抗吡虫啉桃蚜种群的选育及其交互抗性研究

采用浸渍法,在室内用吡虫啉对桃蚜敏感种群进行抗性选育,经过15代的连续汰选,获得抗性指数为14.34倍的抗吡虫啉桃蚜种群。对9种常用杀虫剂的交互抗性测定结果表明,该种群对拟除虫菊酯类如高效氯氟氰菊酯(抗性指数12.76倍)和溴氰菊酯(10.24倍),有机磷类如氧乐果(7.95倍)、辛硫磷(5.44倍)和甲胺磷(5.32倍)以及吡虫啉·高效氯氰菊酯混剂(8.90倍)均产生了不同程度的交互抗性,而对氨基甲酸酯类如灭多威(3.15倍)、有机氯类如硫丹(1.64倍)以及阿维菌素·辛硫磷混剂(2.31倍)等无明显的交互抗性。     

不同寄主植物上桃蚜种群动态的研究

１９９３年～１９９６年,在陕西耀县、乾县对１０１种植物的２４次调查结果表明,当地桃蚜的寄生植物有４３种,其中主要危害寄主３６种,偶发寄主７种,越冬寄主３种。通过系统调查,查明了桃蚜在不同寄主植物上的数量变化规律和在不同寄主植物上的迁移规律,为桃蚜种群数量测报和防治提供了可靠的依据。     

油菜桃蚜种群动态的模糊聚类分析

采用平均密度,聚块性指标和有蚜株率对油菜田桃蚜种群动态进行模糊聚类分析,找出了桃蚜种群消长的５个时期：初生期,始盛期,猖獗前期,猖獗成灾期和衰退期。化学防治应在猖獗前期进行才能达到经济有效的防治目的。     

球孢白僵菌对桃蚜种群数量的影响

在田间网室中研究了球孢白僵菌对分别以4龄无翅若蚜和无翅成蚜为起始的桃蚜种群数量的影响。以无翅成蚜起始的桃蚜种群，在接菌后的第6d，对照和接菌处理之间只有成蚜数量差异显著，虽各龄期若蚜数量和桃蚜总数处理与对照之间差异不显著，但接菌处理的总数量少于对照的总数量；在接茵后的第13d，两者的种群数量水平相当。以4龄无翅若蚜起始的桃蚜种群，在接菌后的第6d，处理和对照之间的种群数量就已接近。     

桃蚜化学防治的研究

几种杀虫剂对桃蚜室内毒力测定结果表明，吡虫啉2000倍液的毒力最高，达98．2％。田间药效试验结果表明，吡虫啉和阿克泰2000倍液药后3d校正防效达98．4％以上，害极灭、阿锐克、氯氰菊酯、乐斯本也有较高的防效，而鱼藤酮防效最差。     

兰州市桃蚜抗药性监测及治理对策研究

以甘肃省宕昌县桃蚜为敏感种群,测定了兰州、永登等地桃蚜对6种杀虫剂抗药性。结果表明兰州市安宁区桃蚜对溴氰菊酯已产生低水平抗性(6.84倍),对氰戊菊酯则处于耐药力增高或敏感性降低阶段,对灭多威、敌敌畏、氧乐果和乐果已显示出早期抗性;永登县桃蚜对溴氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯处于敏感性降低阶段,对灭多威、敌敌畏、氧乐果和乐果仍属敏感阶段;皋兰县和榆中县桃蚜对上述6种杀虫剂则处于敏感阶段。用酶抑制剂进行增效作用测定结果显示,兰州地区桃蚜的抗药性与羧酸酯酶和多功能氧化酶有关。针对兰州市桃蚜的抗药性现状和抗性机制,提出了以建立抗性监测制度、合理用药为主的抗性治理对策。     

我国西南烟区桃蚜Myzus persicae (Sulzer)的抗药性水平

采用毛细管点滴法测定了我国西南烟区云南和贵州省的10个桃蚜Myzus persicae（Sulzer）种群对氰戊菊酯、氧化乐果、灭多威和吡虫啉的抗性。结果表明，云南楚雄种群对氰戊菊酯的抗性高达26．87倍，对氧化乐果、灭多威、吡虫啉的抗性分别为敏感种群的10．02、6．00和5．83倍。云南大理、丽江、石林和曲靖4个种群对氰戊菊酯的抗性分别达24．98、14．94、11．11和10．33倍，抗性水平也较高，但对氧乐果、灭多威和吡虫啉仍较为敏感，应尽早实施抗性治理措施。贵州省的5个种群仍然处在敏感阶段。     

保护地桃蚜种群时空动态与防治对策

连续两年调查北京地区保护地蟠桃和油桃桃蚜［Myzus persicae (Sulzer)］春季种群动态,结果表明：（1）保护地桃蚜源于上一年保护地内的越冬种群;（2）种群时间动态可分为发展、剧增、大发生和衰退4个阶段;（3）种群空间动态呈现出由保护地南侧向北侧、从树冠上层往中下层逐渐转移的发生趋势;（4）桃蚜发生量在保护地南侧多于北侧,树冠上层多于下层;（5）有翅蚜在种群剧增和衰退阶段大量出现。据此建议：（1）夏、冬季节不宜套种十字花科蔬菜等寄主植物;（2）冬季剪枝、清园,降低越冬蚜虫数量,在向阳处设置草垛诱集和保护越冬天敌,提高保护地内越冬天敌数量;（3）3月重点防治保护地南侧和树冠上层等温度回升快的方位;（4）5月下旬有翅蚜大量出现后,种群将迅速衰退,无需化学防治;（5）研究有翅蚜在防治中的指示作用。     

菊杀混剂对桃蚜抗生发展的影响研究

从大田采桃蚜（Ｍｙｚｕｓｐｅｒｓｉｃａｅ（ｓｕｌｚｅｒ），在室内饲养若干代后分对照种群（ＣＫ），氰戊菊酯种群（Ｆｅ），杀螟硫磷种群（Ｓｕ）和菊杀种群（Ｆｓ）等四个种群，除对照种群接受清水喷洒外，其它种群分别用氰戊菊酯，杀螟松，菊杀混剂进行室内行汰选培育，经过１４次汰选后，对照种群对以上三种药液的敏感性几乎没有什么变化，而Ｆｅ种群对氰戊菊酯的抗性提高了近５３倍，Ｓｕ种群杀螟硫磷的抗性提高１１倍，Ｆｓ     

5种植物源杀虫剂防治烟蚜效果研究

选用5种不同的植物源杀虫剂3%苦参碱水剂,0.2%苦皮藤素乳油,0.3%印楝素乳油,0.5%藜芦碱可溶性液剂,4%鱼藤酮乳油对烟蚜进行田间防治试验。结果表明,3%苦参碱水剂和0.2%苦皮藤素乳油对烟蚜防效皆达到90%以上,药效期可持续20 d。因此,3%苦参碱水剂和0.2%苦皮藤素乳油这两种植物源杀虫剂可作为无公害烟叶和有机烟叶生产中防治烟蚜的推荐药剂。     

Field-simulator study of insecticide resistance conferred by esterase-, MACE- and kdr-based mechanisms in the peach-potato aphid,Myzus persicae (Sulzer)

Insecticide sprays were applied to Myzus persicae (Sulzer) populations carrying various combinations of three insecticide resistance mechanisms (esterase-based metabolic resistance and two target site mechanisms, known as MACE and kdr), supported on host plants growing in field simulator cages. The study showed that MACE confers extreme resistance to pirimicarb and triazamate (carbamate insecticides) but not to deltamethrin + heptenophos (16 + 1) (Decisquick) or dimethoate (an organophosphorus insecticide). Resistance to dimethoate depends solely on levels of esterase-based resistance, while resistance to Decisquick depends on kdr and esterase. None of the four insecticides is effective against aphids carrying MACE combined with extreme esterase-based resistance. This knowledge, in association with current monitoring of the mechanisms, will play an important role in making decisions on insecticide use against M persicae in the UK. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

桃蚜高效氯氰菊酯抗药性与乙酰胆碱酯酶的关系

于室内对桃蚜进行高效氯氰菊酯抗药性筛选,选育至10代后抗性倍数增长到49.9倍。生化分析表明,抗性品系乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活性均显著高于敏感品系。比较两个品系乙酰胆碱酶活性个体频率分布发现,更多的桃蚜个体向酶活性高的区域分布。酶动力学测定结果显示,抗性桃蚜酯酶对底物的Vmax、Km显著大于敏感品系。     

Use of biochemical and DNA diagnostics for characterising multiple mechanisms of insecticide resistance in the peach-potato aphid,Myzus persicae (Sulzer)

The peach-potato aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) can resist a range of insecticides by over-producing detoxifying esterase and having mutant-insensitive forms of the target proteins, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and the sodium channel. Using a combination of bioassays, biochemical and DNA diagnostics, it is now possible to diagnose all three mechanisms in individual aphids, and thereby establish their spatial distributions and temporal dynamics. A survey of 58 samples of wide geographic origin showed that all 46 resistant clones had amplified esterase genes (E4 or FE4) conferring broad-spectrum resistance to pyrethroids, organophosphates and carbamates. These occurred in combination with insensitive AChE (11 clones), conferring resistance to pirimicarb and triazamate, and/or mutant sodium channel genes (25 clones), conferring knockdown (kdr) resistance to pyrethroids and DDT. Amplified esterase genes were in linkage disequilibrium with both insensitive AChE and the kdr mutation, reflecting tight physical linkage, heavy selection favouring aphids with multiple mechanisms, and/or the prominence of parthenogenesis in many M. persicae populations. An ability to monitor individual mechanisms with contrasting cross-resistance profiles has important implications for the development of resistance management recommendations. ©1997 SCI     

桃蚜对噻虫嗪代谢抗性机制研究

对桃蚜进行室内噻虫嗪抗性品系筛选,选育至15代后抗性倍数达到75.6倍。对噻虫嗪敏感品系(THI-S)和抗性品系(THI-R)桃蚜的谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)、酸性磷酸酯酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酯酶(ALP)、羧酸酯酶(CarE)、多功能氧化酶(MFO)O-脱甲基活性进行了比较,结果显示:敏感品系(THI-S)和抗性品系(THI-R)的谷胱甘肽S-转移酶比活力分别为3.127 5和3.215 9,差异不显著,桃蚜抗性品系体内酸性磷酸酯酶、碱性磷酸酯酶、羧酸酯酶和多功能氧化酶O-脱甲基活性均显著高于敏感品系,分别达到了1.57、2.10、6.12、2.03倍。表明桃蚜对噻虫嗪抗性的产生与酸性磷酸酯酶、碱性磷酸酯酶、羧酸酯酶和多功能氧化酶O-脱甲基的活性相关。     

Use of the RFLP-PCR diagnostic test for characterizing MACE and kdr insecticide resistance in the peach potato aphid Myzus persicae

The peach-potato aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) has developed a number of insecticide resistance mechanisms owing to the high selective pressure produced by world-wide insecticide treatments. Knowledge of the geographical distribution and the temporal evolution of these resistant phenotypes helps to develop suitable pest-management programs. Current understanding of the major mechanisms of resistance at the molecular level makes it possible to diagnose the presence of modified acetylcholinesterase (MACE) or knockdown resistance (kdr). This paper describes a rapid method for the identification of both resistance mechanisms in a single molecular assay by using restriction fragment length polymorphism of PCR products (RFLP-PCR) in individual as well as pooled aphids.     

Proinsecticides effective against insecticide-resistant peach-potato aphid (Myzus persicae (Sulzer))

A range of potential proinsecticides was synthesised and tested against insecticide-susceptible and -resistant clones of Myzus persicae (Sulzer). They were all esters of compounds known to be toxic or pharmacologically active, and were designed to have increased lipophilicity and to be subject to more rapid activation by hydrolysis in resistant than in susceptible aphids due to the increased amount of esterase present in the resistant clones. The most potent toxins were esters of monofluoroacetic acid. When applied topically, the toxicity of these esters to M. persicae was directly proportional to the esterase content of the aphids. Such compounds would not be suitable as commercial insecticides, but the results serve to illustrate the potential benefits of exploiting a resistance mechanism against one class of compounds to render another class more toxic, i.e. to design compounds that show negative cross-resistance. © 1998 SCI