Callus induction from leaves of differentpaulownia species and its plantlet regeneration

The experiment was carried out on five different species ofPaulownia for callus induction from leaves. MS medium was adopted as basic medium, and from different combinations of NAA and BA the suitable media were determined for callus induction, bud differentiation, and root differentiation of five different species. MS+0.5NAA+4BA, MS+0.3NAA+2BA, MS+0.5NAA+4BA, MS+0.3NAA+6BA, and MS+0.3NAA+8BA were suitable media of callus inductions of leaves, respectively, forPaulownia tomentosa, Paulownia australis, Paulownia fortunei, Paulownia elongata andP. tmentosa x P. fortunei, and MS+0.3NAA+12BA, MS+0.3NAA+12BA, MS+0.5NAA+12BA, MS+0.5NAA+12BA, and MS+0.7NAA+12BA were suitable media for bud differentiation from leaf callus respectively for above five species. The rooting media was determined as 2MS+0.1NAA, 1/2MS+0.1NAA, 1/2MS, 1/2MS+0.3NAA, and 1/2MS+0.5NAA. These results provide reference data for breeding new fine varieties with different kinds ofPaulownia protoplasts fusions. Foundation Item: This paper was supported by National Nature Science Foundation of China (No. 39870631) and Nature Science Foundation of Henan Province (No. 994011100). Biography: Fan Guo-qiang (1964), male Ph. Doctor, Professor in Forestry Department of Henan Agriculture University. Zhengzhou 450002, P. R. China. E-mail: guoqiangf@263.net. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

Relationship between witches’ broom protein and dynamic of some amino acids inPaulownia tree leaves

This paper dealt with the SDS polyacrymide gel electrophoresis of proteins and analysis of the amino acids in the diseased and healthy leaves with the same strain respectively, which were at the same side and height, ofPaulownia catalpifolia, P. elongata, P. albiphloea andP. kauakamii respectively. The results indicated that the leaves of 4 species ofPaulownia trees with witches’ broom had one protein band, of which molecular weight was 12 kD, which did not appear in the healthy leaves free of phytoplasmas. Moreover, the protein quantity in the affected leaves was more than that in the healthy leaves free of phytoplasmas; At the same time, there was significant difference on the amino acids between the healthy and diseased leaves ofP. catalpifolia andP. kawakamii. The amount of cystine in the affected leaves was higher than that in the healthy leaves, but the change of amount of phenylalanine in the affected and healthy leaves was contrary. These changes of proteins and amino acids in the leaves might be related to the witches’ broom of theParlounia trees. (Responsible Editor: Dai Fangtian)     

A preliminary analysis of phylogenetic relationships ofArundinaria and related genera based on nucleotide sequences of nrDNA (ITS region) and cpDNA (trnL-F intergenic spacer)

Phylogenetic relationships ofArundinaria and related genera (Pleioblastus, Pseudosasa, Oligostachyum, Bashania, Clavinodum, etc.) were assessed by analyzing the sequences of the nrDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the cpDNAtrnL-F intergenic spacer (IGS). Comparison withtrnL-F IGS sequence, the ITS region provided the higher number of parsimony informative characters, and the interspecific variation of the ITS sequence was higher than that of thetrnL-FIGS sequence. The tree obtained by combining both sets of data showed that the species sampled inArundinaria and the related genera were monophyletic and divided into two clades. The relationships and positioning of all the taxa surveryed (includingA. oleosa, A. hsienchuensis, A. chino, A. amara, A. yixingensis, A. amabilis, A. fortunei, A. pygmaea, A. gramineus, A. fargesii, A. faberi, A. hupehense, Pseudosasa japonica cv. Tsutsumiana, P. japonica andBrachystachyum densiflorum) were also discussed. The results from the sequences were broadly consistent with morphological characters, appearing all these taxa sampled belong to the genus ofArundinaria. The topologies of the trees generated from individual data and the combined data were similar. Foundation item: This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30170788) Biography: ZHUGE Qiang (1959-), male, professor in Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Gene Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P.R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

Five years of Paulownia field trials in North Carolina

Performance of Paulownia elongata, Paulownia fortunei, and Paulownia×Henan 1 was monitored at three sites in North Carolina between 1996 and 2000, and P. elongata clones were tested at an additional two sites. The primary objective was to define the potential for growing Paulownia in the state. Species and clones within species differed in survival and height and diameter growth whenever genotype was included as a treatment. P. elongata was superior at two and P. fortunei was superior at one of the three sites that included P. elongata, P. fortunei, and P.×Henan 1. Trees produced through vegetative means were more likely to survive and were taller and of greater DBH than seed produced trees. Mortality in trees produced from seed was greater for P. fortunei and P. ×Henan 1 than for P. elongata. Application of animal waste or different rates of nitrogen as inorganic fertilizer did not have a pronounced effect on tree survival and growth.     

Notes on genus Eurydoxa Filipjev （Lepidoptera： Tortricidae） in China

Genus Eurydoxa Filipjev in China is reviewed and noted for the first time. Based on the present study, two species are recognized, including rhodopa Diakonoff and advena Filipjev. All available information for the species is reviewed and provided.     

白花泡桐树冠结构、生长性状的选择对于形改良的影响*

为了改良白花泡桐的干形，对树冠结构，生长性状与干形的遗传相关进行了剖析和通径分析，计算出主要树冠性状、生长性状对于干形的６３个选择指数方程。结果表明，胸径、小枝数、分枝总长、冠表面积和树高对形数，圆满度的决定系数在０．４０５～０．９４０和０．４２６～１．０６４之间。由以上５性状和形数或圆满度组成的综合选择指数方程效果最好。对形数选择遗传进度，相对效率分别为０．１５５和１５９．０１５７％。对圆满度选     

寄生小蜂对小青×黑杨树皮及杨圆蚧挥发油的行为反应

Four-armed airflow olfactometer was used to determining the foraging behavior ofPteroptrix longgiclava (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) andEncarsia gigas (Tshumakova) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) to the essential oils which emitted from the healthy bark ofPopulus pseudo-simonii×P. nigra, the infested bark injured byQuadraspidiotus gigas (Thiem & Gerneck), the body and scale of fixed 1st-instar-nymph ofQ. gigas. The results from these experiments showed that the volatile oils produced from the injured bark and from the scale of fixed 1st-instar-nymph had a higher attractive ability to female adults of the two species of wasps. The essential oil produced from the scale of the pest at dosages of 3–7 μL and the essential oil emitted by injured bark at dosages of 5–9 μL had a stronger alluring effect on the host searching behavior ofPteroptrix longgiclava. The essential oil from the body of fixed 1st-instar-nymph ofQ. gigas also had certain effect on the host locating effort ofPteroptrix longgiclava andEncarsia gigas. Those two wasps did not shown any reaction to the essential oil produced by the healthy bark of poplar. Foundation item: This paper was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (39970620) and the “TRAPOYT” Biography: CHI De-fu (1962-), male, Ph.D., Professor in Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P.R. China Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai     

泡桐叶片蛋白质多态性及其聚类分析(英文)

根据白花泡桐（Paulownia fargesii）、白花兰考泡桐（P.elongata f. alba）、毛泡 桐（P. tomentosa）、川泡桐（P. fargesii）、山明泡桐（P. lamprophylla）、成都泡桐 (P. albiphloea var chengtuensis)、鄂川泡桐（P. albiphloea）、南方泡桐（P. austra lis）、白花泡桐（P. fortunei）、兰考泡桐（P. elongata）叶片蛋白质单向电泳和双向 电泳结果，可将它们聚类分为白花泡桐组（白花泡桐和白花兰考泡桐）、南方泡桐组（南方 泡桐和成都泡桐）和毛泡桐组（毛泡桐、川泡桐、鄂川泡桐、山明泡桐和兰考泡桐）。该结 果为泡桐属植物的分类提供了参考依据，也为泡桐属植物种确立、杂种鉴定和新品种培育奠 定了基础。     

Thermogenetic curves and thermokinetics of seed germination ofRobinia pseudoacaia

Seed germination process has closely relation with material transformation and energy exchange within the seed. Study on its thermal effect is important for understanding the mechanism and the influencing factors of the seed germination. The thermogenetic curves of seed germination ofRobinia pseudoacacia was measured by a new-type conductive microcalorimeter made in Wuhan University. The relationship was analyzed between the germination thermogenetic regulation and seed germination physiology. The thermogentic curves were further analyzed by thermokinetic theory to obtain the dynamic parameters and the thermokinetic model on seed germination ofRobinia pseudoacacia. The relationship of the thermogenetic power (μ w) and the germination time(h) of the germination process of 20 grainsRobinia pseudocacia seeds at 25°C wasP=208.77/[0.1937+0.8063exp(−0.06563t)] Foundation item: This project is supported by National Nature Science Foundation (30070200). Biography: Hu Yun-chu (1960-), male, associated Prof. in Central South Forestry University, Zhuzhou 412006, Hunan, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

Analysis of genetic relationship in 12 species of Section Strobus with ISSR markers

Genetic relationship of 12 species of Section Strobus was analyzed with ISSR markers. 117 loci were detected with 12 ISSR primers. Percentage of polymorphic bands （PPB） varied from 5.93% to 19.92%. P. pumila had the highest levels of genetic differentiation and P. flexilis had lowest. Total genetic diversity （Hr） of 12 species in Section Strobus was 26.21%, of which intraspecific genetic diversity （Hs） was 7.66%, and interspecific genetic diversity （DST） was 18.55%, and the genetic variation in interspecies accounted for 70.78% of the total genetic diversity. According to the cluster results of genetic distance, the 12 species were classified into two groups. The first group included P. griffithii, P.armandi, P. fenzeliana, P. kwangtungensis, P. strobus, P. monticola and P. wangii. The second group included P. albicaulis, P pumila, P. flexilis, P. sibirica and P koraiensis.     

Effects of elevated CO2 concentrations on photosynthesis, dark respiration and RuBPcase activity of three species seedlings in Changbai Mountain

Two-year-old seedlings ofPinus koraiensis, Pinus sylvestriformis andFraxinus mandshurica were treated in open-top chambers with elevated CO₂ concentrations (700 μL·L⁻¹, 500 μL·L⁻¹) and ambient CO₂ concentrations (350 μL·L⁻¹) in Changbai Mountain from June to Sept. in 1999 and 2001. The net photosynthetic rate, dark respiration rate, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxlase (RuBPcase) activity, and chlorophyll content were analyzed. The results indicated the RuBPcase activity of the three species seedlings increased at elevated CO₂ concentrations. The elevated CO₂ concentrations stimulated the net photosynthetic rates of three tree species exceptP. sylvestriformis grown under 500 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂ concentration. The dark respiration rates ofP. koraiensis andP. sylvestriformis increased under concentration of 700 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂, out that ofF. mandshurica decreased under both concentrations 700 μL·L⁻¹ and 500 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂. The seedlings ofF. mandshurica decreased in chlorophyll contents at elevated CO₂ concentrations. Foundation item: This paper was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30070158). Knowledge Innovation Item of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX2-406) and “Hundred Scientists” Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Biography: Zhou Yu-mei (1973-) Ph. Doctor, Assistant Research fellow Institute of Applied Ecology. Chinese Academy of Sciences. Shenyang 110016. P.R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

基于cpDNA rps16序列分析兰考泡桐与白花泡桐和毛泡桐的遗传关系

【目的】通过测序法分析兰考泡桐与白花泡桐和毛泡桐在叶绿体rps16序列上的遗传差异,旨在分析三者之间在叶绿体基因上的变化特点和规律,探讨其种间的遗传关系。【方法】选取兰考泡桐、白花泡桐和毛泡桐各15个样本,对其提取的DNA用PCR扩增获得特异片段,并将其纯化与测序。利用软件Clustal X 2.0对所得序列进行排序;运行MEGA 4软件,进行多序列比对,分析其序列特征,并计算出K2P遗传距离。【结果】(1)对获得的rps16序列进行测定分析,得兰考泡桐序列长度分别为932 933 bp;白花泡桐序列长度为932 bp;毛泡桐序列长度分别为916918 bp。对所得rps16序列进行排序后的长度为938 bp,平均GC含量为34.31%。3个种所代表的个体之间共有10个变异位点,占整个序列长度的1.07%。其中有9个变异位点属于碱基插入或缺失类型,占变异位点总数的90%,占整个序列长度的0.96%。有1个变异位点属于碱基替换类型,占整个变异位点总数的10%,占整个序列长度的0.11%。(2)整个rps16片段的序列共有10个变异位点,其中兰考泡桐与白花泡桐在总的变异位点上,具有一致的碱基位点9个,占总变异的90%。而兰考泡桐与毛泡桐相比,没有相同的碱基。【结论】根据三种泡桐的rps16序列的序列特征和变异位点的分析,表明在叶绿体遗传方面,兰考泡桐具有与白花泡桐更多相似的遗传物质,其亲缘关系较近。综上所述,推测兰考泡桐与白花泡桐可能来自同一母系遗传。     

Formation, distribution, and nature ofPicea mongolica in China

Picea mongolica is an endemic and endangered species in China. Ecosystem made ofPicea mongolica is a special sandy forest ecosystem in China. It is found at ecotone between forest and steppe, or agricultural district and pas toral area. Based on investigation, this paper discussed the formation and distribution ofPicea mongolica and studied its nature according to ecotone theory. It is clarified thatPicea mongolica belongs toPicea meyeri series. That is to say, it became a local race through long-term adaptation to the local climate, then formed allopatric semi-species, and finally turned into a taxonomical species.Picea mongolica forest is a super zonal climax community developing in ecotone between forest zone and steppe zone. Foundation item: The study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (39670133, 39900019, 30070129). Biography: ZOU Chun-jing (1968-), male, Ph.D, associate researcher fellow in Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenyang 110015, P. R. China Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai     

Growth behavior of Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis （Bambusoideae） in Central China

In the Shennongjia National Nature Reserve of Central China, the vegetative growth behavior of henon bamboo (Phyllostachys nigra var.henonis (Mitford) Stapf. ex Rendle) was studied from shoot recruitment to culm establishment. In May, bamboo shoots emerging from the ground achieved an average density of 2.7 shoots m⁻² during the sprouting phase of 16 days. However, about 32% of the new shoots died back before maturity. Insect damage, withering death and rodent predation were responsible for 57%, 29% and 14% of the total shoot mortality, respectively. From May to June, the shoots attained 400±23 cm during the height growth phase of 34 days, with a daily rate varying from 1 to 56 cm. All branches and leaves unfolded during the branch spreading phase from June to August. Shoot production was positively related to the density of standing culms, but negatively to both coverage and height of herb layers. Foundation item: This research was financed by the Center for Development Research (ZEF) of the University of Bonn, Germany (P. 52015), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30470284) and the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars (No. 2004-527). Biography: Li Zhao-hua (1964-), male, Doctoral of Natural Science (Bonn University), Professor of Ecology (Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China). Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai     

Photosynthesis and chlorophylla fluorescence of two poplars under water stress

In order to estimate drought tolerance in two species ofPopulus, Populus alba var. pyramidalis Bunge andPopulus nigra L. var. thevestina (Dode), widely planted at the southern margin of the Taklimakan Desert, responses of net photosynthesis and chlorophylla fluorescence to irradiance and water stress were examined under laboratory conditions. Results showed thatP. alba exhibited stronger drought tolerance thanP. nigra. A linear relationship between net photosynthetic rates (A _n) and electron transport rates (ETR) was found in both poplars under different irradiance and leaf water potentials. Net photosynthetic rates (A _n) in the two poplars significantly correlated linearly with the photochemical efficiency of the saturation light-adapted leaves throughout the range of leaf water potentials, suggesting that the leaf photochemical efficiency in saturation light-adapted leaves can be used to estimate leaf photosynthetic capacity and leaf water conditions in the two poplars within a magnitude of air temperature between 20 and 30°C. This research was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (CAS-9601), the Chinese Academy of Sciences and partly supported by the National Natural Foundation of China (39870154).     

国内外泡桐木材市场分析与我国发展对策

中国速生泡桐木材品质下降明显,由于速生泡桐木材深加工利用关键技术还没有解决,对其产业发展产生了不利影响,导致高端桐木家具市场出现拒用速生泡桐木材的现象。文中介绍了国内外泡桐资源状况,评述了目前主栽泡桐品系的木材密度、应用价值、色度等指标,指出不同类型市场对泡桐树种、材质的要求。研究分析了国内外泡桐木材市场,重点介绍了引领高端桐木家具的日本与中国、欧美等地区市场差异,在产品品质、制造工艺、桐木质量、密度、纹理、色泽等方面的不同要求;测算了不同区域所占市场份额,即国外占比85%、国内需求占比15%。建议加强我国速生泡桐加工利用研究,同时制定可持续发展对策,培育密度大、白度好、纹理美观的优质泡桐,以期解决低质桐木资源与高端市场需求不相适应的矛盾。     

Responses of fractal dimensions ofPicea koraiensis seedlings to different light environments

The changes of fractal dimension ofPicea koraiensis seedlings under different light intensities in natural secondary forests was studied. The results showed that with the change of light environment, crown characters ofPicea koraiensis seedlings exhibited a greater plastic in lateral number, lateral increment, lateral dry weight, and specific leaf area. The range of calculated fractal dimensions of seedling crowns was confined between 2.5728 and 2.1036, but maximum of fractal dimension achieved in term moderate shading and in extreme low light conditions fractal dimension was least. Foundation item: This paper was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.39670152) and Chinese Academy of Sciences. Biography: ZHOU Yong-bin (1970-), female, Ph. Doctor, lecture in Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, P.R. China Responsible editor: Song Funan     

Study on the biological characteristics ofHomalotglus flaminus

Homalotglus flaminus (Daiman) is an important natural enemy of theChilocorus kuwanae. Its biological characteristic, life history, the action style on hosts were studied at Hongqi Forest Farm, Daqing City, Heilongjiang Province from June 1998 to October 2000, in order to controlH. flaminus and raise the control ability ofChilocorus kuwanae toQuadraspidictus gigas pest. The observed results indicated thatH. flaminus has two generation one year in study area, the pupating span is 12.7 d, life span of females and males is 17.6 d and 10.8 d respectively, egg span is 10 d, and the sex ratio of females to males is 1∶3 Foundation item: This paper was supported by Natural Science and Foundation of Heilongjiang Province. Biography: Mpa Ling (1963), female, Ph. Doctor, associate professor in Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China Responsible editor: Song Funan     

Cymolomia hartigiana (Saxesen, 1840) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) attacking toAbies nephrolepis max. new to Daxing'anling, Heilongjiang, China

An Olethreutine speciesCymolomia hartigiana (Saxesen, 1840), attacking toAbies nephrolepis Max., is reported for the first time from Daxing'anling, Heilongjiang, China. The morphological characteristics are briefly re-described with illustrations. Also its damage and biology are noted. Foundation item: This study was carried out under the financial support by KOSEF (Korea Science & Engineering Foundation) with the program of “Korea and China Young Scientist Exchange Program” (2002–2003). Biography: *BYUN Bong-Kya (1963-), male, Ph.D., Researcher in Korea National Arboretum, Korea. Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai     

Establishment and early growth characteristics of six Paulownia genotypes for goat browse in Raleigh, NC, USA

Meat goat production in the eastern USA is increasing as a result of growing demand from various ethnic groups. Because goats naturally prefer a high proportion of browse in their diets, research was initiated to investigate various silvopastoral production systems. The genus Paulownia contains several species which exhibit rapid juvenile growth and other characteristics that justify research into their potential use in meat goat feeding systems. In May 1997, six Paulownia genotypes were planted in a randomized complete block experiment with six replications. Trees were between 6 and 12 cm in height at planting. Genotypes included: P. fortunei seedlings, P. tomentosa seedlings, P. elongata seedlings and three P. elongata clones. Each 4-m wide plot contained a single row of 12 trees with an intra-row spacing of 1 m. Plant measurements included height, root collar diameter (RCD) at 3 cm above soil surface, and the number of main branches. Leaf samples were collected from all six replications for estimates of herbage quality. During 1998, trees were browsed with goats on two occasions to assess palatability of the herbage and to determine any preference for specific genotypes by the animals. Compared with seedling trees of all three species, the three P. elongata clones were taller (clones: 79.7 cm, seedlings: 55.9 cm; P < 0.01), had larger RCDs (clones: 18.4 mm, seedlings: 13.9 mm; P < 0.01) and had a higher branching frequency (clones: 4.9, seedlings: 1.5; P < 0.01) by the end of the first growing season. Mortality averaged 4.8% across all treatments and ranged between 0 and 8%. Early in the 1998 growing season before trees were browsed, P. elongata clones grew more rapidly than seedlings (clones: 116.4 cm, seedlings: 84.1 cm; P < 0.01). Estimates of herbage quality indicated favorable concentrations of energy and protein for lamina. In vitro true dry matter disappearance ranged from 85.4 (blades) to 71.5% (petioles) and crude protein from 25.1 (blades) to 4.9% (petioles). Animals readily browsed the lamina during two separate sessions, but no clear preference trends were observed among the different Paulownia genotypes.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.