闽北高海拔地区湿地松人工林的生物量和生长量研究

采用树干解析法分析了闽北高海拔地区湿地松人工林的生物量和生长量。结果表明:湿地松各器官的生物量大小排序为干>枝>根>叶>果,水分分配为根>干>叶>枝,单株平均含水率为56.19%;33a生湿地松种群总生物量为396 735kg/hm2,净生产力为12 022.27 kg/(hm2·a);33a生湿地松人工林的树高、胸径、单株材积分别达到了21m,24.6cm,0.380 5m3;胸径和树高分别出现3次和4次生长高峰,且高生长期与低生长期年份基本一致。树高连年生长曲线与平均生长曲线出现多次相交,材积的变化幅度相对较小。运用SPSS 13.0拟合了胸径、树高、材积总生长量与树龄之间的回归方程,拟合模型精度较高。     

闽粤栲人工促进天然更新林分的生长规律

在福建省三明市郊国有林场,以闽粤栲天然林、人工林分为对照,对闽粤栲人工促进天然更新林分(简称人促林)的生长过程进行分析。结果表明:与人工林比,人促林早期生长较慢,进入速生期较迟,但后续生长较快,且持续时间长;连年生长量与平均生长量相交时间,树高推迟0.5 a,胸径第1次相交时间推迟1 a,材积生长远未相交。25年生人工林的材积连年生长量与平均生长量虽然未相交,但从生长曲线分析,预计30年生左右出现相交,从高径生长分析,人工闽粤栲林有早衰现象。与天然林相比,人促林树高、胸径、材积生长规律基本一致,但总生长量较小,早期生长缓慢。人工促进天然更新培育闽粤栲林,营林投资成本低,有利于生态环境保育,而且可以维持较高的林分生产力,是一种生态省力型可持续经营模式。     

宁化县闽粤栲造林效果分析

通过对宁化国有林场杉木与闽粤栲混交造林成效的全面调查,分析了现有林分的生长状况,探讨了不同立地质量等级、不同坡位、不同坡向、不同混交比例和不同混交方式等对闽粤栲及杉木生长的影响,结果表明：不同立地质量等级、坡位、坡向对闽粤栲胸径、树高生长和蓄积量影响显著,在立地条件较好的阴坡或半阴坡的中下部更适宜闽粤栲生长,胸径、树高、材积生长量较高。同时,杉木与闽粤栲混交造林,能够促进杉木生长,胸径、树高、材积生长量均超过杉木纯林,混交比例以杉木与闽粤栲3：1的比例生长量最大,混交方式则以带状混交的生长量最大,人工造林应大力发展混交林。     

闽粤栲与马尾松混交比例选择及混交效果评价

在福建省南平市葫芦山国有林场开展闽粤栲、马尾松不同混交比例造林对比试验,结果表明:不同的混交比例,对闽粤栲胸径、材积生长量和马尾松的树高、材积生长量,以及林分单位面积蓄积量均有极显著影响,对闽粤栲的树高生长、马尾松的胸径生长有显著影响。闽粤栲与马尾松混交,可以提高林分的稳定性和林地生产能力。10栲纯林、7栲3马、5栲5马、7马3栲、10马纯林等5种造林模式中,以7栲3马单位面积蓄积最高,5栲5马次之,10马纯林最低。适当增加闽粤栲的比例,有利于闽粤栲、马尾松的胸径、树高生长。     

桂西南地区黑木相思生长规律、生物量及生产力研究

采用标准地平均木树干解析法对桂西南地区9年生黑木相思人工林的生长规律、生物量、生产力进行研究,结果表明:黑木相思人工林树高、胸径的生长高峰期出现在2~4年生时,树高、胸径连年生长量与平均生长量相交年龄分别是在4、5年生,材积的数量成熟期在8年生以后。9年生时,胸径(带皮)、树高、单株材积、立木蓄积分别为14.9 cm、15.8 m、0.13368 m3、189.15 m3.hm-2;平均木单株各器官的生物量所占比例大小分别为树干枝根干皮叶,干材所占比例达到58.18%;乔木层总生物量为173.32 t.hm-2,净生产力为19.26 t.hm-2.a-1。     

白龙江林区华北落叶松人工林生长过程研究

对白龙江林区20年生华北落叶松人工林进行了33块样地调查，并对35株样本进行了树干解析，以研究其生长过程。结果表明：（1）6－10年分别是胸径和树高的速生期；胸径高峰值出现在第8年（1．11cm），树高高峰值出现在第7年（0．87m)；胸径和树高的平均生长量和连年生长量分别相交于14年。（2）建立了华北落叶松人工林胸径、树高、材积、生长率、形数的数学模型，并经对胸径、树高、材积生长进行模拟得出，它们符合理查得（Richards)生长曲线。（3）18年生材积生长量比云杉、华山松、油松3个树种的材积生长量高2倍以上，生长速度的次序为：落叶松＞华山松＞油松＞云杉。     

丝栗栲林生长与生产力的研究

在福建省邵武市洪墩采育场，调查丝栗栲林标地１０块，做平均木、树干解析木９株，杉木人工林标地２块，研究丝栗栲的生长与生产力，结果表明：丝栗栲林的胸径、树高及单株材积总生长量，均随年龄的增加而增加；胸径２０ａ前生长最快；树高１６ａ前生长最快；材积３６ａ时尚未有下降的趋势。胸径、树高平均生长量，随年龄增加而增加，当生长量达高峰后，则随年龄的增加而下降；胸径生长高峰，好立地１２ａ，中、劣立地１５ａ；树高生长高峰，好立地１０ａ，中立地８ａ，劣立地１２ａ；材积平均生长量，随年龄增加而增加，好、劣立地３６ａ时仍未下降，中立地３４ａ时生长量最大。胸径、树高连年生长量随年龄增加而下降；材积连年生长量，随年龄增加而增加，当生长量达高峰后，则随年龄增加而下降，生长高峰出现的年龄，好立地２８ａ，中立地２２ａ，劣立地２６ａ。在相似的立地条件下，丝栗栲林的蓄积量比杉木人工林低，但乔木层总生物量比杉木林高。     

鄂中泡桐生长规律研究

在湖北省太子山林场10 a生白花泡桐人工林中设置临时标准样地,并选取标准木进行树干解析和测定,对其生长规律进行研究,结果表明:树高、胸径、材积快速生长期均出现在1~4 a生的幼龄阶段。树高连年生长量与平均生长量在2 a生和4 a生各出现1次高峰,但峰值出现在2 a生,两者生长曲线在2.5 a、3.5 a、4.5 a时出现3次相交;胸径连年生长量与平均生长量2.5 a达到最大值,两者生长曲线在3 a生时出现相交;材积连年生长量4 a生时达到最大值,8 a生后处于缓慢下降状态,平均生长量一直处于上升状态,尚未达到最大值,两者生长曲线亦未相交;树高、胸径、材积连年生长率最大值分别出现在第2 a、2.5 a和4 a;形数随树龄增加而降低,符合林木生长正常规律。     

安徽省青阳县栎类阔叶林树木生长规律研究

本文以46年生栎类解析木为基础,运用DPS统计软件进行回归分析,分别采用Logistic、Richards、Compertz、Mitscherlich、Gauss、Log-modified、Density7种理论方程与二次曲线对栎类进行拟合,建立栎类树高、胸径、材积的最优数学模型,对其生长规律进行分析。结果表明：建立的生长模型中Richards方程拟合效果最好、精度最高。故选择Richards方程为栎类树高、胸径、带皮材积、去皮材积生长模型。栎类树高的平均生长量在20年时达到最大值,而树高的连年生长量最大值出现在14年,在20年时平均生长量与连年生长量相等。栎类胸径的连年生长曲线与平均生长曲线在24年时相交。栎类材积生长量在14年前生长较缓慢,在46年内还未出现材积平均生长量的最大值。材积的连年生长量曲线与平均生长量曲线在46年内还未相交,说明其未达到成熟龄。探讨了安徽省青阳县天然次生栎类阔叶林的生长规律,为栎类阔叶林合理利用和培育提供参考。     

竹柳在珠海沿海区的生长及适应性研究

应用随机抽样调查法,比较研究了珠海市不同林龄竹柳（Salix hybrid）的树高、胸径生长、生物量和生产力。结果表明,竹柳1.5~3.5 a 生扦插苗的树高年平均生长量为2.93~3.42 m,胸径年平均生长量为1.51~2.58 cm,单株材积年平均生长量为0.0028~0.0196 m3;3.5 a 生扦插竹柳林分生物量为30.25 t /hm2,林分净生产力为10.08~15.90 t/(hm2· a)。竹柳的早期胸径、树高、材积、生物量生长和生产力均低于尾叶桉（Eucalyptus urophylla）和巨尾桉（E. grandis × E. urophylla）,但高于马尾松（Pinus massoniana）。竹柳能适应珠海沿海地区的气候和土壤,生长良好,但病虫害对其规模化发展的影响不可忽视。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.