鸡干扰素分子生物学研究进展

干扰素是一类具有多种调节效应的细胞因子。干扰素对病毒的作用是非特异的，有益于相应生物制品的生产，但具有严格的动物种属特异性。随着鸡干扰素的深入研究，尤其是分子生物学方面的深入研究，干扰素类型、作用机理已经清楚，在治疗和预防疾病方面的潜力将逐渐被挖掘出来。     

干扰素的分类及其在兽医临床中的应用

干扰素是由脊椎动物细胞产生的分泌型糖蛋白,具有广谱抗病毒和增强免疫应答的作用,在免疫应答调控中处于中心地位。干扰素在生物体中普遍存在,现已经证明在人及小鼠、羊、兔、犬、鼬等哺乳动物,以及大量野生动物、鱼类、龟类和昆虫等都有干扰素类似物质存在。干扰素在医学和兽医学临床方面疗效显著,为病毒性和肿瘤性疾病的治疗带来了新的希望。科研工作者除研究其基因结构、作用机理外,也在不断探索基因工程干扰素的临床应用,改善和提高临床治疗效果。     

γ干扰素及其在动物疾病防控中的应用

γ干扰素又叫免疫干扰素，是抗病毒、抗肿瘤、调节免疫系统功能的主要物质。本文中，笔者针对γ干扰素在动物疾病控制防控中的应用展开论述，以期能够为未来畜牧业的发展提供一定的参考。     

猪白细胞干扰素预防乳猪疾病试验

１试验目的和依据１１目的：目前,仔猪的预防注射一般在断奶后进行,哺乳阶段仔猪很容易感染病毒性疾病,从而引起乳猪的发病和死亡。为探索降低乳猪发病率和疫病防治的措施,用四川世红生物技术有限公司生产的猪白细胞干扰素进行本次试验。探索猪白细胞干扰素对乳猪疾...     

猪干扰素在临床生产中的应用

干扰素是由干扰素产生细胞（interferon—producing cells,IPCs）所分泌的一类具有高度生物学活性的糖蛋白,具有广谱的抗病毒、抗肿瘤、抗细胞增殖和免疫调节等功能。目前,猪病毒性传染病依然是制约养猪业发展的一类重要且难以控制的疾病,由于猪干扰素对猪病毒性传染病具有防御和抑制作用,有关猪干扰素的应用研...     

兽用基因工程干扰素的研究与临床应用进展

利用基因工程重组技术使干扰素规模化生产变为现实,而干扰素在抗病毒、抗肿瘤、免疫调节等方面具有自己独特的优势,本文就基因工程干扰素的研究、临床使用情况作一综述。     

兽用基因工程干扰素的研究与临床应用进展

干扰素实际上是最早被认识的细胞因子,最早获得cDNA克隆,最早用基因工程方法大量生产,最早用于临床治疗病毒病与肿瘤.近些年,随着分子生物学的发展和基因工程技术的诞生,干扰素可以通过导人宿主细胞(如大肠杆菌、酵母菌、哺乳动物细胞等)中,经大规模细胞培养发酵技术获得.干扰素已在兽医临床方面,特别是在猪、鸡、犬病毒性疾病的治疗方面取得了良好效果.文章就近年来兽用干扰素的最新研究进展及临床应用情况综述如下.     

干扰素在猪病毒病治疗中的应用

病毒性疾病是限制集约化畜禽养殖的瓶颈。目前,干扰素在病毒性疾病治疗中的应用较为普遍,而聚乙二醇、白蛋白修饰的长效干扰素也逐渐被引进,并取得了良好的效果。本文介绍了干扰素的作用原理、应用和注意事项,供参考。     

基因工程猪γ-干扰素对PRRSV和SIV混合感染猪的预防效果试验

应用基因工程猪γ-干扰素和血清对人工感染PRRSV(繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒)和SIV(猪流感病毒)仔猪的预防试验，结果表明猪γ-干扰素预防两种病毒混合感染效果显著，感染前和感染后肌肉注射5万单位猪的发病率分别下降71．2％和60％，猪γ-干扰素和特异性抗体联合使用效果最好，可100％预防病毒感染，表明干扰素和抗体在抗病毒感染方面起到协同作用。本试验不仅为PRRSV和SIV混合感染提供了良好的预防方法，还将对病毒病的预防和治疗起到借鉴作用。     

干扰素在动物疫病预防和治疗中的应用

干扰素作为一种细胞因子,本质上是糖蛋白药物,在病毒的基因转录及病毒的蛋白组分翻译方面发挥着重大的干扰作用,以至于能够有效对抗人类和动物的病毒感染,并改善机体的免疫调节功能。干扰素是目前运用广泛的一类医学药物,尤其在动物疫病预防和兽医临床治疗方面具有独特的作用。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.