不同化学类型樟树叶片总RNA提取方法比较

采用SDS/酸酚法、Trizol试剂法、常规CTAB法及改良的CTAB法,分别提取5种化学类型樟树叶片总RNA,并对提取效果进行了比较分析。结果表明:Trizol法难以提取樟树叶片总RNA,得率很低;SDS/酸酚法和常规CTAB法得到的RNA存在DNA污染,富含蛋白、多糖、多酚等杂质;这3种方法均不适于富含多糖多酚类物质的樟树叶片总RNA的提取。改良的CTAB法能够提取得到樟树5种化学类型叶片总RNA,且在操作过程中,异樟比油樟和脑樟更易提取。此法能有效去除多糖和蛋白,提取得到的RNA 28S和18S rRNA条带清晰,OD260/OD280值为2.0左右,平均产率分别为115.8μg/g FW。经RT-PCR检测,所得总RNA质量高、完整性好、成功率高,可以满足下一步实验的要求,可作为樟树叶片总RNA提取的首选方法。     

西藏巨柏双向电泳叶片总蛋白提取方法优化

为了获取高质量的西藏巨柏叶片蛋白质,分别采用酚抽提法、TCA/丙酮法和改良的TCA丙酮法3种方法对西藏巨柏叶片进行总蛋白的提取,同时利用蛋白试剂盒(The2-DQuantKit)对蛋白质的浓度和纯度进行了分析测定,并通过蛋白质斑点数量及分布特征,最后确定了最佳蛋白提取方法。结果表明:对样品研磨的精细程度、丙酮清洗沉淀次数等操作细节均能影响提取结果,同时采用改良的TCA丙酮法提纯后的结果最佳。说明改良的TCA丙酮法可应用于西藏巨柏叶片后续的蛋白质组学研究。     

4种黄皮叶片蛋白质提取方法的比较

为了研究不同提取方法对黄皮叶片蛋白质提取质量的影响,以‘杨妃山黄皮’的叶片为材料,采用TrisHCl法、三氯乙酸(TCA)/丙酮法、尿素(Thi)/硫脲(Urea)法、酚(Phe)-甲醇/醋酸铵沉淀法提取叶片组织蛋白质,对获得的蛋白质产量、单向电泳图谱和双向电泳图谱分析比较。结果显示,不同方法的提取效果各异,就提取的蛋白质产率、单向电泳以及双向电泳结果来说,三氯乙酸(TCA)/丙酮法提取效果较理想,单双向电泳图谱辨识度强,蛋白点数多、蛋白点整洁、且纵横纹少。说明该法不但可以较好地去除黄皮叶片中存在的非蛋白物质,而且可以获取高质量的蛋白质。     

3种化学类型樟树的生长与精油含量相关分析

以江西省林业科学院樟树基因库中油樟、脑樟、异樟3种化学类型的5年生植株为材料,研究了3种化学类型樟树的精油含量与其生长性状、各部位生物量之间的线性相关关系.结果表明,3种化学类型各部位精油含量与生长性状的相关性比较复杂:油樟叶片、树干和侧根的精油含量与地径呈显著正相关,脑樟各部位精油含量与生长性状相关性不显著,异樟新枝、老枝和侧根的精油含量与树高、地径显著或极显著正相关.3种化学类型各部位精油含量与生物量之间也存在复杂的相关关系:油樟6个部位精油含量与叶片、新枝、老枝的生物量显著相关,脑樟6个部位精油含量与生物量相关均不显著,而异樟新枝、老枝、主根和侧根4个部位的精油含量与生物量显著相关.研究结果可为3种化学类型樟树资源的高效栽培利用提供帮助.     

麻竹叶片蛋白质双向电泳体系的建立

以麻竹花药培养再生植株叶片为材料,比较了改良酚抽法、三氯乙酸(TCA)-丙酮沉淀法和裂解液法3种不同方法对麻竹蛋白质双向电泳的影响,并对上样量、等电聚焦程序、平衡时间等进行了探索与优化.结果表明,用改良酚抽法分离麻竹叶片蛋白质、确定上样量为1 mg· IPG胶条-1、等电聚焦总聚焦功率为100 000 W、胶条两步平衡时间均设置为15 min、考马斯亮进行凝胶染色的实验体系可以获得分辨率高、重复性好的双向电泳图谱,凝胶的蛋白斑点匹配率平均为85.57％,总蛋白斑点数的相对标准差为4.86％.本研究建立了一套适合麻竹叶片蛋白质组学分析的双向电泳实验体系,为进一步研究麻竹生长发育分子调控机制及其遗传改良奠定基础.     

樟树叶精油组成分析及抗氧化活性研究

采用气相色谱-质谱法对不同化学类型樟树叶精油组成进行分析,对比4种樟树叶精油的成分差异;采用DPPH、ABTS、FRAP法对樟树叶精油的体外抗氧化活性进行评价,并使用丁基羟基茴香(BHA)作为阳性对照。研究结果表明:4种类型樟树叶精油共检测出46种主要化学成分,其中,异樟叶精油检测出35种化学成分,主要成分异橙花叔醇为29.48%;芳樟叶精油检测出33种成分,主要成分芳樟醇为71.91%;脑樟叶精油检测出33种化学成分,主要成分樟脑为46.28%;油樟叶精油中共检测出33种化学成分,主要成分1,8-桉叶油素为30.31%。4种樟树叶精油均具有一定的抗氧化活性,且随着精油浓度增加抗氧化能力增强,但其抗氧化能力均低于BHA。其中,脑樟叶精油的DPPH自由基清除能力及Fe 3+还原能力最强,当质量浓度为8 g/L时,脑樟叶精油的DPPH自由基清除率为30.34%±1.25%,FRAP值为(1.44±0.13)mmol/L;而异樟叶精油的ABTS自由基清除能力最强,当质量浓度为8 g/L时,异樟叶精油的ABTS自由基清除率为14.93%±2.32%。     

樟树几种化学类型及近缘种的ISSR分析

利用ISSR分子标记分析了樟树3种化学类型及3个近缘种的亲缘关系和遗传多样性,从40条ISSR引物中筛选到具有多态性的引物15条用于PCR扩增,共扩增出133条DNA带,多态性条带比率为58.65%。供试样品的遗传相似系数变化范围在0.108~0.986之间。对35个样品进行聚类分析结果表明,所选材料在GD(遗传距离)约为0.21处可划分为樟树、油樟、云南樟、猴樟4大类群,在GD约为0.18处可将樟树的几种化学类型明显划分为芳樟、桉樟、脑樟3类,表明樟树种内具有丰富的遗传变异。     

樟树叶化学成分的GC/MS分析

樟树为亚热带地区重要的材用和特种经济树种,在我国大面积栽培。樟树叶是可再生的生物资源,但具有高附加值开发潜力的化学组分还未被深入研究,阻碍了樟树的综合开发利用。首次采用GC/MS联用技术研究樟树叶的高品位综合利用前景及途径。新鲜樟树叶经微波干燥除水,粉碎后于苯/醇溶液中进行提取处理,提取物滤液经浓缩后,取0.2μL样品进行GC/MS联机分析,采用色谱峰面积归一化法计算各组分的相对含量。分析结果表明,樟树叶的苯/醇提取物中富含名贵生物医药、名贵香料、以及大宗化工成分,首次发现樟树叶中富含总含量达13.06%的烯类物质,具有很好的高品位综合开发利用前景。     

勃氏甜龙竹笋蛋白的提取及双向电泳分析

为建立一套适于勃氏甜龙竹笋蛋白的双向电泳体系,分别采用TCA/丙酮法和改良TCA-酚法提取竹笋总蛋白,pH 3～10和pH 4～7的IPG胶条进行蛋白双向电泳研究。结果表明,TCA/丙酮法更适合勃氏甜龙笋总蛋白的提取,不仅具有更高的提取率,而且还能提取更多的蛋白种类;采用24 cm,pH 4～7线性IPG胶条,共分离出约1 196个蛋白点,比pH 3～10胶条获得更多的蛋白点数量,且蛋白点清晰可见,分辨率更高,分离效果更好。勃氏甜龙竹的竹笋蛋白主要是以等电点在pH 4～7,分子量集中在10～40 kDa范围内的低分子量酸性蛋白为主。     

樟树精油含量的研究

对樟树不同化学类型、部位、年龄(胸径)、环境、采叶期精油舍量研究表明，各类型叶精油含量分别为：芳樟1．75±0．41％，脑樟2．06±0．42％，油樟1．99±0．38％，异樟0．40±0．16％，龙脑樟1．73±0．20%。除异樟外各类型成龄树的精油含量以根最高，干叶次之，枝最少；幼树则以叶最高，根次之，干枝最少。根含海量依树龄增加；叶舍油量与生长节律有关。利用脑樟、芳樟、油樟枝叶可获得比其根干更优质的精油，龙脑樟枝叶是樟科提取右旋龙脑的新资源。立地对樟树舍油量的影响视其类型和部位而定，河边沙壤脑樟的高于岗地虹壤上的，芳樟根舍油量则是岗地虹壤的更高，而立地对芳樟叶舍油量影响不大。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.