长江中下游滩地杨树林昆虫多样性的初步研究．

对安庆市南埂林场长江沿岸滩地3年、8年和20年生人工杨树林地上空间昆虫群落的种群组成和多样性进行了调查观测。结果表明,在3种不同林龄林分之间,地上空间昆虫种群组成的差异表现为：在目一级分类单元组成上,3种不同林龄林分具有很高的共性;在科和种的单元上,不同林龄林分之间的差异表现为3年生与20年生林分之间〉3年生与8年生林分之间〉8年生与20年生林分之间。随着林分林龄的增加,林内地上空间昆虫丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数明显降低。不同林龄林分地上空间昆虫种群的均匀度指数与林分林龄没：哿明显的相关性,其中20年生林分昆虫种群的均匀度指数显著低于8年生和3年生的林分,而8年生和3年生林分：之间没有显著差异。     

长江中下游滩地杨树林昆虫多样性的初步研究

对安庆市南埂林场长江沿岸滩地3年、8年和20年生人工杨树林地上空间昆虫群落的种群组成和多样性进行了调查观测。结果表明,在3种不同林龄林分之间,地上空间昆虫种群组成的差异表现为:在目一级分类单元组成上,3种不同林龄林分具有很高的共性;在科和种的单元上,不同林龄林分之间的差异表现为3年生与20年生林分之间3年生与8年生林分之间8年生与20年生林分之间。随着林分林龄的增加,林内地上空间昆虫丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数明显降低。不同林龄林分地上空间昆虫种群的均匀度指数与林分林龄没有明显的相关性,其中20年生林分昆虫种群的均匀度指数显著低于8年生和3年生的林分,而8年生和3年生林分之间没有显著差异。     

章古台地区樟子松人工林土壤水分物理性质的研究

以章古台地区樟子松人工林地土壤为研究对象,依照不同立地、不同林龄、不同林型和不同林分密度研究了樟子松人工林改良土壤水分物理性质状况和林地土壤含水率。结果表明:不同林龄林地土壤含水率有明显区别:0～20年生林分土壤含水率较高,至27年生林分林地土壤含水率为最低,27年生以后林分土壤含水率有所回升。甸子地樟子松固沙林改善土壤水分物理性质优于坨子地樟子松固沙林。不同林龄间土壤水分物理性质区别不明显,但较裸沙地要好。从改良土壤水分物理性质效果来看:樟杨混交是较好造林类型,600～800株/hm2是章古台樟子松固沙林适宜的林分密度。     

6个油茶物种苗期抗旱性的初步研究

为给筛选抗旱性强的油茶优良单株以选育油茶抗旱砧木提供参考依据,以香花油茶、小果油茶、普通油茶、陆川油茶、博白大果油茶和广宁红花油茶这6个油茶物种的1年生实生苗为试材,采用人工控制浇水使土壤自然干旱的方法对其抗旱性进行了试验研究,并对其苗期抗旱性的强弱进行了评价。结果表明:广宁红花油茶的暂时萎蔫系数和永久萎蔫系数分别达到5.09%和3.11%,均显著高于其它油茶物种;而香花油茶的暂时萎蔫系数和永久萎蔫系数均最小,仅分别为2.42%和1.10%;6个油茶物种的抗旱能力由强到弱依次为香花油茶小果油茶普通油茶陆川油茶博白大果油茶广宁红花油茶;6个物种内不同单株间的抗旱性均存在分离情况,依其永久萎焉系数的大小可将其划分为0%~1%、1%~2%、2%~3%、3%~4%、4%~5%共5种抗旱类型,其中,广宁红花油茶的抗旱类型分布在3~5级之中;博白大果油茶分布在2~4级之中,陆川油茶、普通油茶和小果油茶均仅在2、3级之中有分布,香花油茶只在1、2级之中有分布。     

不同林龄杨树追肥试验

通过对杨树不同林龄进行追肥试验 ,得出 2～ 3年生林分效果最佳 ,4年以上林分效果不明显 ,应中止追肥作业     

造林密度对红心杉幼林生长及土壤理化性质的影响

【目的】为优化杉木栽培措施,实现杉木林可持续经营。【方法】本试验以3、6、9年生红心杉幼林为研究对象,分析了1 667、2 501、3 333株·hm^-2不同造林密度林分生长及土壤理化性质的变化。【结果】结果表明：造林密度显著影响了6和9生林分生长,整体上随着林龄增加,林分密度越大,树高、胸径、单株材积及蓄积量下降幅度越大。其中,与1 667株·hm^-2林分相比,3 333株·hm^-2林分各生长指标下降了22.0%～65.3%。相较1 667和2 501株·hm^-2林分,9年生3 333株·hm^-2林分土壤容重增大、孔隙度降低,土壤中全氮、速效氮、速效钾含量均显著减少。此外,相较氮素,土壤中磷钾含量随着林龄增加均呈明显的下降趋势。【结论】供试3种造林密度中,以1 667株·hm^-2造林密度林分生长及土壤性状均表现最佳,为进一步提升林地生产力,实现地力维持,应注重磷钾肥的补充。     

杂交相思对造林密度的响应

为确定杂交相思(Acacia mangium×A. auriculiformis)适宜的造林密度,设置2 500、2 222和1 667株/hm²3个造林密度,开展不同密度造林试验,造林后6年内定期调查林分树高、胸径和单株材积,调查和计算6年生林分的保存率和蓄积量,对指标进行分析。结果表明,造林密度对树高、胸径、单株材积、保存率和蓄积量均影响显著。6年生时,平均树高在1 667株/hm²密度林分中最高,胸径和单株材积均在2 222株/hm²密度林分中最高。随林龄增加,各密度林分的树高和胸径年净增长量均呈先降后升的趋势,单株材积年净增长量均呈上升趋势。随林分密度增加,保存率呈下降趋势,蓄积量呈先升后降的趋势。单株材积受造林密度影响最大,保存率影响最小。作为纸浆用材林,可选择2 222株/hm²造林密度,该密度林分的蓄积量最大。     

红椿人工林密度试验研究

红椿是速生的珍贵用材树种,在四川已规模化栽培.采用单因素试验设计,研究红椿人工造林初植密度和10 a生林分间伐对林分生长影响.结果表明:在红椿造林后3 a内,初植密度对林分生长影响不显著;10 a生红椿人工林间伐后保留密度以1 600株·hm-2为宜.     

湖南省油茶旱害及防治对策

为了减少旱灾对油茶林造成的损失,采用现场抽样调查与评价方法,调查了2013年夏季持续高温干旱天气条件下湖南省重点油茶产区的苗圃、新造林、幼林和自然林的高温干旱受灾情况,提出了湖南油茶产业应对高温干旱天气的防治对策。     

大田县闽楠标准示范区幼林生长评价

通过设置18个20 m×30 m的临时样方对大田县不同年份营建的闽楠示范林进行调查和生长分析,以客观评价示范区建设成效。研究结果表明:3年生林分平均造林保存率、地径、树高、枝下高和冠幅分别为94. 4%、3. 3 cm、2. 3 m、0. 6 m和0. 9 m,不同种植模式的生长效果依次为7楠3杉 8楠2杉闽楠纯林,树高、枝下高和冠幅在不同种植模式间存在显著差异;坡位对5年生和7年生闽楠生长有一定影响,且随年龄的增大,其影响效应有增大的趋势; 5年生的林分生长低于一般栽培区的水平,而3年生和7年生的均达到中心栽培区的水平。为促进闽楠标准化示范区建设,建议优先选择中下坡且土层较厚的立地条件,并保留适宜的杉木株数和加强抚育管理。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.