总肠外营养脂肪乳剂脂肪酸外形对仔猪不同组织中脂肪酸组成的影响

目前，在人类婴儿非常低的初生重的总肠外营养（TPN）研究表明，脂肪乳荆对于新生儿的营养是合适的但不是最佳的选择。由于脂肪酸在人类和猪身上的代谢非常相似，因而目前的研究主要集中在脂肪乳剂如何在TPN的临床作用，用不同组成脂肪酸对新生猪仔进行7d处理，相对于一直靠母乳替代物的的猪仔而言，对组织脂肪酸的组成存在影响。在脂肪乳中不同比例脂肪酸或母乳替代物对应的血浆，骨骼肌，皮下脂肪，肝脏，心脏，胰腺，胃及小肠的总血脂或者脑磷脂存在个正态的线性关系，而后者表现出最低的相关性。除大脑外，组织中的油酸或仅一亚麻酸的比例与那些对应的脂肪乳或者母乳替代物相关，而亚麻酸的比例于所有研究的组织密切相关。除脑磷脂外，omegaven组中仔猪组织里含有更高的二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸。结论，除大脑外，血浆脂肪酸组成以及仔猪不同组织受全肠外营养乳剂中不饱和脂肪酸形态的极大影响。然而，脑磷脂脂肪酸的组成受日粮组成的影响要小，表明在生长的关键阶段积极和有效的代谢是确保脂肪酸组成的关键。     

全肠外营养脂肪乳剂脂肪酸组成对仔猪不同组织中脂肪酸组成的影响

目前，对初生重非常低的人类婴儿全肠外营养（TPN）研究表明．脂肪乳剂对于新生儿的营养是合适但不是最佳的选择。由于脂肪酸在人类和猪身上的代谢非常相似，因而本试验研究几种脂肪乳剂（Clinoleic（克林诺）：Intralipid（英托利匹特）；Lipofundin（力保肪宁）；Omegaven（ω-3鱼油脂肪乳））在TPN的临床上如何发挥作用。与饲喂母乳替代物不同，在对仔猪注射不同组成的脂肪酸7d后，其组织脂肪酸结构发生变化。在脂肪乳剂中不同比例脂肪酸或母乳替代物与血浆、骨骼肌、皮下脂肪、肝脏、心脏、胰腺、胃及小肠的总血脂或者脑磷脂中所对应的脂肪酸存在着正态的线性关系．且脑磷脂表现出最低的相关性。除大脑外．各个组织中的油酸或α-亚麻酸的比例与相应的脂肪乳剂或者母乳替代物相关．而亚麻酸的比例与以上所有组织密切相关。除脑磷脂外，注射ω-3鱼油脂肪乳剂的仔猪组织里含有更高的二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸。简言之，除大脑外，血浆脂肪酸组成以及仔猪不同组织受TPN乳剂中不饱和脂肪酸形态的极大影响。然而．脑磷脂脂肪酸的组成受日粮组成的影响要小．表明在生长的关键阶段积极和有效的代谢是确保脂肪酸组成的关键。     

总肠外营养脂肪乳剂脂肪酸外形对仔猪不同组织中脂肪酸组成的影响

目前,在初生重非常低的人类婴儿全肠外营养(TPN)研究表明,脂肪乳剂对于新生儿的营养是合适的但不是最佳的选择。由于脂肪酸在人类和猪身上的代谢非常相似,因而本试验研究几种脂肪乳剂(克林诺(CLinoLeic);英托利匹特(In-traLipid);力保肪宁(Lipofundin);ω-3鱼油脂肪乳(Omegaven))在TPN的临床上如何发挥作用。与饲喂母乳替代物不同,在对仔猪注射不同组成的脂肪酸7d后,其组织脂肪酸结构发生变化。在脂肪乳剂中不同比例脂肪酸或母乳替代物与血浆、骨骼肌、皮下脂肪、肝脏、心脏、胰腺、胃及小肠的总血脂或者脑磷脂中所对应的脂肪酸存在一个正态的线性关系,且脑磷脂表现出最低的相关性。除大脑外,各个组织中的油酸或α-亚麻酸的比例与相应的脂肪乳剂或者母乳替代物相关,而亚麻酸的比例与以上所有组织密切相关。除脑磷脂外,注射ω-3鱼油脂肪乳剂的仔猪组织里含有更高的二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸。简言之,除大脑外,血浆脂肪酸组成以及仔猪不同组织受全肠外营养乳剂中不饱和脂肪酸形态的极大影响。然而,脑磷脂脂肪酸的组成受日粮组成的影响要小,表明在生长的关键阶段积极和有效的代谢是确保脂肪酸组成的关键。     

脂肪营养对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

猪早期断奶后,饲粮结构发生了急剧变化,以每千克干物质计算,消化能含量由母乳的22.18MJ下降至谷物-豆粕型日粮的13.8-14.2MJ。日粮消化能浓度降低,以及断奶应激造成的食欲减退、采食量减少。新生仔猪糖原贮备很低,糖异生不足,不能     

断奶应激对仔猪肠黏膜形态的影响

在仔猪断奶过渡期，胃肠结构受损是很普遍的，断奶后一段时间内，胃肠结构受损程度不同，本文研究了断奶后7d内（断奶后0-6d)，仔猪小肠黏膜形态的变化，试验仔猪28日龄断奶。试验分7组，每组6头仔猪。从断奶当天开始，每1d定时定点剖杀取小肠前段，小肠中部，小肠后段作组织切片，观察其绒毛高度，隐窝深度。结果表明，断奶后前4d，绒毛高度缩短，隐窝加深，断奶后第4d绒毛高度最短，断奶后第5d开始恢复。     

谷氨酰胺和牛磺酸对仔猪肠黏膜形态的影响

甘氨酰谷氨酰胺( Gly-Gln)和牛磺酸(Tau)对早期断奶仔猪小肠各段黏肠DNA和形态的影响.以28日龄杜×长×大断奶仔猪为研究对象,通过饲养和屠宰试验,研究Gly-Gln和Tau对早期断奶仔猪十二指肠、空肠和回肠黏肠DNA及形态的影响.结果表明:饲粮中分别或同时添加Gly-Gln和Tau均可提高小肠各段黏膜DNA的含量.Gly-Gln组能显著提高空肠和回肠段的黏膜DNA含量,Tau组和复配组对小肠各段黏膜DNA含量影响不显著;Gly-Gln组极显著增加了十二指肠和回肠的黏膜厚度(MT),显著提高了十二指肠和回肠后段的绒毛高度(VH),显著或极显著降低了空肠前段和中段的隐窝深度(CD),极显著提高了空肠前段和中段的VH/CD,显著提高了回肠段的VH/CD;Tau组极显著提高了十二指肠段的VH并降低了CD,极显著提高了十二指肠段和空肠中段的VH/CD;复配组显著或极显著降低了十二指肠段和空肠中段的CD,极显著提高了空肠前段、中段和回肠段的VH/CD.这说明,在早期断奶仔猪饲粮中分别或同时添加0.25%Gly-Gln和0.1% Tau能有效提高仔猪肠黏膜的发育及功能.     

饲料肽制剂对生长中期仔猪的肠组织形态和菌群的影响

将96头38d杜长大断奶仔猪按体重和性别随机分为4个处理组,每个处理4个重复。4个处理分别为:对照组、添加2%血浆蛋白粉和分别添加1%和2%饲料肽等蛋白取代血浆蛋白粉,试验期21d。结果表明:添加血浆蛋白粉或饲料肽可显著增加仔猪空肠的绒毛高度,对其他肠段的绒毛高度和所有肠道的隐窝深度没有显著影响。与血浆组相比,饲料肽等蛋白替代血浆蛋白粉对仔猪肠道组织形态没有显著影响。添加2%饲料肽具有选择性地增加仔猪盲肠中的乳酸杆菌等有益菌群的数量,可使仔猪盲肠中大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌数量显著减少。     

早期断奶仔猪肠黏膜的营养调控

肠黏膜的发育与成熟状况是制约幼畜快速生长的关键因素。早期断奶仔猪肠黏膜免疫力较低,容易遭受饲粮抗原的刺激而引起肠黏膜过敏性损伤,诱发仔猪断奶后腹泻。通过肠黏膜营养调控技术,补充肠黏膜能量营养, 促进肠黏膜的发育与成熟,修补断奶引起的肠黏膜损伤,可以从根本上减轻仔猪断奶后腹泻的发生。本文对早期断奶引起的肠黏膜形态变化以及有利于修复受损伤肠黏膜的营养物和调控因子进行了综述。     

脂肪营养对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

综述了脂肪营养对断奶仔猪生产性能影响的最新研究结果，并对铜、卵磷脂、肉碱等影响脂肪消化的因素作了较为详细的叙述。     

断奶日龄对仔猪肠粘膜形态的影响

本文研究了不同断奶日龄对仔猪肠粘膜形态的影响。试验分17日龄（1组）、21日龄（2组）、28日龄（3组）、35日龄（4组）断奶4个处理组，每个处理3个重复，每个重复1窝，定时定点制杀取十二指肠、空肠上段、空肠下段、回肠作组织切片，观察其绒毛高度、隐窝 深度、绒毛宽度、肠壁厚度。结果表明，仔猪十二指肠、空肠上段、空肠下段和回肠的绒毛高度、隐窝深度、绒毛宽度、肠壁厚度均有不同程度的变化；断奶日龄越早，仔猪肠粘膜变化越大，其中绒毛高度下降幅度越大，恢复时间越长，一般在断奶后8－12d降至最低，随后恢复较快。1组仔猪十二指肠、空肠上段、回肠隐窝深度显著下降；绒毛宽度各组各部位均呈先变窄后变宽趋势，肠壁厚度以1组变化明显。从小肠各部位比较，绒毛高度十二指肠最高，空肠上段次之；隐窝深度、绒毛宽度也以十二指肠最深或最宽；肠壁厚度以回肠最厚。仔猪在29日龄时各组各部位肠粘膜指标降至最低水平，之后，随着日龄的增加，各指标增加显著。     

Influence of sow dietary fatty acid composition on the behaviour of the piglets

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are essential for the development of the nervous system in animals, and increased concentration of n−3 PUFA in maternal diet improves the cognitive development of mammalian foetuses. In this study the effect of maternal diet fatty acid composition in pigs on the development of the central nervous system, monitored as behaviour of piglets, was investigated using three behavioural tests: recognition of the mother's faeces, back test, and hidden door test.Twenty-seven multiparous Yorkshire sows were split into four groups and fed diets with different content of fat and PUFA throughout pregnancy and lactation. LF (n = 6) was fed a standard diet, HFS (n = 4) a high fat and low PUFA diet, HFO (n = 7) a high n−6 PUFA diet, and HFL (n = 10) a high n−3 PUFA diet.Three behavioural tests were performed on 5–7 randomly chosen piglets per litter (n = 167). Recognition of the mother's faeces was tested in a maze two days after birth. Back test was performed twice (2–4 d and 4 w) and a hidden door test was performed at 4 w. In addition, the brain content of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n−3, DHA) of the newborn piglets was determined in treatment groups. Data from the tests were analysed with linear mixed models for each of the tests.Piglets from HFL treatment had significantly higher content of DHA (P < 0.001) and the ratio of n−6/n−3 PUFA was significantly lower in brain tissue (P < 0.001), compared to piglets from the other treatments. In parity 3, means for recognition for mother's faeces were for diets LF, HFS, HFO and HFL; 22.2, 37.0, 26.4 and 18.0%, respectively (P < 0.05), but no other significant effect of diet was found. Piglets in HFS treatment had the shortest latency to make escape attempts and HFO piglets the longest latency in the back test (P = 0.030). No significant effect of sow diet was found on piglet performance in the hidden door test, but intermediate piglets weighing 1410–1619 g had a lower probability of success in hidden door test than piglets weighing < 1410 g (P = 0.028), and ≥ 1875 g (P = 0.027), respectively.It was found that sow diet influenced the DHA content in the piglet brains, but there was no clear effect of sow diet on piglet behaviour. In order to draw any conclusions about possible enhancements of the behavioural development of the piglet more studies need to be performed.     

The Influence of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on total lipid fatty acid composition of a canine mastocytoma cell line

Cutaneous mast cells are considered as key immune effectors in the pathogenesis of canine atopic dermatitis (CAD). These cells release immediate-phase and late-phase mediators of inflammation. Dietary fatty acids are incorporated in cellular membranes and seem to influence mediator production and release. A dietary intervention with n6- and n3-fatty acids is thought to alleviate clinical symptoms in atopic dogs. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of n6- and n3-fatty acids on the fatty acid composition of canine mastocytoma cells (C2) as a possible model for CAD. The C2 was cultured in a basic medium called Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DEH) or with additional 14 mum linoleate (C18:2n6, DEH-LA), gamma-linolenate (C18:3n6, DEH-GLA), arachidonate (C20:4n6, DEH-AA), alpha-linolenate (C18:3n3, DEH-LnA), eicosapentaenoate (C20:5n3, DEH-EPA) or docosahexaenoate (C22:6n3, DEH-DHA). Cell growth was examined for 11 days in all media. Cell growth increased from days 1 to 8 and decreased thereafter in all media conditions. The fatty acids supplied did not influence cell growth. The cells were harvested after 8 days for fatty acid analysis. The fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography after extraction and trans-esterification of the lipids. The added fatty acids increased the concentration of these fatty acids in C2 differently (LA 4.9-fold, GLA 6.9-fold, AA 6-fold, LNA 9.3-fold, EPA 6.5-fold and DHA 8.4-fold). Furthermore, elongated and Delta6-desaturated products of the corresponding fatty acids were significantly elevated. However, Delta5-desaturated products were not measurable. These results let us assume that C2 has no measurable activity of the Delta5-desaturase. In case the low activity of Delta5-desaturase is one of the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of CAD, C2 seems to be an adequate model for investigations in CAD.     

Influence of pasture on fatty acid profile of goat milk

The effect of pasture on the fatty acid profile of milk was evaluated using 30 pluriparous goats, which were divided into two homogeneous groups (H and P) of 15 goats each after kidding. Group H (control) goats were housed in a stall and received alfalfa hay, while group P was led to pasture. The goats of both the groups received the same concentrate. Average milk yield did not differ statistically between the groups. The goats of the P group had significantly higher fat content in milk than those of group H (53.7 vs. 61.5 g/day, p < 0.01), while lactose content was significantly higher for group H (66.2 and 61.4 g/day, for groups H and P, respectively, p < 0.05). Among milk fatty acids, pasture significantly affected the percentages of C18:1 cis9, C18:1 trans11, octadecadienoic acid, mono-unsaturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid. Pasture highly influenced the c9 t11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) (0.778 and 0.513 g/100 g of fat, for group P and H, respectively, p < 0.01), t10 c12 CLA (0.046 vs. 0.029 g/100 g of fat: p < 0.01, for group P and H, respectively, p < 0.01) and SigmaCLA (0.84 vs. 0.56 g/100 g of fat for group P and H, respectively, p < 0.01) concentrations of milk.     

Effect of dietary mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids on the fatty acid composition of pigs' adipose tissues.

In two experiments with growing-finishing pigs six different dietary fats were added to a conventional diet (control--C) to study the effects of dietary monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on the fatty acid composition of backfat and kidney fat at similar amounts of double bonds in feed (Exp. 1:7% pork fat--PF, 4.95% olive oil--OO, 3.17% soybean oil--SO) or a constant amount of 5% of processed fats (Exp. 2: partially hydrogenated fat--SAT, fractionated pork fats: olein--OLE, stearin--STE). Compared with the control, PUFA were only slightly increased in backfat of pigs fed PF, OLE, STE or OO, although dietary PUFA intake was up to 70% higher. With SO PUFA were significantly increased in adipose tissues, predominantly at the expense of MUFA. Consequently, a non-linear relationship was found between PUFA intake and proportion in backfat. MUFA were incorporated at the expense of SFA, therefore, adipose tissues of OO fed animals were lowest in SFA. Despite comparable amounts of double bonds in feed (Exp. 1), the degree of unsaturation measured as fat score (sum of double bonds) was in the order SO > OO > PF > C. In contrast, the proportion of SFA was C > PF = SO > OO. Regarding the decisive role of SFA for fat consistency it may be concluded that MUFA should also be considered in feeding recommendations for pigs. Furthermore, in case of a high dietary supply of MUFA, a simple index of double bonds might not be sufficiently conclusive to judge pig fat quality.     

Egg yolk fatty acid profile of avian species – influence on human nutrition

Lipids are an important nutritional component of the avian egg. A review of the literature was completed to determine the fatty acid compositions in egg yolk from some avian species. Additionally, the nutritional influence of lipid and lipoprotein content on the plasma of male participants during 30‐day feeding was discussed. The ostrich eggs had the highest unsaturated fatty acid and the lowest cholesterol content in relation to other avian species. Ostrich had a higher proportion of 18:3n‐3 (p < 0.01) compared with other species. Chicken yolk numerically contained much higher levels of 22:6n‐3 than those found in turkeys, quails and geese, but the amount of 22:6n‐3 in ostrich egg was lower by comparison with other species (p < 0.01). After the storage of eggs at the room temperature, there was a notable loss of vitamin E (vitE) in the yolks of all species and this decrease was marginal (p < 0.01) in ostrich compared with other species. There were significant (p < 0.05) increases in plasma low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) level in all male subjects. Plasma high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) level decreased (p < 0.05) only in men who were fed chicken or ostrich eggs daily. Consumption of different species’ eggs had no influence on the total male plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels. LDL‐C:HDL‐C ratio increased (p < 0.05) after goose and turkey egg consumption. Consumption of one egg/month by healthy human subjects had no effect on serum total cholesterol and triglyceride. The LDL‐C:HDL‐C ratio (which is a strong predictor of coronary heart disease risk) increased, although non‐significantly, by consuming chicken, quail and ostrich eggs.     

Effect of feeding rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid on carcass characteristics and fatty acid composition of sheep tissues

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness of a rumen-protected CLA (pCLA) supplement and the impact of feeding this pCLA on carcass characteristics and tissue fatty acid composition of lambs. In Exp. 1, a CLA-80 preparation (80% pure CLA; contained similar proportions of cis-9, trans-11, and trans-10, cis-12 CLA), protected against rumen degradation, was fed to sheep, and the proportion of CLA reaching the duodenum was determined. A 3 x 3 Latin square design was used with 3 diets (1.4 kg of concentrate-based control diet, the same control diet plus 22 g of CLA-80, or the same control diet plus 110 g of pCLA/d), 3 feeding periods, and 3 rumen and duodenally cannulated sheep (Mule x Charolais males, 10 mo of age, BW 55.3 +/- 1.8 kg). After 7 d of feeding, sheep were ruminally infused with chromium EDTA and Yb acetate for 7 d, after which samples of duodenal digesta were collected every 6 h for 48 h to determine the quantity of CLA reaching the small intestine each day. The amounts of CLA cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12, and combined isomers, flowing through the duodenum each day were greater (P = 0.01) in sheep fed pCLA. Approximately 65% of the pCLA avoided rumen biohydrogenation, with the ratio of the 2 main isomers remaining similar. In Exp. 2, 36 Mule x Charolais ewe lambs (approximately 13-wk old, average initial BW 29.3 kg) were fed 3 levels of the pCLA or Megalac, which were fed to provide an equivalent energy content at each pCLA level. Lambs were randomly assigned to 1 of 7 treatment groups, which were fed for 10 wk to achieve a growth rate of 180 g/d. Treatments included the basal diet and the basal diet plus 25, 50, or 100 g of pCLA/kg of diet or the equivalent amount of Megalac. In liver (P < 0.001) and all adipose tissue depots studied, the proportions of both CLA isomers increased (P = 0.02) with the amount of pCLA fed but were not altered with increasing of Megalac. Although there was no effect of treatment on cis-9, trans-11 CLA content, accumulation (P < 0.001) in the LM with increasing of pCLA supplementation was observed for the trans-10, cis-12 isomer. Although tissues had been enriched with CLA, there was no evidence of a reduction in adipose tissue or an increase in muscle mass in these sheep. However, an effect of pCLA on tissue fatty acid composition was consistent with an inhibition of stearoyl-CoA desaturase.     

Effect of the mycotoxin aurofusarin on the antioxidant composition and fatty acid profile of quail eggs.

1. The effect of the mycotoxin aurofusarin on the antioxidant composition and fatty acid profile of quail eggs was investigated. 2. Thirty eight 45-d-old Japanese quails were divided into two groups (experimental and control, 15 females +4 males in each group) and were fed on a maize-soya diet balanced in all nutrients. The diet of the experimental quails was supplemented with aurofusarin at the level of 26.4 mg/kg feed in the form of Fusarium graminearum culture enriched with aurofusarin. At the beginning and after 2, 4 and 8 week supplementation periods, eggs were collected and analysed. After 8 weeks of supplementation, experimental quails were fed on unsupplemented diet during the next 4 weeks and eggs were collected after 2 and 4 weeks on such a diet and analysed. 3. Aurofusarin caused a significant (P<0.05) decrease in vitamins E, A, total carotenoid, lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations and significantly (P<0.05) increased egg yolk susceptibility to lipid peroxidation. During two weeks on the diet without aurofusarin the levels of carotenoids in the egg yolk returned to the initial level, vitamins A and E returned to the initial level during 4 weeks on the same unsupplemented diet. 4. Dietary supplementation with aurofusarin was associated with a significant (P<0.01) decrease in the docosahexaenoic acid proportion in the phospholipid, cholesteryl ester and free fatty acid fractions of the egg yolk. At the same time the proportion of linoleic acid in the phospholipid, free fatty acid and triacylglycerol fractions significantly (P<0.05) increased. 5. It is concluded that mycotoxin aurofusarin is detrimental to the nutritional quality of eggs.