户外用木质材料改性研究进展

户外用木质材料需具备防腐、防虫、防霉、阻燃、干燥等特性,对木材进行改性处理可以保障其在户外使用时的质量和使用性能。通过分析和总结国内外学者研究成果,按户外用木质材料处理方式不同将木材改性处理方法分为化学改性和物理改性,化学改性主要包括防腐剂浸渍处理法、乙酰化处理法、糠醇处理法、氮羟甲基化合物处理法、石蜡改性法和热固性树脂改性法;物理改性主要包括热处理法和无机纳米粒子填充法,对以上各类改性方法、改性机理及改性木材的应用等相关研究进行了概述。     

竹材阻燃处理及对其材性的影响

竹材阻燃处理除了利用阻燃剂处理外,还可以对其进行化学改性、纳米改性、炭化、机械添加、表面涂覆等处理。阻燃处理会对竹材物理力学性能、吸湿性及吸水性、胶合强度、涂饰性、阻燃剂成分的流失性等产生重要影响。文章综述了国内外竹材阻燃处理技术,分析了阻燃处理对竹材性能的影响,以期为推动竹质材料的安全、广泛应用提供参考及借鉴。     

改性工业木质素-木纤维复合材料制备工艺及结合性能表征

以木质纤维为基体,Fenton试剂化学改性后的工业木质素为黏结相,采用“高速混合-平板热压”的工艺技术路线制备环保型木质基复合材料.采用正交试验设计及极差分析,探索性能优良的环保型材料的制备工艺,通过傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)、动态热机械分析(DMA)、环境扫描电镜(SEM)对材料的化学组分、聚集态结构、动态热机械性能以及微观形貌特征进行表征.结果表明:1)在氧化改性工业木质素填加量25％、板坯含水率20％、热压时间7 min、热压温度170℃的工艺条件下,木质基复合材料的理化性能能够满足GB/T 11718-2009中干燥状态下使用的普通型中密度纤维板(MDF-GP REG)的要求;2)氧化改性工业木质素与木质纤维在热压过程中形成了较理想的化学键结合;木质纤维素的晶形结构保持不变,相对结晶度有所提高;复合材料的刚度和韧性良好,热稳定性降低;复合材料组分之间分布均匀,交织致密,界面相容性良好.该材料在建筑隔板、木质装饰板、产品包装等领域具有广阔的应用前景.     

木材酯化及接枝共聚处理对木材表面自由能影响的研究

采用接触角测定法，对经用乙酰化法酯化和苯乙烯单体接枝共聚处理改性前后的杉木和杨树表面接触角的变化和表面自由能变化值进行了研究，确定了木材的酯化和接枝共聚改性对木材表面自由能变化的影响因素，研究结果表明，在酯化和接枝改性处理后，液体在杉木和杨木表面上的接触角比在未经处理的木材表面的接触角有所增大，酯化处理产生的接触角增大作用要比接枝共聚所产生的作用大，杉木和“三北一号”杨的表面自由能分别为４２.8mN/m和５２.3mN/m与大部分木材垢表面自由能相近，木材的酯化的接枝共聚改性可以隆低木材的表面自由能，但酯化对表面自由能的降低各充受树种的影响，而接枝共聚改性对表面自由能的降低基本上不受处理树种的影响。     

基于规格竹片的胶合界面研究现状及建议

胶合界面对竹质复合材料的整体性能起着非常关键的作用,在制备或使用过程中,胶合界面是应力应变传递的必经通道,是决定材料使用强度和使用寿命的关键因素。为提升和改进新开发的竹材弧形原态重组材料的胶合性能,从规格竹片表面特性和处理、竹材用胶黏剂改性处理及胶合界面表征等方面分析了胶合界面的研究现状,并结合存在的问题提出了建议。不同物理和化学方法处理后竹材表面润湿性的研究较多,且主要集中在矩形规格竹片,而胶黏剂改性研究对象和方法相对单一;现有规格竹单元多为矩形竹片,其胶合界面呈平面结构,而弧形竹片间的曲面胶合界面影响应力和应变的传递,胶合界面表征技术在微观尺度上较好地体现了界面微观特性,但未能体现界面的几何效应。因此,弧形曲面胶合界面的观测空间有待提升。此外,界面形态和微观力学性能的独立表征未能体现界面整体性能,应发展多维设备联用,实现多性能同步表征。     

糠醇树脂改性对重组竹性能的影响研究

【目的】竹材内含丰富的淀粉和糖类物质,易遭霉菌侵蚀,耐候耐久性差,探讨糠醇树脂改性对重组竹物理力学性能和防霉性能的影响,为重组竹糠醇树脂改性技术提供参考和借鉴。【方法】利用10%、20%、30%质量浓度的糠醇树脂加压浸渍竹束单元,对其进行改性处理,并采用"热进冷出"工艺制备重组竹板材,测量不同质量浓度糠醇树脂改性处理竹束的颜色和增重率,比较不同质量浓度糠醇改性重组竹材的吸水率、吸水厚度膨胀率、弹性模量、静曲强度、热稳定性、防霉性能和微观结构,检测了糠醇树脂在竹材样品中的显微分布,系统研究了糠醇树脂质量浓度对重组竹物理力学性能、热性能和防霉性能的影响规律。【结果】糠醇树脂改性处理使竹材颜色明显加深,尺寸稳定性、热稳定性和防霉性能显著提高,与对照材相比,改性竹材的色差可提高30.92%,吸水率可降低41.03%,吸水厚度膨胀率可降低46.34%,热失重率可降低75.38%,防霉等级可提高3个等级;糠醇树脂改性处理对重组竹的弹性模量影响不显著,但使其静曲强度最大可降低20.21%;随着糠醇树脂质量浓度的增加,改性竹材的颜色、尺寸稳定性、热稳定性、防霉性能均呈显著增加趋势,其静曲强度呈逐渐降低趋势。【结论】糠醇树脂改性重组竹具有优异的物理力学性能和防霉性能,20%糠醇树脂改性重组竹对霉菌的防治效力达到100%,可广泛应用于室外竹制品的制造。     

热处理毛竹材吸湿与解吸特性

热处理作为一种绿色环保的物理改性方法,已经在木、竹材企业得到广泛应用.竹材在180℃热处理时,其力学性能损失较小,尺寸稳定性能得到较好的改善.为揭示热处理对竹材吸湿解吸特性的影响,选择180℃对毛竹进行处理,并利用动态水分吸附分析仪(DVS)测试了热处理前后竹材在温度为25℃和相对湿度为5％-90％-5％条件下的等温吸...     

杀菌剂热浴改性对竹材防霉与胶合性能的影响

【目的】为了克服竹材易霉变的缺陷,采用水性杀菌剂对竹材进行热浴改性处理,揭示了改性处理对竹材防霉及胶合性能的影响规律,为研发竹材高效防霉技术提供科学依据。【方法】采用水性异噻唑啉酮衍生物复合杀菌剂（MBI）、异噻唑啉酮衍生物与氨基甲酸酯衍生物复合杀菌剂（DIB）、硼砂硼酸混合物（BB）溶液对竹片进行热浴改性处理,系统研究了改性处理条件对竹材吸液率、失重率、淀粉含量、接触角、竹材防霉和胶合性能、有机杀菌剂循环热浴稳定性的影响规律。【结果】相较于25℃浸泡处理,杀菌剂热浴改性提升了竹材的吸液率、失重率、淀粉脱除率及防霉性能,且有机杀菌剂的防霉效率高于无机杀菌剂,其中DIB与MBI热浴处理竹材对黑曲霉与混合菌（桔青霉和绿色木霉）的防治效力均可达到100%。经杀菌剂热浴处理后,MBI和BB改性处理竹材的表面润湿性降低,胶合性能提升,DIB改性处理竹材的表面润湿性提升,胶合性能基本保持不变,表明杀菌剂热浴改性处理对竹材表面润湿性和胶合性能的影响与杀菌剂的种类相关。经过10次循环热浴处理后,DIB、MBI处理液的抑菌活性下降幅度均不超过30%,表明水性有机杀菌剂的热浴稳定性高。【结论】杀菌剂热浴改...     

饱和蒸汽热处理工艺对毛竹材理化性能及防霉性能的影响北大核心

采用热处理温度为140、160、180℃,热处理时间为20、25、30 min的饱和蒸汽热对毛竹材进行高温改性处理,分析了不同热处理工艺对毛竹材化学成分、结晶度和力学性能的影响,对比了不同热处理工艺条件下毛竹材的防霉效果。结果表明:1)热处理温度在140℃时,竹材中化学成分变化不大。当热处理温度在160℃以上时,竹材中半纤维素和纤维素的含量随热处理时间增加而减少,木质素相对含量呈上升趋势;2)热处理温度和时间都对竹材样品的结晶度有积极的影响;3)热处理温度在140℃时,竹材的弹性模量和静曲强度均比未处理时增加。随着热处理温度的升高和时间的延长,竹材的弹性模量和静曲强度下降,力学性能呈下降趋势。在180℃处理30 min后,处理材的弹性模量和静曲强度较未处理材降低23.15%和19.00%;4)饱和蒸汽热处理竹材的防霉能力与未处理材相比均有提高;热处理温度对竹材的防霉性能的影响大于热处理时间;经180℃处理30 min的竹材其霉变速度最慢,防霉效果最好。     

高温油热处理对竹材淀粉含量及防霉性能的影响

为了探索高温油热处理改性工艺对5年生新鲜毛竹材淀粉含量及防霉性能的影响,研究采用甲基硅油为加热介质,在不同热处理时间(2,4和6 h)和不同热处理温度(140,160,180和200℃)条件下对毛竹进行高温油热处理。利用分光光度计法测量竹材中的淀粉含量,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察热处理前后竹材微观结构变化,同时对比了不同油热处理工艺下竹材的防霉效果。试验结果表明:未处理竹材的淀粉含量为3.16%,经过油热处理的竹材淀粉含量均少于未处理竹材,且淀粉含量随着油热处理温度和时间的增加而逐渐降低。在200℃、6 h油热处理条件下,处理后竹材的淀粉含量为0.09%,相比于未处理竹材下降97.23%,高温油热处理能够有效降低竹材中淀粉含量;通过SEM观察发现高温油热处理后竹材薄壁细胞组织发生变形破裂,竹材的渗透性提高,细胞腔中淀粉颗粒显著减少,且竹材纹孔及表面有油介质附着提高防霉性能;在竹材防霉试验中,经过油热处理竹材的防霉能力与未处理材相比均有提高。当热处理温度大于160℃时,防霉效果显著,且竹材淀粉含量越低,对霉菌的防霉效果越好。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.