Some Physicochemical Characteristics,Bioactive Content and Antioxidant Characteristics of Non-Sprayed Barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.) Fruits from Turkey

Increasing consumer demands for indigenous, non-sprayed with pesticides and less-known or “forgotten” fruits necessitate knowledge on their breeding, cultivation, biochemical content, harvesting and marketing. Anatolia is rich for wild edible fruit species and barberry is abundant throughout Anatolia. The aim of this study was to determine some important physicochemical characteristics, bioactive content and antioxidant capacity of fruits from nineteen promising barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.) genotypes grown in the Coruh valley, Northeastern Anatolia. The results indicated genotype-specific differences for most of the physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant capacity and the content of some bioactive compounds. Fruit mass ranged from 0.073 (‘Coruh-7’) to 0.267 g (‘Coruh-11’). Total phenolic content ranged from 2532 (‘Coruh-’) to 3719 mg GAE per liter fruit juice (‘Coruh-11’). The genotype ‘Coruh-12’ had the highest total monomeric anthocyanin content (1004 mg per liter fruit juice) as cyanidin-3-glucoside. The highest total antioxidant capacity was observed in fruits of ‘Coruh-8’ and ‘Coruh-9’ genotypes with all three antioxidant-determining methods. We conclude that the barberry fruits represent a good source of bioactive phytochemicals because of their high phenolic and anthocyanin contents.     

不同地区“玫瑰香”葡萄品质与酚类物质含量差异

以环渤海湾地区主栽葡萄品种"玫瑰香"为试材,采用常规理化指标测定方法及比色法,研究了天津市滨海新区茶淀镇、河北省昌黎县十里铺乡和山东省平度市大泽山镇地区"玫瑰香"葡萄的果实品质及酚类物质的差异性,以期为"玫瑰香"葡萄的高效种植提供参考依据。结果表明:天津地区"玫瑰香"葡萄中可溶性固形物(18.80%)和总糖(16.92 g·(100g)^-1)含量较高;河北地区可滴定酸(0.43 g·(100g)^-1)和维生素C(2.69 mg·(100g)^-1)含量比其他两地高,糖酸比为36.15;山东地区"玫瑰香"葡萄的整体品质欠佳。"玫瑰香"葡萄不同部位中酚类物质含量呈现葡萄籽>葡萄皮>葡萄果肉。天津地区葡萄籽中总原花青素和总多酚含量高于河北和山东地区,山东地区葡萄籽中总黄酮含量相比其他两地较高。天津地区"玫瑰香"葡萄相比河北和山东地区品质较好,酚类物质相对丰富,山东地区果实品质较差。     

红光和蓝光对葡萄叶片衰老与活性氧代谢的影响

为了明确红光和蓝光对葡萄叶片衰老与活性氧代谢的影响,以设施延迟栽培条件下叶片衰老速度不同的两个葡萄品种‘意大利’和‘无核白鸡心’为试材,分别进行补充红光和蓝光处理,以未补光处理作对照,研究其对功能叶片衰老期间叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质含量,净光合速率,丙二醛（MDA）含量,过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性及超氧阴离子自由基（）和过氧化氢（H2O2）含量的影响。研究结果表明：与对照相比,红光明显减缓了叶片中叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质含量以及净光合速率的下降,提高了CAT和SOD活性,减慢了MDA、、H2O2的上升速率,推迟了H2O2出现最大含量的时间,延缓了叶片衰老;蓝光处理下,叶片衰老前期的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、抗氧化酶活性均低于对照,加速了叶片的衰老进程,但在后期叶绿素含量、净光合速率和抗氧化酶活性逐渐高于对照,在一定程度上延缓了叶片衰老。两个品种间比较,‘意大利’叶片衰老缓慢,在生育后期仍能维持较高的抗氧化酶活性。     

酿造冰红葡萄酒新品种‘北冰红’

‘北冰红’是‘左优红’与‘84-26-53’杂交育成。果实在吉林市地区9月下旬成熟。果粒圆形、蓝黑色,单果1.30g、 果穗159.5ɡ,果实含可溶性固型物18.9~25.8%,总酸1.322%~1.481%,出汁率67.1%。12月上旬采收树上冰冻果实含可溶性固型物35.2%～37.0%、总酸1.341%～1.592%、出汁率22.0%,冰红酒酒质好,抗寒性强,产量高,抗病性强。     

酿造干红葡萄酒新品种‘左优红’

 ‘左优红’由‘79-26-18’与‘74-1-326’杂交育成。在吉林市地区果实9月中旬成熟。果粒圆形、蓝黑色, 单粒1.36 g, 果穗144.8 g。果实含可溶性固形物18.5% ～24.4% , 总酸1.191% ～1.447% , 出汁率66.4%。干红酒质好, 抗寒性强, 产量高, 抗病性强。     

山东蓬莱、平度及东营‘玫瑰香’葡萄香气比较

为探究山东省内陆及沿海地区气候条件对‘玫瑰香’葡萄香气的影响,为生态区划提供依据。以蓬莱、平度市大泽山镇及东营市六户镇3个地区的‘玫瑰香’葡萄为试材,测定3个地区果实成熟期葡萄香气含量,进行主成分分析和聚类分析,并与三地气象因素进行相关性分析。结果表明:平度的‘玫瑰香’葡萄香气总量及种类显著高于其他两地,蓬莱‘玫瑰香’葡萄异戊二烯途径香气含量更高;东营的‘玫瑰香’葡萄C6酯类和里那醇含量均低于其他两地,但青草味香气主要贡献者己醛却显著比蓬莱和平度高出13.00%和19.61%。各产地‘玫瑰香’葡萄主要香气成分与气象因素的相关性分析表明,较大的昼夜温差促进了脂肪族类香气的合成,果实转色到成熟时期充足的光照利于萜烯类香气的合成。     

Characterisation of the chemical composition of scab-resistant apple pomaces

Summary

Pomaces obtained during the production of cloudy or clear juice from scab-resistant apple cultivars (28 harvested in 2006, and 23 harvested in 2007) were studied as a source of nutritionally important components. It was shown that the average yield of pomace during the production of cloudy juice was 6.4% (w/w), and 4.9% (w/w) for clear juice pressing. The average total dietary fibre (TDF) contents were 48.4% (w/w) and 52.4% (w/w) for cloudy and clear juice pomaces, respectively. Ten pomaces from cloudy apple juice production, and 12 obtained from clear juice production, contained ≥ 2,000 mg kg^?1 of polyphenols.‘Ariwa’ and ‘Rajka’ are apple cultivars suitable for juice production and their pomaces are characterised by having high contents of TDF [50.9% (w/w) and 51.1% (w/w), respectively], with aboveaverage polyphenol and quercetin glycoside concentrations. The mean contents of quercetin glycosides for pomaces from all apple cultivars was 994 mg kg^?1 after clear juice production, and 908.2 mg kg^?1 after cloudy juice production. ‘Topaz’, which became a popular commercial apple cultivar in Europe, was the best source of health-promoting components. Its pomace was the richest source of polyphenols among all 28 cultivars studied. It contained ≥ 2,000 mg kg^?1 quercetin glycosides in both its clear and cloudy juice pomaces.     

‘杨格尔’与‘京秀’葡萄胚珠发育过程中活性氧代谢的比较研究

以盛花后不同时期的无核葡萄品种杨格尔和有核葡萄品种京秀的胚珠为材料,测定胚珠中超氧阴离子和过氧化氢（H₂O₂）含量及活性氧清除酶活性的变化。结果表明：在两品种胚珠发育过程中均呈一直上升的趋势,在胚珠发育的中后期无核品种扬格尔产生速率明显大于有核品种京秀;胚珠中H2O2含量表现先升后降再升的趋势,但再升时无核品种扬格尔显著大于有核品种京秀;胚珠内活性氧清除酶超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、 抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（ASA-POD） 及无核品种扬格尔的过氧化物酶（POD）表现先升后降的趋势,无核品种扬格尔的酶活性在胚珠败育后明显下降,有核品种京秀仍在较高的水平,且有核品种的POD活性先快速上升后一直保持缓慢上升的趋势。胚珠内活性氧类物质及活性氧清除酶类的变化趋势与无核葡萄杨格尔幼胚败育有一定相关。     

酿酒葡萄多主蔓扇形不同结果部位果实品质的研究

针对酿酒葡萄多主蔓扇形果实品质存在的问题,以新疆玛纳斯县"赤霞珠"(‘Cabernetsauvignon’)、"梅鹿特"(‘Merlot’)、"霞多丽"(‘Chardonnay’)和"贵人香"(‘Italian riesling’)为材料,分析了多主蔓扇形距离地面不同结果部位成熟果实的还原糖、总酸、花色素苷、单宁、总酚等品质指标。结果表明:多主蔓扇形果穗从距离地面40～120cm以上均有分布,不同层的果实成熟品质差异较大,给酿造优质葡萄酒带来困难;供试4个品种果实主要品质指标均以距离地面较高结果部位的果实更好,上层果实还原糖、花色素苷(红色品种)、单宁和总酚含量极显著或显著高于下层;供试4个品种果实含酸量普遍较低,应引起生产上的重视。建议在酿酒葡萄的栽培中采用结果部位等高的整形方式,有利于保持酿酒葡萄原料品质的一致性。     

‘香妃’和‘早玫瑰香’葡萄温室与露地栽培单萜积累差异分析

温室栽培对鲜食葡萄果实单萜积累的影响尚不明确。以早熟鲜食葡萄品种‘香妃’和‘早玫瑰香’为试材进行温室栽培,以露地栽培作为对照。采用顶空固相微萃取(HS–SPME)结合气相色谱—质谱联用(GC–MS)技术,辅助自动质谱图解卷积和鉴定系统(AMDIS),检测葡萄果实中游离态单萜类化合物的含量。共检测到29种来源于异戊二烯代谢途径的单萜类化合物。两个葡萄品种单萜类化合物总含量随果实发育均呈升高趋势,且露地栽培均高于温室栽培,果实成熟期‘香妃’高于‘早玫瑰香’。利用主成分分析(PCA)可以明显区分开温室和露地栽培下的‘早玫瑰香’,但两种栽培条件下‘香妃’的单萜化合物在成熟期愈加接近;整体趋势表现为露地栽培葡萄果实具有更丰富的柠檬烯、(Z)–别罗勒烯、(E,Z)–别罗勒烯、里那醇、β–月桂烯、异松油烯、(Z)–β–罗勒烯、cis和trans–氧化玫瑰、β–香茅醇和cis–吡喃型氧化里那醇。     

不同蓝莓品种的生长特性及果实品质分析

以8个蓝莓品种为试材,对其生长特性、果实形态特征、风味品质及营养成分进行测定。结果表明:大部分品种为早熟至中熟,成熟期集中在6月上旬至7月中旬;‘薄雾’长势偏弱,其余品种长势中庸或旺盛,‘久比利’新枝生长量最大;V5平均单果重最大(为2.19 g),‘奥尼尔’‘乔治宝石’次之;V5、‘久比利’口味酸甜适中,‘乔治宝石’和‘奥尼尔’糖酸比适宜,具有独特的酸甜口感且香气浓郁;‘乔治宝石’的维生素C含量最高,‘久比利’、V5、‘奥尼尔’的总酚含量较高。初步认为,‘奥尼尔’、V5、‘乔治宝石’和‘久比利’为适宜鲜食的优良品种;V3和‘粉蓝’糖酸比高,花色素苷和总酚等抗氧化物质含量较高,适宜加工果汁、果酒等。     

南丰蜜橘果实纤维素代谢与化渣的关系研究

以化渣性好的‘沙糖橘’为对照,研究南丰蜜橘（‘南丰蜜橘97-1’和‘南丰蜜橘97-2’）果实发育过程中囊衣和汁胞的纤维素含量及相关代谢酶活性与化渣性的关系。研究结果表明,成熟期两个南丰蜜橘品种囊衣纤维质构指标（纤维强度、纤维延展性和纤维韧性）均显著高于‘沙糖橘’,‘南丰蜜橘97-1’显著高于‘南丰蜜橘97-2’;化渣性由好至劣感官评价结果为‘沙糖橘’>‘南丰蜜橘97-2’>‘南丰蜜橘97-1’。囊衣细胞壁的超微结构显示,果实成熟期囊衣细胞壁纤维素微纤丝分布密度由高到低为‘南丰蜜橘97-1’>‘南丰蜜橘97-2’>‘沙糖橘’。两个南丰蜜橘品种和‘沙糖橘’囊衣及汁胞的纤维素含量在整个果实发育过程中均呈下降趋势,以果实膨大前期至中期下降较快。除果实膨大前期外,‘南丰蜜橘97-1’囊衣的纤维素含量均显著高于‘沙糖橘’。与囊衣相比,汁胞中纤维素含量较少,并且在相同果实发育期两个南丰蜜橘品种往往低于‘沙糖橘’。酶活性分析表明,内切葡聚糖酶（Cx）、外切葡聚糖酶（C1）和β–葡萄糖苷酶的活性在果实膨大中期迅速升高,并且南丰蜜橘囊衣中的活性均高于‘沙糖橘’。囊衣中Cx和β–葡萄糖苷酶与囊衣纤维素含量极显著负相关,C1与囊衣纤维素含量显著负相关。结论：南丰蜜橘果实化渣性与囊衣纤维素密切相关;果实膨大前期至中期是纤维素降解的重要时期,Cx酶和β–葡萄糖苷酶是影响该过程的关键酶。     

斑翅果蝇对葡萄品种的产卵选择性及葡萄生理指标相关性

斑翅果蝇(Drosophila suzukii)是葡萄的重要害虫之一,为明确斑翅果蝇对不同葡萄品种的产卵选择性及其与葡萄生理指标的相关性,该研究分别测定了斑翅果蝇对3个葡萄品种("绍兴1号""红宝石""紫晶玫瑰")的完整果实和切块果实的产卵选择性,以及各葡萄品种果实的硬度、蛋白质、氨基酸、糖原、可溶性性糖和可溶性固形物的含量,并对各项指数分别进行了相关性分析。结果表明:斑翅果蝇在不同品种的完整葡萄果实中产卵量差异显著,且产卵选择与果实的硬度呈显著负相关。硬度较大的"绍兴1号"和"紫晶玫瑰"葡萄对斑翅果蝇产卵不利,而硬度较小的"红宝石"葡萄利于产卵。同时,斑翅果蝇对不同葡萄品种完整果实的产卵选择趋性与糖原和蛋白质含量呈正相关;不同葡萄品种的氨基酸含量、可溶性糖含量与斑翅果蝇对切块果实的产卵选择呈显著负相关。     

玫瑰香葡萄生长期酚类物质含量及抗氧化活性的变化

 以玫瑰香(Muscat Hamburg)葡萄为试材,通过测定不同生长发育期酚类物质含量和其清除自由基的能力,对酚类物质的动态变化及其与抗氧化活性的关系进行了研究。结果表明,叶片、茎、卷须的总酚,类黄酮和原花色素含量随果实的发育呈先下降后上升的趋势,在果实快速生长期达到最低点,之后有所增加。叶片酚类物质含量最高,茎中含量最低。果皮酚类物质含量的变化趋势与叶、茎、卷须中相同,在果实成熟期达最低点。果肉中酚类物质含量极低,且在整个生长期内无明显变化。各器官的抗氧化活性与酚类物质含量呈正相关。     

Antimicrobial,Antioxidant, and Antimutagenic Activities of Five Turkish Pear Cultivars

The pear (Pyrus spp.) is one of the most important fruits consumed in daily life. The aim of this study was to determine the total phenolic and ascorbic acid contents, as well as the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antimutagenic activities, of various pear cultivars. The fruits of five pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars (‘Deveci’, ‘Kizil’, ‘Egirsah’, ‘Gugum’, and ‘Banda’) were used in this study. It was determined that the peel and pulp of the ‘Kizil’ pear had the highest total phenolic content (402.5?mg/100?g and 215.2?mg/100?g, respectively), while those of the ‘Banda’ pear had the lowest total phenolic content (326?mg/100?g and 126.1?mg/100?g, respectively). Additionally, the ‘Kizil’ pear showed the highest antioxidant capacity in the 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and ferric-reducing ability assay (FRAP) (1.72 μmol TE/g FW and 161.25?μmol Fe II/g FW, respectively) and the highest ascorbic acid content (16.02?mg/100?g). The ‘Banda’ pear showed the highest antibacterial activity against the test bacteria. However, none of the pear extracts displayed antifungal activity. While all doses of the ‘Kizil’, ‘Gugum’, and ‘Banda’ pear extracts used in this study, except 80?μL/plate, exhibited antimutagenic activities, only the lowest dose (10?μL/plate) of the ‘Deveci’ pear extract showed the antimutagenic activity against induced mutagenesis in the Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 strain. Consequently, the five Turkish pear cultivars used in this study exhibited different levels of antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antimutagenic activities.     

Physico-Chemical Profiling of Promising Sweet Orange Cultivars Grown Under Different Agro-Climatic Conditions of Pakistan

Sweet oranges are produced on large scale all over the world and demanded due to less number of seeds and are better juice quality. A study was carried out with the objective to characterize promising sweet orange cultivars for better quality fruits production under different agro-climatic conditions of Punjab (Pakistan). Fruits of three promising sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) cultivars viz. ‘Blood Red’, ‘Musambi’ and were harvested from commercial citrus groves at five different locations. Starting from Multan, in the direction of increasing altitude, four more sites viz. Sahiwal, Faisalabad, Sargodha and Chakwal were selected after every 100–150?km distance. Fruits were evaluated in terms of different physical and biochemical characters. Results showed significant influence of climatic conditions on physico-chemical properties of the cultivars at all the locations. Fruits harvested from Multan and Sahiwal showed higher fruit weight, diameter and peel weight. More juicy fruits with higher vitamin C content were produced under mild temperature environmental conditions of Chakwal. Overall, ‘Musambi’ fruits had more total soluble solids and reducing and total sugars. ‘Musambi’ was found to be good source of bioactive compounds i.?e. vitamin C and total phenolic content, had the maximum antioxidant activity as compared to ‘Blood Red’ and ‘Succari’ and may be explored as potential cultivar in Sargodha and Chakwal.     

成熟期土壤含水量对‘北玫’葡萄果实中酚类物质积累的影响

以‘北玫’葡萄为试材,采用HPLC法测定葡萄果实中单体酚类物质的含量,研究了成熟期不同土壤含水量处理对果实品质和酚类物质含量的影响,以期为贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄产区酿酒葡萄品质的提高提供参考依据。结果表明:降低土壤含水量处理可以提高果实中可溶性总糖含量,降低可滴定酸含量。50%~60%相对土壤含水量处理极显著提高了采收期果实中甲基花青素、花翠素葡萄糖苷的含量,显著提高了二甲花翠素的含量;总花色苷和单宁含量极显著高于CK,总酚含量也显著高于CK。对采收期果实中酚类物质指标进行主成分分析,50%~60%相对土壤含水量处理综合得分最高。     

寒亭区主要甜樱桃品种果实品质比较研究

作者以当地种植合作社主栽的8个甜樱桃品种‘红灯’‘美早’‘布鲁克斯’‘萨米脱’‘黄蜜’‘先锋’‘雷尼’‘拉宾斯’为试验材料,分析测定其单果重、硬度、可食率、出汁率、可溶性固形物含量、总酸含量、总糖含量、维生素C含量及固酸比9项指标。结果表明,8个甜樱桃品种均能在寒亭区开花结实,且坐果率高,果实品质好,产量高,经济效益好。各品种之间果实品质存在差异:单果重,‘萨米脱’‘美早’表现突出,‘先锋’‘拉宾斯’果较小;可食率,‘萨米脱’‘美早’‘布鲁克斯’‘雷尼’‘红灯’均表现突出,‘黄蜜’最低;出汁率,‘美早’‘红灯’‘萨米脱’‘黄蜜’‘雷尼’均表现突出,‘布鲁克斯’最低;果实硬度,‘布鲁克斯’‘先锋’‘美早’高,‘雷尼’‘黄蜜’低;可溶性固形物含量,‘美早’‘红灯’‘萨米脱’高,‘雷尼’‘黄蜜’低。供试的8个甜樱桃品种均表现较好,可在寒亭区种植,‘美早’‘红灯’‘萨米脱’综合性状表现好于其他品种,可重点推广;‘先锋’综合表现略差,‘布鲁克斯’裂果较明显,不建议扩大推广。     

酿酒葡萄新品种‘北馨’

‘北馨’系山葡萄与欧亚种品种杂交而来的酿酒葡萄新品种。果粒近圆或椭圆形,紫黑色,单粒质量3.62 g,单穗质量155.5 g,可溶性固形物含量22.4%,可滴定酸含量0.64%,出汁率67.9%。早果性及丰产性强。抗寒、抗病能力强。酿成的酒呈鲜亮的宝石红色,香气清新,具有玫瑰香香气,入口甜美,酒体平衡,口感协调。