东京野茉莉对重金属胁迫的响应特征研究

本文以东京野茉莉幼苗为研究对象,比较了不同浓度铜和镉胁迫下东京野茉莉叶绿素和光合作用的响应特征.结果表明:随着铜、镉处理浓度的升高,叶绿素含量先上升后下降.随着镉浓度的升高,东京野茉莉植株的净光合速率由下降到上升,气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间CO2浓度都有所上升,总体来说东京野茉莉在不同浓度镉胁迫下,光合特性受抑制作用规律不明显,铜胁迫对东京野茉莉光合作用具有抑制作用.     

NaCl胁迫对紫荆幼苗保护酶系统的影响

以紫荆Cercis chinensis Bunge幼苗为材料,研究NaCl胁迫对其膜质过氧化和保护酶活性的影响.结果表明:随着盐分处理浓度的升高,丙二醛(MDA)含量、膜透性呈上升趋势,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性先上升后下降;在相同的盐分浓度下,随着处理时间的延长,膜透性呈上升趋势,MDA含量和SOD、POD、CAT活性变化没有规律.分析认为紫荆耐盐性较差,不适宜在盐碱地栽植.     

盐旱交叉胁迫对皂角幼苗保护酶活性的影响

以一年生皂角Gleditsia sinensis Lam.实生苗为材料,研究干旱和盐分交叉胁迫对其膜质过氧化和保护酶活性的影响.结果表明:盐旱交叉胁迫下,丙二醛(MDA)含量、膜透性呈上升趋势,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性先上升后下降;在相同的处理下,随着处理时间的延长,膜透性和MDA含量呈上升趋势,SOD、POD活性均下降,CAT活性先上升后下降.分析认为皂角幼苗在盐旱交叉胁迫下表现出交叉适应性,适度的干旱胁迫可增加皂角的抗盐能力.     

干旱胁迫对光叶珙桐幼苗抗氧化系统的影响

通过研究干旱胁迫对光叶珙桐幼苗抗氧化酶系统相关物质的影响,以探究光叶珙桐幼苗对干旱胁迫的适应能力。设置对照组、5%、10%、15%、20%PEG-6000梯度浓度对3年生光叶珙桐幼苗进行干旱胁迫处理,提取叶片中RWC、SOD、POD和CAT和MDA进行比较研究。结果表明:(1)随着光叶珙桐幼苗遭受干旱胁迫程度加剧与胁迫时间的延长,叶片中RWC急剧减少,SOD、POD与CAT酶活均先上升后下降,MDA含量先下降后上升;(2)SOD变化不显著,在光叶珙桐抗旱机制中发挥的作用最小;而POD活性和CAT活性均变化明显,二者协同作用,在不同程度的胁迫下分别起到清除自由基的作用,以降低自由基对植株造成伤害;(3)POD活性在24h轻度胁迫处理下高出CK组409.14%,CAT在重度胁迫处理下高出CK组191.49%,二者在严重胁迫(20%PEG)处理下又降至接近CK组水平,说明POD在轻度胁迫时POD发挥其保护作用,随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,CAT发挥着保护膜脂的主要作用,在严重胁迫下二者活性均降低;(4)MDA含量先下降后上升,说明在干旱胁迫初期,在保护酶协同作用下减少了MDA的生成,在严重胁迫处理时含量积累升高到CK组含量的29.86%,表明随胁迫程度的加剧保护酶活性受到明显抑制。光叶珙桐对干旱胁迫较为敏感,水因子成为光叶珙桐生长的主要限制条件。     

土壤铅污染对小白菜幼苗保护酶系统的影响

以小白菜为材料,探讨了土壤铅污染对其幼苗叶绿素含量、MDA含量和保护酶活性的影响。结果表明,随着铅浓度的增加,幼苗体内叶绿素含量下降,而MDA含量表现出先降后升,SOD、CAT和POD活性则呈先升后降的趋势。     

杉木对低磷胁迫的响应和生理适应机制

[目的]研究低磷胁迫对杉木幼苗各种抗氧化酶等生理指标的变化影响,探讨抗氧化酶活性与杉木耐低磷能力的关系,揭示低磷胁迫下杉木养分吸收的适应机制,阐明杉木体内生物大分子对低磷胁迫的响应。[方法]通过设置不同磷浓度(0、0.25、0.50、1.00 mmol·L~(-1))Hoagland营养液,模拟低磷胁迫试验,测定低磷胁迫对杉木幼苗的生理指标的影响,研究低磷胁迫对杉木幼苗养分吸收的影响机制以及测定杉木幼苗不同部位的光谱特性。[结果]随着缺磷程度的增加,杉木幼苗中SOD活性、CAT活性以及叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总量均先升后降,根系中POD活性呈现出升高的趋势、MDA含量先降再升后降,叶片中POD活性和MDA含量先降后升。低磷胁迫对杉木幼苗根系和叶片吸收利用营养元素有显著影响。杉木苗根系所含的Mn随着缺磷程度的增加呈上升趋势,而Al和Cu先降后升,Fe和K则有所下降,Ca先升后降。此外,杉木叶片中Fe和Mn的积累量呈降低的趋势,Cu和K先升后降。低磷胁迫对杉木幼苗根系和叶片组织在3 367、2 924、1 736、1 630、1 380、1 150 1 000 cm~(-1)处特征峰吸光值影响不同。[结论]低磷胁迫下,杉木幼苗的根系和叶片会通过改变保护酶(SOD、CAT和POD)活性抑制MDA形成,降低膜脂过氧化对细胞膜系统的破坏,通过增加对其他养分元素的吸收来规避损伤以及通过改变不同部位糖类、氨基酸和蛋白质等物质含量来适应低磷环境。     

毛白杨幼苗抗氧化系统对盐胁迫的响应

在 3种不同浓度的NaCl (85mmol·L-1,170mmol·L-1,2 6 0mmol·L-1)胁迫下 ,对毛白杨幼苗的超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)和过氧化物酶 (POD)活性以及丙二醛 (MDA)含量进行测定 .结果发现 ,在NaCl胁迫 3小时后 ,幼苗SOD和POD活性显著降低 ,随着胁迫时间的延长 ,这两种酶活性降低较缓慢 ,但SOD活性下降程度均较POD小 .在NaCl胁迫中 ,MDA含量明显增加 ,并于胁迫 15小时后达到最大值 ,随后含量增加较小 .进一步分析发现 ,不同浓度NaCl处理对SOD和POD活性以及MDA含量的作用效应是不同的 ,其中 2 6 0mmol·L-1NaCl处理明显促进幼苗SOD和POD活性的下降与MDA含量的增加 ;而且MDA含量与SOD和POD活性的下降有关 .结果表明 ,NaCl胁迫所引起的SOD和POD活性下降可能加强膜脂过氧化作用 ,最终导致幼苗MDA含量的增加与伤害的发生     

茉莉酸甲酯对东京野茉莉种子营养物质和抗氧化的影响

为探究茉莉酸甲酯(MJ)对东京野茉莉种子发育过程中营养物质积累和抗氧化系统的影响,揭示东京野茉莉种子发育规律并确定最佳MJ处理浓度,设置了对照(CK)、MJ10、MJ50、MJ200和MJ500(MJ浓度分别为0、10、50、200和500μmol·L^-1) 5种处理对10年生东京野茉莉结实母树进行喷施。以不同发育阶段的种子为研究对象,测定种子粗脂肪、可溶性糖(SS)、淀粉、可溶性蛋白(SP)和丙二醛(MDA)含量,以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性。结果表明:花后50 d,MJ50处理的东京野茉莉种子粗脂肪和SS含量显著高于CK;花后100 d,MJ200处理则显著提高了东京野茉莉种子SS、SP及淀粉含量;花后130 d,MJ200处理的东京野茉莉种子POD活性最高,为CK的两倍多;MJ10处理的SOD活性最高,为223.87 U·g^-1·min^-1,是CK的两倍多。不同浓度的MJ处理在不同的花后时间促进了东京野茉莉种子粗脂肪、SS和SP等营养物质的积累。花后130 d,MJ10处理的东京野茉莉种子...     

NaCl胁迫对榉树种子萌发及幼苗生理指标的影响

研究了0.1%、0.2%、0.4%、0.6%和0.8%NaCl浓度处理对榉树种子萌发和幼苗生理指标的影响.结果显示:榉树种子的发芽率,发芽指数和活力指数在较低NaCl浓度(0.1%)处理下即有显著降低;萌发后幼苗的苗高、根长在较低NaCl浓度(≤0.2%)处理下变化不显著,当NaCl浓度达到0.4%及更高对幼苗的苗高和根长显著减小;幼苗SOD、POD活性随NaCl处理浓度的增加呈先升后降的单峰曲线,MDA含量变化不明显.由此推断,榉树在种子萌发阶段对NaCl胁迫较为敏感,但萌发后的幼苗在较低NaCl浓度(0.2%)下可通过增加保护酶的活性来减少NaCl胁迫产生的危害,从而得以正常生长.     

七叶树幼苗对水分胁迫和复水的生理响应

为了评价1年生七叶树幼苗抗旱性,采用盆栽称重控制土壤含水量下限的方法,设置5个水分处理水平,测定其生理指标动态变化特征。结果表明:随着水分胁迫时间的延长,七叶树幼苗叶绿素总含量、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、脯氨酸含量均表现为先升高后降低,电导率、丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量表现为逐渐增加。在短期胁迫下CAT、SOD、POD活性随胁迫程度的加深而升高,长期胁迫下随胁迫程度的加深而降低;可溶性蛋白含量在短期胁迫下随胁迫程度加深先升高后降低,长期胁迫下其含量先下降后升高;电导率、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量随胁迫程度的增加而增加;叶绿素总含量随胁迫程度的增加先升高后降低;MDA含量随胁迫程度的增加先减少后增加。复水试验表明各生理指标均有恢复,表现出较强抗旱性,七叶树可以作为干旱地区园林绿化树种。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.