试验田,研究了多菌灵(以active ingredient,a.i.计)0.94、1.88和4.70 kg hm-2三种剂量重复施药对其持久性及土壤微生物功能多样性的影响。结果表明,第1次施药后,多菌灵在土壤中的降解速率分别为0.11、0.25、0.74 mg kg-1d-1;第4次施药后,多菌灵在土壤中的降解速率分别达到0.18、0.39、1.00 mg kg-1d-1。随着施药次数的增加,多菌灵的降解速率逐渐增大。初次施药后,土壤微生物群落AWCD值明显低于对照,土壤微生物群落的Shannon、Simpson和McIntosh指数也均低于对照水平。第4次施药后,三个处理土壤微生物群落的AWCD值、Shannon、Simpson和McIntosh指数均恢复到对照水平。     

浅层淹水条件下不同施肥处理对黑土氮素净转化的影响

以东北旱作黑土为对象,在25℃和浅层淹水条件下开展了为期35 d的室内培养试验,研究不同施肥处理对黑土矿化作用和硝化作用的影响。结果表明,浅层淹水条件下土壤矿化作用和硝化作用仍能进行。与不施肥对照处理相比,施用氮肥抑制了培养初期的有机氮矿化,但对后期氮矿化没有影响。氮肥施用初期对硝化作用没有影响,但2周后显著促进了硝化作用的进行。培养期间单施氮肥处理的平均净矿化速率为N 1.07 mg/(kg·d),与对照处理没有显著差异;平均净硝化速率为N 4.50 mg/(kg·d),是对照处理的2.43倍。浅层淹水条件下氮肥配施有机物料显著促进了土壤无机氮的生物固定,培养初期氮肥配施秸秆处理的无机氮固定量大于氮肥配施猪粪处理,后期则相对稍低,氮肥配施猪粪和配施秸秆处理的平均净氮矿化速率分别为N-5.61和-3.15 mg/(kg·d),两者间差异显著。与单施氮肥处理相比,浅层淹水条件下氮肥配施有机物料显著抑制了土壤硝化作用,培养期间氮肥配施猪粪和氮肥配施秸秆处理的平均净硝化速率分别为N 0.29和0.18 mg/(kg·d),分别比单施氮肥处理下降了93.5%和96.0%。     

Plant litter decomposition influenced by soil animals and disturbance in a subtropical rainforest of Taiwan

Soil fauna has been postulated as one of the paramount determinants of decomposition in the humid tropics. However, its effect on litter decomposition has only been demonstrated in few forest sites in Central America. In addition, landslide is a common disturbance associated with heavy rainfall brought by tropical cyclones in the tropics and can potentially alter abundance and structure of soil animals and thus affect litter decomposition. In this study, we examined the effect of soil animals on litter decomposition in an Asian subtropical monsoon forest and compared the animal effects in landslide-disturbed (2 years old) and undisturbed sites. Animal exclusion by naphthalene treatment significantly reduced the density and diversity of litterbag animals and slowed down the rate of decomposition in both landslide-disturbed and undisturbed sites. However, density (per unit area) and diversity of the litter animals and litter decomposition rate did not differ between the landslide-disturbed and undisturbed sites for both control and animal-excluded treatments. Our data suggest that the abundance of soil animals is not limited by litter mass. Furthermore, soil fauna recover quickly from landslides, and fauna's facilitative effect on litter decomposition is not altered after their recovery.     

不同覆盖材料土壤生态效应与玉米增产效应研究

田间试验研究不同覆盖材料土壤生态效应与玉米增产效应结果表明,小麦秸秆、地膜、高粱秆片和纸板覆盖均有显著保水作用及明显水分表聚现象,即0～10cm表层土壤含水量明显高于下层土壤,地膜覆盖兼有显著增温效应,而小麦秸秆、高粱秆片和纸板覆盖土壤温度却明显低于对照。除纸板外其他覆盖材料均不同程度增加0～2 0cm土层土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量,且以秸秆覆盖增幅最大。各覆盖处理均显著增加玉米株高、茎粗和叶面积指数,不同程度提高玉米生育前期倒1、2、3叶净光合速率。小麦秸秆、地膜、高粱秆片、纸板覆盖处理分别比对照增产19.4 %、17.2 %、16 .1%和13.3% ,其增产原因主要是由于穗长和穗粒数的增加所致     

基于传统和高通量测序技术研究地膜对辣椒土壤特性及细菌多样性的影响

以不同种类地膜覆盖条件下辣椒菜园土壤为研究对象,运用传统和高通量测序技术,研究南方地区不同种类地膜覆盖对辣椒菜园土壤理化、生物学性状和细菌多样性的影响。结果表明：南方地区蔬菜生产中利用不同种类地膜,尤其以聚乙烯为原料的白色透明地膜、黑色地膜和银色地膜不仅有助于提高辣椒耕作层土壤温度与含水量,而且对减缓土壤pH的下降具有显著效果。此外,在细菌门分类水平上,不同种类地膜覆盖条件下土壤细菌的优势菌群表现为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）和芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）细菌,其中以变形菌门（Proteobacteria）细菌的丰度最高;属分类水平上,不可培养细菌属、黄杆菌属（Flavobacterium）、溶杆菌属（Lysobacter）、芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）、H16（Ralstonia eutropha）和鞘氨醇单胞菌属（Sphingomonas）细菌是南方地区不同种类地膜覆盖土壤中的优势菌属。此外,地膜覆盖不仅降低了土壤中对环境条件要求苛刻的不可培养细菌的丰度,而且有助于溶杆菌属和芽孢杆菌属等部分具有促生功能细菌的积聚。上述结果表明：南方地区蔬菜生产中利用地膜并没有导致菜园土壤质量劣化,而且有助于提高土壤肥力和保持土壤健康。     

温度对厌氧条件下不同pH水稻土氮素矿化的影响

氮矿化反应是土壤生态系统氮素循环的重要环节之一,决定了土壤氮素的可利用性。温度和pH是影响氮素矿化的重要环境因子。为研究厌氧条件下温度对不同pH水稻土氮素矿化的影响,本文以两种不同pH的水稻土为试验对象,在厌氧条件下,设置15℃、25℃、37℃和50℃4个温度,结合一级反应动力学方程式和有效积温式研究温度对土壤氮素矿化势、矿化速率、矿化程度和矿化势/全氮等矿化参数的影响。结果表明,两种土壤氮素矿化势均随着温度的升高而增大。在15~37℃范围内,两种土壤的矿化速率以及矿化程度均随着温度升高而增大,且同种温度下两土壤差异不显著。但在37~50℃范围内,随着温度的升高,两种pH土壤矿化速率以及矿化程度有增大也有减小,差异达1%显著水平。说明在高温范围内,不同pH土壤氮素矿化对温度的响应有很大差异。4个温度下,矿化势/全氮的值均随温度升高而增大,说明有机氮的品质随温度升高而提高。通过温度与矿化参数的相关性分析发现,在15~37℃范围内,各矿化参数与温度均呈正相关,且相关性极显著(P0.01);但37~50℃时,各矿化参数与温度相关性均较小,有的为负相关。本试验测定各培养周期的pH,发现在培养过程中,两种土壤pH波动不大,对土壤氮矿化的变化无影响。结果表明,厌氧条件下,尽管中、低温时不同pH水稻土氮素矿化对温度有相似的响应,但高温时不同pH土壤的氮素矿化显著不同。