木材单板染色用计算机测配色系统的设计与实现

在应用纺织印染用计算机测配色技术的基础上，根据木材单板的特点开发了木材单板染色用计算机测配色系统。该系统与人工渐进法配色相比，具有准确、经济和快速自动配色的优点，可在保证配色精度或配方经济的同时，快速设计出木材单板染色方案。利用建立的杨木和桦木基础数据库，进行黑酸枝、红酸枝和黑胡桃等珍贵树材仿真，分别修正0-2次后即能达到要求，所模仿的珍贵木材材色与天然木材材色相近，着色均匀，色差小。     

木材染色用计算机配色技术

引进瑞士Datacolor公司的DC配色系统和颜色控制系统,根据木材染色的特点,开发出木材染色用计算机配色方法和技术.配色流程包括木材试样颜色的测定、确定染色组、基础色样的制备及测定、数据库建立、配方计算和修正等.该技术计算速度快、准确度高,能够在保证配色精度的同时,计算出最经济的木材染色方案.     

木地板的铺贴与油漆方法

随着生活水平的不断提高,人们对房屋的装饰要求越来越高,木质地板已逐步进入千家万户。豪华的木地板除了选购优质高级的木质材料外,还要有精湛的铺贴与油漆工艺。 木地板的铺贴与油漆方法: 铺贴:首先准备好材料和工具。材料主要有木地板、木地板胶和油漆。木地板最好是两种颜色的。木地板胶以上海产的最好。油漆一般用811和与其配用的稀溶剂。工具主要有毛刷、电刨、细木工刨、木棍、磨沙机、沙纸等。     

三层复合木地板成型油漆工艺改进

通过引进进口设备,国内建成了二十几条三层复合木地板生产线.虽然产品质量已接近国际先进木地板的要求,但在某些工艺环节上还存在差距,尤其是在地板的槽榫拼接精度和油漆涂布等方面,与国际知名品牌相比还有较大的距离.笔者根据多年的地板生产经验,谈谈现有成型油漆工艺存在的问题及改进方法.     

基于粒子群优化Stearns-Noechel模型的全光谱木材配色算法研究

为了提高计算机智能配色技术在木材染色配方预测中的精度与效率,研究运用Stearns-Noechel模型建立木材染色配方预测模型,并采用粒子群算法对建立的模型进行参数优化,不断修正配比量系数?c与参数M,获取色差最小时的配比量c值与最佳的参数M值。最后获取拟合光谱反射率曲线与标准反射率曲线,计算拟合色差值?E并输出相应参数值作为预测配方。结果表明：以水曲柳为染色基材时,对参数M采用循环赋值法得到的最佳配方其平均相对偏差为0.643%,平均拟合色差为0.720。基于粒子群改进的Stearns-Noechel模型对染色木材的配色效果有明显提高,在木材染色配色行业具有一定使用价值。     

竹地板销量悄然上升

随着家庭装修对环保健康舒适的重视,清新环保的竹饰材料,尤其是竹地板因其环保和不易变形,也越来越受到北方消费者的喜爱。色差较小是竹地板的一个特点。按色彩来划分,竹地板主要分为两种:①自然色。竹地板的色差比木地板小,有丰富的竹纹,而且色泽匀称。自然色中又分为本色和碳化色,本色以清漆加工表面,取竹子最基本的颜色,亮丽明快,碳化色与胡桃木的颜色相近,其实是竹子经过烘焙转变而成,凝重沉稳中依然可见清晰的竹纹。②人造上漆。漆可以调配各种缤纷的色彩,不过竹纹已经不太明显。竹地板的表面处理多用清漆,有亚光油漆、亮光油漆和耐磨…     

实木地板的干缩湿胀对其漆膜性能的影响

研究木材干缩湿胀对实木地板不同油漆漆膜性能的影响。结果表明:经普通紫外光固化漆(UV)涂饰的地板,表面漆膜因基材过度干缩产生皱缩,导致光泽度降低,过度湿胀导致漆膜开裂;采用柔韧性较好的弹性漆涂饰地板,基材干缩后漆膜表面光泽度仅小幅度降低,湿胀后漆膜不开裂。说明实木地板应选择具有一定柔韧性,可适应基材一定范围内尺寸变化的弹性油漆。     

紫外光固化油漆涂布量对木地板漆膜性能的影响

为优化番龙眼实木地板基材的紫外光固化油漆涂布量,研究油漆涂布量对漆膜附着力、耐磨性、硬度及柔韧性的影响。结果表明:随着涂布量的增加,漆膜附着力降低,耐磨性能呈线性增大,柔韧性逐渐降低。在生产中,需综合考虑漆膜性能和基材种类,以确定最佳涂布量。     

我国实木地板材色的色空间分布特征

采用分光测色计对我国100种实木地板树种的表面材色参数进行测量,研究这些参数的色空间分布特征,结果表明:各项材色参数频率分布基本上接近正态分布规律。在CIE(1976)L*a*b*色空间中,主要分布范围是米制明度L*=41.01~69.14,米制色度指数a*=6.04~17.05,米制色度指数b*=14.15~28.98,色饱和度C*=16.24~35.24,色调角Ag*=48.83~74.34;在孟塞尔系统中,主要分布范围是明度V=2.95~5.77,色饱和度C=6.04~14.24范围内,色相H在0YR~2.5Y,大多数都在YR色域之内。     

补救损伤木地板新招

如漆泽暗淡,木地板面光泽的恢复有2种方法:一是用一杯清水加1/4杯醋,用软布蘸之擦拭;二是用酒精或花露水、茶水浸湿软布轻拭,再擦一遍地板蜡。如果表面小块油漆剥落后,可取同色广告颜料涂补,再用清漆涂在表面即可完好如初。板面出现裂缝、孔洞的修补方法有2种:一是把旧书报剪成     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.