甜菜坏死黄脉病毒胁迫下甜菜HRGP的细胞化学研究

为了从细胞学水平明确甜菜细胞壁HRGP积累与甜菜抗丛根病性的关系,采用Western-blot分析及电镜细胞化学定位的方法,研究了BNYVV侵染甜菜抗、感病品种后,其细胞壁HRGP积累的差异。结果显示,BNYVV侵染以前,抗、感病品种块根与叶脉导管细胞的细胞壁表面观察到少量HRGP的沉积,两者之间无明显的差异;BNYVV侵染后,抗、感病品种植株体内病毒含量均在苗龄55天达到最高峰,此期抗、感病甜菜品种块根与叶脉横切面的所有导管细胞细胞壁上的HRGP均较对照显著增加,并且抗病品种HRGP的积累量明显高于感病品种的。说明在甜菜与BNYVV互作的体系中,HRGP在甜菜组织内快速积累是甜菜抗丛根病性的表现之一,从细胞化学角度证明了HRGP可作为评价甜菜品种抗丛根病性的参考指标。     

茉莉酸与甜菜抗丛根病的关系

以甜菜坏死黄脉病毒(BNYVV)侵染甜菜抗、感丛根病品种为研究体系,在甜菜苗期采用western boltting检测BNYVV在甜菜根部的含量,研究甜菜茉莉酸(jasmonate,JA)合成途径关键酶脂氧合酶(LOX)、丙二烯氧化物合成酶(AOS)活性的变化,并采用外源茉莉酸浸种,检测其对病毒侵染的影响。结果表明,BNYVV的侵染明显诱导了抗病品种LOX与AOS的活性,并且JA浸种处理后,显著抑制了BNYVV对根部的侵染,表明JA的合成与甜菜抗丛根病有密切关系。     

甜菜-甜菜坏死黄脉病毒互作过程中过氧化氢的积累与分布

以甜菜抗、感丛根病品种与甜菜坏死黄脉病毒互作体系为研究对象,检测不同体系间H₂O₂的产生和积累,并利用电镜细胞化学标记技术在亚细胞水平上对H₂O₂的空间分布定位,探讨H₂O₂积累和分布与甜菜抗丛根病性的关系。结果表明, 甜菜抗、感丛根病体系均出现大量H₂O₂,其中抗病体系的H₂O₂产生量明显高于感病体系。H₂O₂在抗病和感病体系中的分布位置基本相似,多分布在块根、叶脉细胞的液泡膜和质膜上,叶脉细胞间隙也有H₂O₂的分布,但不同体系间H₂O₂含量有着明显差异,感病体系H₂O₂沉积量明显弱于抗病体系。研究结果说明,H₂O₂产生量和分布与甜菜抗丛根病性有密切联系,H₂O₂参与了甜菜对病毒侵染的防御反应。     

Breeding for resistance to rhizomania in sugar beet: A review

Currently rhizomania is the most important disease in sugar beet worldwide, and attack can lead to serious yield losses. The disease is caused by beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) that is transmitted by the soil-borne fungus Polymyxa betae. Breeding sugar beet cultivars with resistance to rhizomania is regarded as the most appropriate way to enable continued production of this crop in BNYVV-infested fields and also to slow the spread of the disease. Breeding for resistance started with selection by scoring disease symptoms in field experiments. The development of non-destructive greenhouse tests, with determination of the virus concentration in rootlets using ELISA, has greatly improved the efficiency of selection. In this paper the impact of scientific research on the progress in breeding cultivars with resistance to rhizomania is reviewed. This includes the distribution, composition, and pathogenicity of the virus, the sources of resistance to virus and vector, the genetics of virus resistance, progress with breeding methods, and the use of molecular markers and pathogen-derived resistance. The yields and quality characteristics of recently introduced resistant cultivars now equal those of the commercial susceptible cultivars. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A SNP mutation affects rhizomania-virus content of sugar beets grown on resistance-breaking soils

Rhizomania is one of the most devastating biotic stresses affecting sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). It is caused by Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) vectored by the plasmodiophorid Polymyxa betae K. The only means available to control the disease is the use of genetically resistant varieties. “Rizor” or “Holly” (Rz1) and WB42 (Rz2) have been the most widely used resistance sources in the commercial varieties. Recently, naturally occurring resistance-breaking (RB) rhizomania strains have been identified causing major concerns. The aim of this study was to identify SNP mutations that show associations with resistance to rhizomania in sugar beet plants grown under resistance-breaking (RB)-BNYVV soils. Rhizomania virus content was evaluated by indirect triple-antibody sandwich-ELISA within two F ₂ segregating populations respectively grown on an AYPR and IV-BNYVV strain infected soils. Bulked segregant analysis (BSA) was performed. The resistant and susceptible plants were genotyped with a 384-SNPs panel. Of the 384 SNPs, SNP249 was found to associate with the resistance both to the AYPR strain (R ² = 0.37; P = 0.0004) and to the IV-BNYVV (R ² = 0.09; P = 0.0074). Our results suggested that the SNP249 could be readily applicable for marker-assisted breeding of resistance to AYPR strain of rhizomania.     

甜菜抗丛根病育种研究进展

为了研究甜菜抗丛根病育种的抗性基因来源以及作用特点,笔者归纳了甜菜丛根病抗性的来源,包括Alba抗性源、Rizor和Holly抗性源、WB42抗性源、WB41和WB258抗性源以及R36抗性源,并介绍了5种甜菜丛根病的抗性基因特点。另外,对甜菜抗丛根病资源的育成方法进行了总结,包括回交、杂交和轮回选择。通过这些方法将携带抗丛根病资源的甜菜整合至适应性高的甜菜种质资源上,从而获得理想的抗性资源。针对甜菜抗丛根病育种过程中培育和选择甜菜丛根病抗性基因型的过程缓慢、费力且昂贵,以及具有抗性基因品种的抗性易被破坏的情况,现提出如下解决策略：（1）通过分子标记来选择理想的甜菜新品种;（2）不断鉴定新的抗性基因,并将其整合到甜菜的基因库中;（3）开发新抗源,通过鉴定其他基因座上与先前发现的抗性基因的等位基因,为释放具有足够抗性的品种提供机会。抗甜菜丛根病育种的下一个挑战将会是将新的抗性基因导入育种材料,并通过将不同基因座上的多个抗性基因聚合到育种系中进行组合,以最大限度地提高甜菜对丛根病的抗性水平。     

Polyploid and maternal effects on Rhizoctonia root rot resistance in sugarbeet

Summary Three sugarbeet breeding lines partially resistant to the root-rotting fungus, Rhizoctonia solani, were converted to the tetraploid condition without selection. These three diploid and tetraploid lines were crossed with three diploid male-sterile lines to produce equivalent diploid and triploid hybrids. The triploid hybrids were significantly more resistant to Rhizoctonia than were the diploid hybrids. However, the tetraploid resistant limes were no different than their diploid equivalent lines. Reciprocal crosses provided no evidence of maternal effect on resistance. Cytoplasm that included the male-sterility factor had no influence on resistance. Triploid hybrids, where the resistant parent is tetraploid, should be advantageous in the breeding of rhizoctonia-resistant hybrid varieties.Joint contribution of the Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Colorado State University Experiment Station, and the Beet Sugar Development Foundation. Published with the approval of the Director of the Colorado State University Experiment Station as Scientific Paper Series No. 2072.     

Major genes for resistance to beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) in Beta vulgaris

Summary Inheritance of resistance to beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) was studied in segregating F2 and backcross families obtained from crosses between resistant plants of the sugar beet selection Holly-1-4 or the wild beet accession Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima WB42 and susceptible parents. Greenhouse tests were carried out, in which seedlings were grown in a mixture of sand and infested soil. Virus concentrations of BNYVV in the rootlets were estimated by ELISA. To discriminate resistant and susceptible plants, mixtures of normal distributions were fitted to log₁₀ virus concentrations, estimated for segregating F1, F2 and BC populations of both accessions. The hypothesis that Holly-1-4 contained one single dominant major gene was accepted. For WB42, results fitted with the hypotheses that resistance was based on either one (or more) dominant major gene(s) showing distorted segregation, or two complementary dominant genes, which are both required for resistance. Resistance from WB42 appeared to be more effective against BNYVV than resistance from Holly-1-4.This research was carried out as part of a PhD study at the Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences (EPS), Department of Virology, Wageningen, The Netherlands     

Reduced titer of BNYVV in transgenic sugar beets expressing the BNYVV coat protein

Summary Rhizomania is a disease of sugar beet caused by the furovirus beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV). Coat protein mediated resistance has been reported for a number of viral diseases. This approach to virus resistance was therefore attempted for control of rhizomania. Two constructs of the coat protein gene of BNYVV were introduced into sugar beet by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The mRNA level was estimated to be 0.01% of the poly A⁺ RNA. Expression of the coat protein gene was under the detection limit of our western blotting protocol i.e. below 0.01 g/50 g (0.02% of the total soluble protein). One transformation event per construct was tested in a greenhouse assay and in rhizomania infested soil in a field trial. In the greenhouse assay, transgenic plants showed a strong reduction of virus multiplication when compared to non-transgenic plants. This result was confirmed in the field trial, where a significant difference in virus multiplication was shown between plants with and without the coat protein gene.     

Modification of Heterosis for Protein and Yield Components by Bean Common Mosaic Virus in Phaseolus vulgaris

The effect of bean common mosaic virus on yield, yield components, and seed protein content was studied in tour bean cultivars and their F1 hybrids. The results of this experiment showed 3 significant decrease for yield in diseased plants; the 100 seed weight was also significantly reduced in one of the diseased varieties. The percentage of protein was increased m virus-diseased plants: this increase was due to non-protein nitrogen. Usually, the percentage of heterosis in virus-diseased F1 hybrid of two susceptible varieties was decreased while in F1 hybrids of “susceptible × resistant” varieties it was increased. This study shows the danger of drawing conclusions in quantitative genetic studies then dealing with both diseased and healthy plants.     

Chromosome localisation of genes for resistance to Heterodera schachtii, Cercospora beticola and Polymyxa betae using sets of Beta procumbens and B. patellaris derived monosomic additions in B. vulgaris

Beet cyst nematodes (BCN, Heterodera schachtii), Cercospora beticola, and rhizomania, caused by the beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) and vectored by the soil-borne fungus Polymyxa betae, are the most serious diseases of sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris). The wild Beta species of section Procumbentes are known to be completely resistant to H. schachtii, C. beticola and P. betae. Alien monosomic additions (2n=19), plants of cultivated beet (2n=18) carrying different individual chromosomes of B. procumbens (2n=18) or B. patellaris (2n=36), were tested in greenhouse experiments for resistance to these pathogens. Gene(s) conferring full resistance to the beet cyst nematode in B. patellaris are located on chromosome 1.1, and the other tested chromosomes of B. patellaris are not involved in the expression of resistance. Artificial inoculation under greenhouse conditions, with in vitro produced inoculum of C. beticola and spot-percentage rating of the disease intensity, showed that the high level of resistance that was observed in the wild species B. procumbens and B. patellaris was not found in any of the monosomic additions tested. It was suggested that genes on various chromosomes of the wild species are needed to express full resistance, and that the chromosomes of group 7 of B. patellaris and chromosome 7 of B. procumbens have the largest effect. The greenhouse tests for resistance to P. betae in B. patellaris derived monosomic additions showed that the addition families of group 4.1 have a strong partial resistance, while the addition families of group 8.1 appeared to be completely resistant to the pathogen. Resistance to P. betae in the two wild species as well as in the two resistant addition types did not exclude infection with BNYVV, but resulted in a considerable reduction of the virus concentration. It was concluded that resistance to the vector would complement virus resistance, and may provide a more effective and durable control of rhizomania. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Multiplicative models for cultivar by location interaction in testing sugar beets for resistance to beet necrotic yellow vein virus

Summary Sugar beet cultivars were evaluated for resistance to beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) on various locations in two consecutive years. Resistance levels of cultivars were measured by virus assays of plants from the field and the greenhouse. Infection levels in the fields were characterised by sampling plants of a susceptible indicator cultivar. For each year, statistical analyses were performed on two-way tables of cultivar by location for yield and quality parameters. In analysis of variance (ANOVA) significant main effects and significant cultivar by location interaction were found for all parameters (P<0.05). Interactions were further investigated by multiplicative models. In the Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction effects (AMMI) model, interaction was written as the product of a cultivar score and a location score. Cultivar interaction scores were highly correlated to virus concentrations of the cultivars, and location interaction scores to virus concentrations of the susceptible indicator cultivar. Main effects of cultivars and locations were less clearly related to virus concentrations than interaction effects. In general, virus concentrations of plants from a greenhouse test gave higher correlations than virus concentrations of plants from the field. In the factorial regression model, virus concentrations were incorporated in the model. The model can be understood as a two-way ANOVA, with greenhouse virus concentrations and virus concentration of the indicator cultivar as concomitant variables on the cultivar and location factor. Results of analyses with both multiplicative interaction models showed that interactions of all yield and quality parameters can be described in terms of virus concentrations. Therefore, the relative performance of susceptible and partially resistant cultivars in infested fields can be estimated by means of three independent parameters, (i) the level of resistance determined in a greenhouse experiment, (ii) the yield and quality in non-infested fields, and (iii) the level of infection in the field.Abbreviations AMMI model Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction effects model - ANOVA analysis of variance - BNYVV beet necrotic yellow vein virus - ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - -amino N -amino nitrogen - K Kalium (potassium) - Na Natrium (sodium)     

Resistance of early-maturing European maize germplasm to sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) and maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV)

Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) and maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) are the most important viruses of maize in Europe. In field and greenhouse experiments, 122 early-maturing European maize inbreds (45 flint and 77 dent lines) were evaluated for their reaction to artificial inoculation by SCMV and MDMV. Three dent inbreds (D21, D32, FAP1360 A) with complete resistance and four dent inbreds (D06, D09, R2306, FAP1396A) with partial resistance against both potyviruses under both greenhouse and field conditions were identified. All other inbreds were highly susceptible to both SCMV and MDMV. Selection for virus resistance in maize breeding could be performed with only one virus at a time because all inbreds resistant to SCMV were also resistant to MDMV. Rank correlations between percentages of infected plants in greenhouse and field trials ranged from 0.51 to 0.72 for both SCMV and MDMV, suggesting that prescreening of breeding materials for virus resistance can be performed in the greenhouse but final evaluation in multilocation trials in the field is recommended.     

甜菜丛根病研究进展

甜菜丛根病是一种发生在世界主要糖甜菜种植地区的土传病害,在缺乏有效控制的情况下会引起甜菜严重的产量损失。从4个方面叙述了近些年来与甜菜丛根病研究的相关进展：①甜菜坏死黄脉病毒(Beet necrotic yellow vein virus,BNYVV)的基因组结构;②BNYVV的分类及与其他甜菜土传病毒的关系;③丛根病的检测方法;④丛根病的控制策略。最后对甜菜丛根病未来的研究发展方向进行了展望。     

黑龙江省甜菜褐斑病病区和品种抗病性分类研究

为了解决甜菜褐斑病病防治问题,2009—2016年,对黑龙江省10个地区166个甜菜品种,采取田间调查发病率的方法进行分类研究。将地区分为轻病区、中病区和重病区3类;将品种的抗性水平分为高抗、抗病、中抗、中感、感病、高感6个级别：甜菜褐斑病病情指数(DI)≤15的地区为轻病区,15相似文献   

利用农杆菌介导法将抗虫基因和高赖氨酸蛋白基因导入超级杂交水稻亲本材料1826中

超级杂交水稻的培育、推广和应用可显著提高水稻的单位面积产量,但许多超级杂交水稻存在抗虫能力较低、品质较差的问题。1826是一个优良的超级杂交水稻亲本材料,但抗褐飞虱能力低,必需氨基酸赖氨酸的含量低。本研究利用基因工程技术将CaMV 35S启动子引导的半夏凝集素基因(PTA)和水稻胚乳特异表达启动子(Glutelin-B1 promoter)引导的马铃薯高赖氨酸蛋白基因(SB401)同时转入1826成熟胚诱导的愈伤组织中,获得了同时含PTA和SB401的转基因植株。本研究为提高1826的抗褐飞虱能力和赖氨酸含量打下了基础。     

Identification of dominant and recessive genes for resistance to Fusarium wilt in pigeonpea and their implication in breeding hybrids

Fusarium wilt is an important disease of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] and it can cause severe yield losses. Chemical control of this disease is difficult and expensive; therefore, cultivation of resistant varieties/hybrids is the most efficient strategy for enhancing the production. In the present study, by using a wilt susceptible cytoplasmic-nuclear male-sterile line and four wilt resistant fertility restorers, one dominant and one recessive gene with dominant suppressive epistatic effects were found responsible for controlling resistance to Fusarium wilt. Considering the annual losses and wide spread nature of wilt diseases in pigeonpea, it is imperative that all the inbred and hybrid cultivars have high level of resistance to this disease. The presence of dominant gene for resistance will increase the efficiency of breeding wilt resistant cultivars because it will yield greater proportion of resistant genotypes in segregating generations. In hybrid breeding also, the presence of dominant gene for wilt resistance will be an advantage. The transfer of this gene in female hybrid parents will ease the breeding of wilt resistant hybrids because this will allow the use of both wilt resistant as well as susceptible restorers in generating wilt resistant hybrid combinations.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

A test method for resistance to stem mottle in potatoes

In breeding for resistance to stem mottle in potatoes there is a need for a rapid testing and selection method. Following the method normally used with X- and Y-virus, seedlings in the cotyledon stage and young plants of potatoes were inoculated with the stem mottle virus (= rattle virus). In this way it seems possible to test and to select young seedlings for resistance. In addition it is possible to establish rapidly the resistance of known potato varieties and progenitors with the air of young plants.