温度和含水率对红松木材中应力波传播速度的影响

为分析应力波在木材中传播的影响因素,研究应力波传播规律,在实验室内,采用Arbotom应力波测试仪测试60个红松无疵小试件在不同含水率(从绝干到饱湿)和不同温度(-30,-20,-10,-5,0,5和20 ℃)下的应力波传播速度。在此基础上,分别分析应力波传播速度随含水率或温度变化的规律,探讨导致应力波传播速度变化的原因,并建立三者之间的回归模型。结果表明: 含水率和温度是影响木材中应力波传播速度的2个重要因素。应力波传播速度随含水率增加或温度升高均呈逐渐下降趋势。在含水率32%(纤维饱和点附近)以下,传播速度随含水率增加下降幅度较大,反之则较小; 当含水率低于50%时,传播速度随温度升高呈线性下降趋势; 当含水率高于50%时,传播速度在0 ℃上下有一明显的跳跃。含水率、温度与应力波传播速度之间的二元线性回归模型拟合优度较高,决定系数R²均高于0.95。     

温度对苇河林区红松开花结实的影响

对苇河林区1986年~2005年红松开花结实物候期进行观测,找出红松开花结实的变化规律,指出红松开花结实各物候期的最适温度。     

温度对意杨木材弯曲性能的影响

本文讨论了在60～180℃的温度范围内，老杨素材、防火材和他水材的抗育强度（MOR）、抗弯弹性模量（MOE）、静曲破坏功和韧性系数（Zb）随温度的变化规律。结果表明，三种试材的抗弯曲性能均是MOE素材＞MOE防火材＞MOE饱水材；MOR素材＞MOR防火材＞MOR饱水材。素材的静曲破坏功随温度的增加呈明显下降趋势。她水材的Zb值变化较大。     

木材中水分分布及其存在状态研究进展

木材-水分关系是木材科学领域的传统经典研究内容。随着现代分析技术不断发展,木材-水分关系研究已从宏观进入到微观,从细胞水平上升到分子水平,趋向于系统化和综合性。本文首先论述木材细胞壁壁层结构与化学组分的非均匀性以及木材中水分存在状态的多样性,得出木材-水分关系研究的热点和难点是木材中水分分布以及存在状态。其次,归纳磁共振成像、计算机断层扫描成像、中子成像和振动光谱成像4种现代分析技术应用于木材中水分分布研究的最新进展,并分析这4种技术的优缺点。其中,部分最新研究进展是：属于振动光谱成像的显微红外成像技术具有6.25 μm的空间分辨率,可用于木材细胞壁水分分布研究,结果证实纤维饱和点以下木材细胞壁中水分分布具有不均匀性;而同属于振动光谱成像的显微拉曼成像技术具有1 μm的空间分辨率,适用于木材细胞壁不同形态区水分分布研究,结果证实在纤维饱和点以下木材次生壁中层的含水量高于细胞角隅区。再次,总结近红外光谱、磁共振、红外光谱、拉曼光谱4种分析技术应用于木材中水分存在状态研究的最新进展,并分析这4种技术的优缺点。其中,部分最新研究进展是：木材中水分吸附的主要活性位点是羟基和羰基;纤维饱和点以下木材中吸着水的存在状态为强氢键结合水、中等氢键结合水和弱氢键结合水;根据3种状态水随相对湿度的变化趋势,可将木材中水分吸附过程分为3个阶段,每个阶段所吸附水的分子结构主要为C=O…（HOH）…OH或OH…（OH₂）…OH、WATER…HOH…WATER以及四面体结构。最后,本文指出木材中水分分布及其存在状态尚有许多疑问亟待解答,应以研发更高精度、更高灵敏度的分析技术以及更可信的谱图成分分析技术为突破口,在细胞水平、分子水平上深入揭示木材-水分关系。     

水分胁迫对美国山核桃苗木生长的影响

美国山核桃(Carya illinoensis(Wangenh.)K. Koch.)又名薄壳山核桃、长山核桃,属胡桃科(Juglandaceae)山核桃属(Carya Nutt.)[1-2].     

红松针叶床层风影响因子的模拟

以红松人工林的针叶为材料,在实验室内根据过去平地无风研究的试验设计,构建不同载量、高度和含水率的可燃物床层;在各层级风速条件下,共进行87次平地点烧试验。结果表明：风速在0.9~4.6 m ·s^-1时,红松针叶床层的风因子为1.24~14.51。现有风因子模型对红松均不适用,模型形式与参数合理化后,幂函数形式模型好于指数函数形式模型,含床层因子的多因子模型好于单因子模型。床层因子中,床层压缩比、含水率对风因子影响显著,二者的误差降低比例分别为3.7%~8.2%和2.9%~5.4%。床层载量与床层厚度对红松针叶床层风因子影响不大。以风速和可燃物床层压缩比为预测因子的多因子形式模型能够解释45.3%的风因子变差,模型的平均绝对误差为1.727,平均相对误差不超过28%;但分别以压缩比和含水率建立的新的风因子模型,则进一步提高了模型的精度,平均绝对误差降到1.03,平均可解释 75.6%的风因子变差。     

针叶树木材细胞力学及纵向弹性模量的计算--试件纵向弹性模量的预测

依据针叶树木材管胞和射线细胞的结构模型。使用计算机抽样模拟解剖结构参数。以及使用针叶树木材纵向弹性模量计算公式和方法,计算人工林杉木,马尾松幼龄材和成熟材试件纵向弹性模量,计算结果与常温条件下气干试件测定结果十分符合。在试件晚材率和管胞解剖结构参数改变的条件下。计算预测了人工林杉木,马尾松幼龄材和成熟材纵向弹性模量的变化。结果表明：试件纵向弹性模量随晚材率,管胞长度,管胞壁厚度的增加而增加,而试件纵向弹性模量随管胞直径增加而减小。本文提出的纵向弹性模量计算的预测方法,对于运用现代生物技术控制和改变针叶树木材的材质,材性有实际意义。     

木材干燥过程含水率和温度变化的数学模型研究

木材干燥过程存在着热质互换和能量的转移,这为从热力学的角度研究木材干燥过程提供了前提条件,因此提出利用热力学原理分析木材干燥过程含水率和温度变化规律的数学模型.首先建立描述含水率和温度变化的高阶非线性偏微分方程组,然后采用有限元分析原理将方程组离散化,再经过一系列数学运算得到方程的收敛解,具体方法为牛顿迭代法,最后通过对木材含水率和温度变化情况仿真结果的分析,验证该方法的可行性及数学模型的准确性.     

针叶树木材细胞力学及纵向弹性模量计算——纵向弹性模量的理论模型

本文是关于针叶树木材弹性特性研究的理论分析。设定针叶树木材细胞主要由管胞和射线组成,根据管胞和射线细胞的解剖构造特征,建立了两端劈尖、矩形截面、中空的管胞模型与长方体状、中空的射线细胞模型。沿用MP层(胞间层+初生壁)内与3S层(次生壁的S1、S2、S3层)内力学性质相同,而MP与3S层间力学性质相异的假定,利用管胞和射线细胞模型,导出了管胞和射线细胞纵向弹性模量的计算公式。同时,根据管胞和射线细胞在针叶树木材中的排列规律,结合线形弹性体串并联的特性,进一步给出了计算针叶树木材试件宏观纵向弹性模量的方法。本项研究从木材细胞的结构和弹性特性出发,分析研究针叶树木材的宏观弹性行为,一方面可以获得关于针叶树木材弹性特性的认识,另一方面可以用于针叶树木材纵向弹性模量的计算和预测。     

Using non-destructive testing to assess modulus of elasticity of Pinus sylvestris trees

Abstract

This study assessed variation in modulus of elasticity of trees and logs of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) trees. The study used 192 sample trees (c. 90–150 years) selected from 24 clear-felling forests in central and southern Sweden. Modulus of elasticity (MOE) assessed with transit-time technology on standing tree stems at 0.5–2.0m on the southern and northern side of each tree varied from 8.6 to 17.6 GPa. No systematic MOE difference was found between the southern and northern side of tree stems. The sometimes large MOE variations seen in some individual trees are probably a result of wood variation and wood defects. MOE assessed with resonance-based technology varied between 7.4 and 14.1 GPa for logs cut at similar height (<6.0 m). Models of MOE variation were derived from factors related to growth conditions at stand and tree level, with an R ² _adj of c. 0.46–0.62. The models indicate that growth and tree attributes associated with and/or creating less stem taper would yield trees with higher MOE.     

Measurement of the dynamic modulus of elasticity of wood panels

This study investigated the dynamic modulus of elasticity (DMOE) of wood panels of Fraxinus mandshurica, Pinus koraiensis, and Juglans mandshurica using the natural frequency measurement system of fast Fourier transform (FFT). The results were compared with the static modulus of elasticity (E _S) tested by a mechanical test machine. The results show a significant correlation between E _S, transverse vibration DMOE (E _F), and longitudinal vibration DMOE (E _L). For all of these species, the correlation between E _S, E _F and E _L is more significant than the individual species, which indicated that the FFT method is universal. The correlations between E _S and sample’s density (ρ) are significant, but the correlation coefficient of E _S and ρ is lower than those between E _F, E _L and E _S. The E _S of wood is more accurately tested by the analysis based on FFT measurement than by the estimation based on density. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2005, 41(6): 126–131 [译自: 林业科学, 2005, 41(6): 126–131]     

Nonisothermal moisture movement in wood

In order to analyze the effect of temperature gradient on moisture movement during highly intensive drying, such as microwave-vacuum drying, the profile of the temperature and moisture content in sealed wood whose opposite faces were subjected to temperature gradient for a short time was measured. The ratio of the moisture content (MC) gradient to the temperature gradient (dM/dT) was calculated and the factors influencing moisture movement under nonisothermal conditions were discussed. The results indicate that moisture moved in wood from the warm surface to the cold one even if opposite faces of the sealed wood assembly were exposed continuously to different but constant temperatures for a short period. The moisture content on the cold surface was higher than that on the warm surface. The moisture content gradient opposite to the temperature gradient was established, and the dM/dT was below 0.9%/°C. The temperature in the sample and the distance from the hot surface of the sample was strongly linearly correlated. With an increase in temperature, initial moisture content and experimental time, the dM/dT was significantly increased. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2005, 27(2): 96–100 [译自: 北京林业大学学报, 2005, 27(2): 96–100]     

Comparative study on three dynamic modulus of elasticity and static modulus of elasticity for Lodgepole pine lumber

The dynamic and static modulus of elasticity （MOE） between bluestained and non-bluestained lumber of Lodgepole pine were tested and analyzed by using three methods of Non-destructive testing （NDT）, Portable Ultrasonic Non-destructive Digital Indicating Testing （Pundit）, Metriguard and Fast Fourier Transform （FFT） and the normal bending method. Results showed that the dynamic and static MOE of bluestained wood were higher than those of non-bluestained wood. The significant differences in dynamic MOE and static MOE were found between bulestained and non-bluestained wood, of which, the difference in each of three dynamic MOE （Ep. the ultrasonic wave modulus of elasticity, Ems, the stress wave modulus of elasticity and El, the longitudinal wave modulus of elasticity） between bulestained and non-bluestained wood arrived at the 0.01 significance level, whereas that in the static MOE at the 0.05 significance level. The differences in MOE between bulestained and non-bluestained wood were induced by the variation between sapwood and heartwood and the different densities of bulestained and non-bluestained wood. The correlation between dynamic MOE and static MOE was statistically significant at the 0.01 significance level. Although the dynamic MOE values of Ep, Em, Er were significantly different, there exists a close relationship between them （arriving at the 0.01 correlation level）. Comparative analysis among the three techniques indicated that the accurateness of FFT was higher than that of Pundit and Metriguard. Effect of tree knots on MOE was also investigated. Result showed that the dynamic and static MOE gradually decreased with the increase of knot number, indicating that knot number had significant effect on MOE value.     

扭叶松实木板材三种动态弹性模量和静态弹性模量比较研究(英文)

采用Pundit、Metriguard、FFT等三种无损检测方法和常规弯曲法对加拿大扭叶松(lodgepole pine)蓝变与非蓝变实木板材的动态及静态弹性模量进行检测和比较研究。结果表明,蓝变材三种动态弹性模量及静态弹性模量均高于非蓝变材;对比分析表明,蓝变材和非蓝变材的动态及静态弹性模量存在差异,其中动态弹性模量差异均达到0.01显著性水平,静态弹性模量差异达到0.05显著性水平,并且心、边材及密度值不同是导致以上差异的主要原因。相关性分析表明,动态与静态弹性模量间相关性达到0.01显著性水平;尽管三种无损检测方法测量结果存在差异,但它们之间仍存在密切相关性,FFT 技术测量的准确性高于Pundit和Metriguard;板材中结子数影响木材动态和静态弹性模量,随着板材结子数增加弹性模量相应地降低。     

Bending strength and modulus of elasticity of Pinus sylvestris round timber from southern Norway

Abstract

To enable use of round Scots pine timber in structural frameworks it is necessary to estimate the mechanical properties of the material. This paper presents data on density, bending strength and modulus of elasticity (MOE) of 533 debarked Scots pine logs with diameter from 75 mm to 250 mm sampled from 10 sites in southern Norway. The results show that round timber can have high values of bending strength and MOE, depending on the sites from which the trees have been collected. Some of the variation in bending properties can be explained by visual characteristics, but since a significant proportion of the residual variance is related to sites, criteria for visual strength grading have to be conservative to be valid across all sites. The potential for machine grading based on measuring MOE is better since this model is more accurate and the random effect of site is smaller.     

Variation in selected solid wood properties of young Pinus patula from diverse sites in the Mpumalanga escarpment area in South Africa

Regression analyses identified ‘Growth Days’ (an index expressing site moisture availability) as the only site variable contributing significantly to the prediction to wood density (R² = 0.57), whereas the model predicting grain angle included only ‘Altitude’ (R² = 0.60). These results surfaced during an investigative study to quantify various sources of variation in wood properties and to quantify the effect of a number of site factors on wood properties of Pinus patula grown in the Mpumalanga escarpment area of South Africa. For this purpose, 10 trees were sampled from each of 17 diverse sites for wood property analyses. The effects of site, distance from the pith and differences between trees within site on wood density, transverse shrinkage, grain angle and dynamic modulus of elasticity were investigated. The site factors considered included a wide variety of soil and climatic factors. The effect of radial distance from the pith and differences between individual trees within sites were highly significant, accounting for most of the variation in wood properties. Although the effects of a number of site factors were statistically significant, they generally explained relatively small but important variation in wood properties among sites. The study not only quantified the effects of important sources of variation on a few key wood properties, but it also revealed that the extent of differences between sites can be explained in terms of some specific site factors. It is envisaged that the results will contribute significantly towards the refinement of current forest site classification systems for improved decision-making with respect to wood quality in intensively managed plantation systems.     

Physical and mechanical properties of Pinus leucodermis wood

Abstract

The present work reports on the main physical and mechanical properties of Pinus leucodermis mature wood, one of the least studied coniferous species in south-east Europe. Pinus leucodermis heartwood specimens were found to have average density values of 0.73 g cm^?3 at equilibrium moisture content of 11.5% and average density of 0.64 g cm^?3 under oven-dry conditions. The overall tangential shrinkage was 3.4% and the radial shrinkage was 1.9%. The modulus of rupture was on average 77 N mm^?2, while the static modulus of elasticity averaged 7087 N mm^?2. The hardness of P. leucodermis heartwood using the modified Janka test was 33.4 N mm^?2 in the transverse direction and 48.0 N mm^?2 in the longitudinal direction, while its compression strength parallel to grain was approximately 41.6 N mm^?2.     

不同含水率条件下竹材热处理内部温度变化规律

利用T型热电偶测量不同含水率条件下竹材热处理时内部温度变化规律,与计算值进行对比,结果表明:置于热空气中的竹片,随着含水率增加,芯层、表层温度达到热空气温度所用时间逐渐增加,但表层温度变化受含水率影响较芯层小;置于热压机中的竹片,随着含水率增加,芯层温度变化规律受含水率影响不明显;置于热空气、热压机中的竹片,内部温度变化规律测试值与计算值有良好的吻合性。     

STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF WOOD MOISTURE CONTENT ON PERMEABILITY IN THE HYGROSCOPIC RANGE

Woodpermeabilityhascloserrelationshipwiththemanyfiledsofwoodworkingandusing,woodfluidpermeabi1-ityisrelatedtoinprocessingsuchaswooddrying;fireretartenttreatmen;pup1ingandpaper;woodpreservation.Theflowoffluidinwoodincludestwokindsoftransportprocess.Oneispenetrationfromwoodoutsidetoinside,suchas'woodpreservationandfireretartenttreatment,anotherisdiffusionfromwoodinsidetooutside'suchaswooddrying,Infact,woodpermeabilityinfulenceddirectlythequalityofwoodwaterheattreatment,Forthisreasontheresearchin…