体积置换法直接测量土壤质量含水率及土壤容重

土壤含水率直接测量是相关研究和应用的基础,在土壤力学、作物栽培、农田灌溉、生态环境等研究和实践中十分重要。该文提出了一种与传统烘干称质量法相当的体积置换法直接测量土壤质量含水率及土壤容重。该方法在假设一定土壤颗粒密度的前提下,用一定体积的标准取样环刀取得土样后,通过向待测量土体补充水分使土壤达到饱和,用一定体积的水置换土壤中的充气空隙,直到土样达到饱和状态;再通过测量得到的初始/原始土样质量、饱和后土壤的质量以及已知土壤颗粒密度和水密度,计算得到被置换的充气空隙的体积,进而由此计算得到土壤质量含水率和土壤容重。采用3种不同土壤,即陕西杨凌黏黄土、北京粉壤土和江西黏红土,分别预配制成7种不同初始土壤体积含水率,含水率约为:风干土(含水率2%～3%)、5%、10%、15%、25%、30%和饱和含水率,以及3种不同土壤容重:1.25、1.35和1.45g/cm3进行室内试验。用类似的土样,采用传统方法烘干土样8、12、24、48h后,测量确定土壤的质量含水率,通过延长烘干时间测得数据表明,传统方法烘干8h所测得的质量含水率仍有1%～3.2%的含水率误差。最终试验结果表明体积置换方法测得的土壤含水率比传统烘干土样8h所测得的结果大2%～3%,比烘干土样48h所测得的结果大1%左右。体积置换方法测量操作过程简单,耗时较少,节约能源,测量结果具有较高精度。     

基于图像处理的土壤表层含水率在线检测方法研究

土壤表层含水率是影响作物生长的重要因素,在节水灌溉控制系统中对其进行在线检测尤为重要。运用计算机数字图像处理技术,探索一种土壤表层含水率在线检测的新方法。通过土壤表层图像的中值滤波、图像模式转换和“坏区”过滤,提取图像的特征参数——灰度值,并对土壤表层图像的灰度值与其含水率的关系进行了试验研究。理论分析与试验结果表明,土壤含水率的百分比与土壤表层图像的灰度值之间是一种近似线性的函数关系。     

The effect of soil compaction on mole plough draught

Conventional and zero traffic systems were mole ploughed and effects on soil physical properties were compared. Draught of the plough operating at 550 mm depth was measured while it was winched across plots having a 5-year history of different traffic regimes. Results showed that the draught was reduced by about 18% on non-trafficked compared with conventionally-trafficked soil.

Cone resistance measurements, 1 month before and 3 months after mole ploughing, confirmed that the non-trafficked soil had significantly less strength to a depth of about 400 mm. Bulk density measured at 75 and 175 mm depth 1 month before mole ploughing indicated a similar trend, but clod and bulk densities at 125 mm and 350 mm depth 3 months later, failed to show any consistent differences between treatments.     

土壤温度和容重对频率反射土壤水分传感器测量精度的影响

为探究土壤温度和容重对FDR(频率反射)含水率测量结果的综合影响规律,以陕西杨凌地区的塿土为研究对象,以基于 FDR 技术的电流型 DSW-T2型土壤温湿度传感器为测量仪器,研究了土壤的含水率(3.82%~21.43%)、容重(0.91~1.30 g/cm3)和温度(2.5~50℃)对传感器输出信号的影响;建立了传感器的输出电流与土壤含水率、容重和温度的综合测量数学模型,实验分析了模型在预测含水率方面的可行性.结果表明,传感器的输出电流随土壤含水率、温度和容重的增大而增大,可用三元二次方程表示输出电流与土壤含水率、温度和容重之间的关系;在0.05的显著水平上,含水率、温度和容积密度均对模型有显著影响.基于模型的计算输出电流与实际输出电流的绝对误差范围是-1.167~1.216 mA,计算含水率与实际含水率的绝对误差范围是-2.638%~2.812%.本研究对于开发具有温度和容积密度补偿功能的新型FDR土壤含水率传感器的综合测量模型有指导作用.     

Grazing-induced spatial variability of soil bulk density and content of moisture, organic carbon and calcium carbonate in a semi-arid rangeland

The landscape of many semiarid rangelands is characterized by a two-phase, shrub–intershrub vegetation mosaic, each phase having different soil properties. However, this broad subdivision groups together types of intershrub surface cover that may also differ in their soil properties and play important roles in ecosystem functioning. In the northern Negev region of Israel, we examined the soil properties associated with flock trampling routes and rock fragment clusters, as well as those associated with the remainder of the intershrub area and shrub patches. Moisture content, organic carbon content, bulk density and calcium carbonate content of the soil were determined for the above four types of cover, inside and outside long-term grazing exclosures. Soil was sampled in the peak of the growing season and in the end of the dry season, on a north- and a south-facing hillside, and from two depths. The shrub patches exhibited the highest soil moisture and organic carbon contents, and the lowest bulk density and calcium carbonate contents. The trampling routes showed opposite trends. The rock fragment clusters and the remainder of the intershrub area did not generally differ and had intermediate values of these properties. Grazing did not have a significant effect on soil properties at the whole-plot scale, but there were highly significant interactions between grazing and type of cover. Compared with the former trampling routes in the exclosures, the active trampling routes outside them had higher bulk density and lower moisture and organic carbon contents. The intershrub area had higher moisture and organic carbon contents under grazing than in the exclosures. Grazing increased the spatial heterogeneity of the soil properties examined via the creation of a network of trampling routes on the hillsides. The routes themselves, which constituted over 20% of the landscape cover, had degraded soil properties but they led to the improvement of the properties of the remainder of the intershrub area via functionally important source–sink relationships. The study of the soil of regions in which such networks are apparent should be duly cognizant of this intershrub subdivision in addition to the widely recognized shrub–intershrub dichotomy.     

粮食干燥机水分在线检测系统研究

潮粮干燥是东北、华北地区秋粮入库前必不可少的加工环节，由于样品流动性、水分分散性等因素的影响，干燥过程中的粮食水分快速、在线、准确检测一直是影响干燥质量的亟待解决的关键技术。根据粮食干燥机的工况特点，提出并研制了一种基于多路水分传感器实时观测信息融合的粮食干燥机水分在线检测系统，介绍了系统的工作原理、硬件构成和软件设计，给出了信息融合算法。系统以单片机80C196KC为信息处理核心，采用大屏幕中文液晶显示。实际运行表明，系统具有信号传输距离远、测量准确、运行可靠、智能化程度高等特点，能够满足粮食干燥机水分在线检测的要求。     

基于DSP和单片机的谷物含水率准动态检测技术研究

为进一步提高谷物含水率检测的速度和精确度,以满足收获机械在线检测的需要,提出了一种新的基于DSP和MPU的以大豆为代表的谷物含水率快速检测技术,并依此为依据设计了相应的系统装置。试验结果表明,该装置测量的含水率误差小于1％,每分钟测量速度大于15次。该装置还预留了较大存储空间,可方便地应用到其它谷物水分的在线检测。无论从测量精度、速度还是装置的温度稳定性指标均优于现有装置。该方法的提出为在线谷物含水率快速、高精度测量提供了新的解决方案。     

不同土壤含水率、体积质量及光谱反射率的关系模型

为了准确、快速地检测湿胀干缩型土壤含水率,该文提出了基于近红外光谱技术的土壤含水率分析方法。该文以湖北省黄棕壤、潮土、水稻土为研究对象,利用美国Ocean Optic公司的NIR256-2.5微型光纤光谱仪在暗室环境下对不同含水率下的土壤样本进行光谱反射率的测定和特征分析,并同时测量相应的土壤体积质量,研究土壤含水率、体积质量、光谱反射率之间的相关关系,通过采用2种土壤含水率表示方法与3种土壤光谱反射率表示方法反映土壤含水率与光谱反射率之间关系的对比试验分析,消除土壤其它性状对土壤反射率反演土壤含水率的影响,得到较适宜地进行土壤光谱反射率反演土壤含水率的匹配表示方法,构建三者之间关系的曲面模型和体积质量变化的土壤体积含水率与土壤光谱反射率的关系指数模型。研究结果表明,构建的3种土壤的曲面回归模型,决定系数均大于0.977,F值均达极显著水平,光谱反射率与体积质量的偏回归系数检验亦达显著或极显著水平。采用指数模型表述1 400、1 900 nm波长处的归一化减土光谱反射率与体积质量变化的土壤体积含水率的关系,其决定系数均在0.9以上,对模型进行验证,其预测误差在0.3左右,精度较高,所建模型拟合效果好。该研究可为用近红外光谱检测体积质量变化的土壤含水率提供科学资料。     

土壤含水率与干密度对油松根-土界面摩擦性能的影响

为研究土壤物理特性对植物根系固土性能的影响,通过对油松单根施加拔出荷载进行直接拉拔实验,分析土壤含水率与干密度对拔出过程中根-土界面摩擦性能的影响。结果表明：单根拉拔实验中根系有被拔出和被拉断2种破坏模式：根-土最大摩擦力与根系直径有明显的线性相关关系,通过建立单根简化模型分析根-土间的摩擦情况,证明与实验结论一致;且根系直径在一定范围内时,根-土的最大摩擦力随土壤含水率的升高先增大后减小,而随土体干密度的升高单调增大。     

容重与含水率对砂质黏壤土静水崩解速率影响研究

崩解在土工试验中叫做湿化,是指土壤在静水中发生破裂解体、塌落或强度减弱的现象[1].土壤的崩解机制与土壤侵蚀的发生过程密切相关,是土壤侵蚀发生的必要条件之一.国内外对于土壤崩解的研究相对较少,而对于容重或含水对崩解性的影响的研究更少,国内仅有的研究目前大多限于黄土和南方的一些典型土壤,如燥红壤、红壤、褐红壤等.在降雨和地表灌溉作用下产生的土壤侵蚀过程中,崩解是侵蚀发生的一个前提条件.     

初始含水量和容重对黑土压缩特性的影响

东北黑土区农业机械化水平高,农机作业压实导致的土壤结构和物理性状退化问题日益严重,压缩特性是定量分析土壤压实过程的有效手段,但目前黑土压缩特性随初始含水量和初始容重的变化规律尚不明确。为了解初始含水量和初始容重对黑土压缩特性的影响程度及其变化关系,该研究以重塑黑土为对象,设0.15、0.20、0.25、0.30、0.35、0.40 g/g共6个初始含水量水平,设1.00、1.10、1.20、1.30、1.45、1.60 g/cm³共6个初始容重水平,使用固结仪进行单轴压缩试验测定土壤压缩曲线,分析初始含水量和容重对压缩特性影响。结果表明,土壤初始含水量、容重及两者交互作用均极显著影响重塑黑土压缩特性(P<0.001),据此建立了预测压缩特性的土壤传递函数。黑土的预固结压力为10.42～1 106.17 kPa,与初始含水量显著线性正相关、与初始容重显著线性负相关(P<0.05);压缩指数为0.311～0.852,与初始含水量和容重呈二元多项式方程的关系,随初始容重的增大而降低,在中等含水量时最大;回弹指数为0.007～0.321,与初始含水量正相关,与...     

基于同心轴圆筒式电容传感器的花生仁水分无损检测技术

为了实现花生仁含水率的快速准确检测,设计了以MSP430单片机为控制芯片的花生仁含水率检测仪,利用圆筒式电容传感器、温度传感器和称质量传感器分别检测花生仁的电容、温度和容积密度,通过信号检测调理电路进行测量信号电容到频率的转换,单片机进行数据处理后计算出花生仁含水率,在液晶屏上显示检测结果,并将检测数据存储到内存卡中。进一步研究了含水率、温度和容积密度对频率的影响规律,建立了描述含水率与差频、温度的数学模型,并验证了基于电容法检测花生含水率的可行性和模型的可靠性。试验表明,在含水率6.4%~18.2%、温度10~40℃范围内,该检测仪的测量相对误差绝对值小于0.5%。该研究为快速无损检测花生仁含水率提供了参考。     

基于云原生技术的土壤墒情监测系统设计与应用

该研究针对全中国尺度的土壤墒情监测需求,构建基于自动监测站原位监测与多源专题数据的土壤墒情数据获取感知技术体系,提出数据质量控制清洗策略并建立数据校正插补模型。系统基于云原生技术设计,将模块以微服务形式灵活开发部署,通过容器技术打包运行独立实例,布设了墒情数据上报采集、可视化分析和数据挖掘应用等核心模块。依托空间分析和WebGL技术开发3D WebGIS数据分析功能模块,实现协同土壤墒情、土地利用、海拔高程等多源数据可视化分析与制图,深入挖掘数据价值,实现墒情估算和基于水量平衡的灌溉决策应用服务。系统已在中国21个省份得到应用,建立自动监测站970个,采集监测数据6 000余万条,为用户掌握土壤墒情现状、指导农业节水灌溉、获取可靠科研数据等应用提供数据与技术服务。     

Guidelines for safe trafficking and cultivation, and resistance–density–moisture relations of three disturbed soils from Alberta

The Atterberg limits and the Proctor compaction test are used by engineers for classifying soils and for predicting stability of building foundations. Field capacity and wilting point (agronomic limits) are used to indicate available water for plant uptake. Few studies have related the engineering criteria to the agronomic ones with regard to compaction hazard for soils. This study investigated the relationships between Atterberg limits, agronomic limits and the critical moisture content (moisture content at Proctor maximum density) for three disturbed soils (sandy loam and clay loam soils from a reclaimed Highvale mine site, and a silt loam soil from a grazing site at Lacombe) of different textures. Relationships between bulk density, moisture content and penetration resistance for these soils were also investigated. For the sandy loam and loam soils, the field capacity was close to the critical moisture content but lower than the plastic limit. Therefore, cultivation of these two soils at moisture contents close to field capacity should be avoided since maximum densification occurs at these moisture contents. Overall, the critical moisture content or field capacity would be a better guide for trafficking of sandy loam and loam textured soils than the Atterberg limits. For the clay loam, field capacity was within the plastic range. Thus trafficking this soil at field capacity would cause severe compaction. In conclusion, either field capacity or plastic limit, whichever is less, can be used as a guide to avoid trafficking at this moisture content and beyond. For the sandy loam and loam soils penetration resistance significantly increased only with increased bulk density (P≤0.05). For the clay loam soil, penetration resistance was positively related to bulk density and negatively related to moisture content.     

Effects of long-term organic and mineral fertilizers on bulk density and penetration resistance in semi-arid Mediterranean soil conditions

Soil aggregation is of great importance in agriculture due to its positive effect on soil physical properties, plant growth and the environment. A long-term (1996-2008) field experiment was performed to investigate the role of mycorrhizal inoculation and organic fertilizers on some of soil properties of Mediterranean soils (Typic Xerofluvent, Menzilat clay-loam soil). We applied a rotation with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) as a second crop during the periods of 1996 and 2008. The study consisted of five experimental treatments; control, mineral fertilizer (300-60-150 kg N-P-K ha⁻¹), manure at 25 t ha⁻¹, compost at 25 t ha⁻¹ and mycorrhiza-inoculated compost at 10 t ha⁻¹ with three replicates. The highest organic matter content both at 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm soil depths were obtained with manure application, whereas mineral fertilizer application had no effect on organic matter accumulation. Manure, compost and mycorrhizal inoculation + compost application had 69%, 32% and 24% higher organic matter contents at 0-30 cm depth as compared to the control application. Organic applications had varying and important effects on aggregation indexes of soils. The greatest mean weight diameters (MWD) at 15-30 cm depth were obtained with manure, mycorrhiza-inoculated compost and compost applications, respectively. The decline in organic matter content of soils in control plots lead disintegration of aggregates demonstrated on significantly lower MWD values. The compost application resulted in occurring the lowest bulk densities at 0-15 and 15-30 cm soil depths, whereas the highest bulk density values were obtained with mineral fertilizer application. Measurements obtained in 2008 indicated that manure and compost applications did not cause any further increase in MWD at manure and compost receiving plots indicated reaching a steady state. However, compost with mycorrhizae application continued to significant increase (P < 0.05) in MWD values of soils. Organic applications significantly lowered the soil bulk density and penetration resistance. The lowest penetration resistance (PR) at 0-50 cm soil depth was obtained with mycorrhizal inoculated compost, and the highest PR was with control and mineral fertilizer applications. The results clearly revealed that mycorrhiza application along with organic fertilizers resulted in decreased bulk density and penetration resistance associated with an increase in organic matter and greater aggregate stability, indicated an improvement in soil structure.     

Modeling of maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of stabilized soil using artificial neural networks

This study considers the use of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to predict the maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC) of soil‐stabilizer mix. Multilayer perceptron (MLP), one of the most widely used ANN architectures in the literature, is utilized to construct comprehensive and accurate models relating the MDD and OMC of stabilized soil to the properties of natural soil such as particle‐size distribution, plasticity, linear shrinkage, and the type and quantity of stabilizing additives. Five ANN models are constructed using different combinations of the input parameters. Two separate sets of ANN prediction models, one for MDD and the other for OMC, and also a combined ANN model for multiple outputs are developed using the potentially influential input parameters. Relative‐importance values of various inputs of the models are calculated to determine the significance of each of the predictor variables to MDD and OMC. Inferring the most relevant input parameters based on Garson's algorithm, modified ANN models are separately developed for MDD and OMC. The modified ANN models are utilized to introduce explicit formulations of MDD and OMC. A parametric study is also conducted to evaluate the sensitivity of MDD and OMC due to the variation of the most influencing input parameters. A comprehensive set of data including a wide range of soil types obtained from the previously published stabilization test results is used for training and testing the prediction models. The performance of ANN‐based models is subsequently analyzed and compared in detail. The results demonstrate that the accuracy of the proposed models is satisfactory as compared to the experimental results.     

Modeling and correction of soil penetration resistance for varying soil water content

For this study penetration resistance (PR) was measured within the profiles of four Oxisols for a wide range of water contents (θ) and bulk densities. Obtained data were utilized to parameterize 23 previously applied regression models. The most promising models were selected to illustrate effects of soil texture on PR. Finally, a new correction method based on normalization of PR with θ corresponding to a matric potential of − 10 kPa was introduced. Evaluation of texture effects revealed that for very wet soils PR was lowest, but increased with clay content. PR at − 1500 kPa exhibited a maximum at clay content of 35% and at − 10 kPa PR was least affected by texture. From all regression models three- and two-parametric exponential and power functions yielded closest matches to measured data. The proposed correction significantly dampened the influence of θ on PR, which allows better comparison for a specific soil or among different soils.     

水质和体积质量对碱土饱和导水率和盐分淋洗的影响

以松嫩平原典型碱土为研宄对象,采用承压水、潜水及蒸馏水模拟的雨水3种水源,分别在6种体积质量(容重)下测定了土壤饱和导水率和淋洗液的电导率及pH,分析了水质和体积质量对碱土饱和导水率和盐分淋洗的影响以及饱和导水率与淋洗液电导率和pH值间的关系.结果表明:碱土饱和导水率随测定用水电导率的增加而升高;采用承压水和潜水测定时,碱土饱和导水率随土壤体积质量的增加而降低;采用蒸馏水测定时,饱和导水率在1.08～1.33 g/cm~3体积质量范围内均为0.11mm/d,而当体积质量>1.42g/cm~3时,饱和导水率均为0 mm/d;淋洗液的电导率和pH值随着测定用水电导率的逐渐增加而不断降低;采用潜水和承压水测定时,淋洗液的电导率和pH值随体积质量的增加而升高,用蒸馏水测定时,淋洗液的电导率和pH值不随体积质量的变化而改变;淋洗液电导率和pH均随饱和导水率增加而降低,且二者与饱和导水率均呈指数关系,碱土饱和导水率越高其盐分淋洗效果越好.