基于遥感、GIS的内蒙古沙漠和沙质荒漠化研究

利用内蒙古20世纪80年代末和2000年两期TM影像数据为信息源,提取两期 沙质荒漠化数据的基础上,深入分析了2000年全区沙质荒漠化现状,同时统计计算了内蒙古 中部地区十年内不同程度沙质荒漠化土地之间的转换面积,采用转移矩阵法和数学模型法,建 立了20世纪80年代末—2000年沙质荒漠化土地转移矩阵和动态度。得出如下结论:①内蒙 古土地沙质荒漠化严重,沙质荒漠化土地面积(含沙漠和潜在沙质荒漠化土地)占全区总面积 的67.72%;②沙质荒漠化土地的分布具有明显的纬度地带性规律,根据遥感影像特征及影像 解译结果可分三个纬度带,即呼伦贝尔沙质荒漠化带(48°—52°N)、阴山后山—浑善达克—科 尔沁沙质荒漠化带(42°—44°N)、阿拉善—毛乌素沙质荒漠化带(38°—40°N);③内蒙古中部地 区是沙质荒漠化严重且强烈发展的地区,中度以上沙质荒漠化土地占该地区总面积的22%以 上;④内蒙古中部地区80年代末至2000年间沙质荒漠化土地净增约10万hm2;⑤轻度风蚀 荒漠化土地增加了121011.45hm2,中度风蚀荒漠化土地增加了327831.59hm2,强烈和严重沙 质荒漠化土地分别增加了402497.13hm2和143998.67hm2;⑥沙质荒漠化的强烈发展,严重制 约着自治区社会经济的稳定、持续的发展,也威胁?     

松嫩沙地荒漠化现状和原因

通过对松嫩沙地2000年的遥感监测表明:松嫩沙地共有盐渍化土地面积1613.17 km2和沙漠化土地面积3765.38km2,分别占整个沙地面积的3.13%和7.3%。盐渍化最严重的是大安,共有盐渍化土地894.19 km2,占到总盐渍化土地面积的55.43%;在沙漠化土地中,草场沙漠化土地3130.51 km2占沙漠化总面积的83.14%,耕地沙漠化土地634.87 km2占沙漠化土地总面积的16.86%。其中以轻度和中度沙漠化土地为主,分别占50.72%和36.81%,重度沙漠化土地占12.23%,严重沙漠化土地面积较少,仅占0.24%。土地沙漠化最严重的是大庆,占整个行政区域面积的19.15%,面积达到969.65km2。在文章的结尾,简要分析了松嫩沙地荒漠化发生的自然和人为原因。     

基于GIS的近30年来松辽平原沙质荒漠化遥感动态研究

本文运用GIS、RS手段,以航天遥感MSS、TM、ETM为主要信息源,对松辽平原进行多时相、大面积沙质荒漠化遥感动态监测,从中探索松辽平原沙质荒漠化动态变化的规律,为经济发展和生态建设提供科学依据。研究结果表明:近30年来松辽平原沙质荒漠化面积变化呈现快速增加和缓慢减少两个阶段,即70年代中期到80年代末,松辽平原沙质荒漠化总面积呈快速增加趋势,动态度为-3.91%;而80年代末到本世纪初则呈缓慢减少趋势,动态度为0.82%。松辽平原沙质荒漠化的重心随之呈有规律的移动,沙质荒漠化面积增加时重心向东北方向移动,速率为3.08km/年。沙质荒漠化面积减少时重心向西南方向移动,速率为1.64km/年。     

内蒙古农牧交错带中部地区荒漠化与土地利用之关系分析

本文利用RS与GIS技术手段分析了内蒙古农牧交错带中部地区荒漠化情况,得 出结论如下:①研究区土地退化主要以草地、耕地退化为主。其中,草地退化严重。在2000 年,草地退化面积达3556516.9hm2,占总草地面积的75.3%;耕地退化面积为1905119.6 hm2,占总耕地面积的69.2%。②研究区土地荒漠化面积达5982412.2hm2,占研究区面积的 71.0%。其中风蚀荒漠化面积最大,占研究区总面积的38.6%;水蚀荒漠化面积次之,面积 2491597hm2,占研究区总面积的29.6%;盐渍化面积最小,为239296hm2,只占2.8%。     

基于遥感GIS的北方环境敏感区荒漠化动态研究——内蒙古太仆寺旗为例

以处于季风边缘区的太仆寺旗2000年与2005年的TM4、3、2波段合成的标准假彩色影像数据为主要数据源。并对TM遥感影像进行合成、增强、纠正、镶嵌和人机交互判读,生成两期的荒漠化动态变化图。在GIS软件支持下,建立了两期的荒漠化现状数据库,采用转移矩阵法和数学模型法,建立2000-2005年沙质荒漠化土地转移矩阵和运算动态度,分析北方环境敏感区荒漠化变化。分析得出:轻度荒漠化土地面积增加51121.6hm2;中度和重度荒漠化土地面积分别减少-68948.8hm2和-5978.7 hm2。其中,1/3的中度荒漠化土地逆转成非荒漠化和轻度荒漠化土地。重度风蚀荒漠化转变成轻度风蚀荒漠化的面积2168.9hm2。而非荒漠化土地变成了轻度风蚀荒漠化土地达21393.9hm2。但是非荒漠化土地面积增加35374.5hm2。而且重度和中度荒漠化土地演变成轻重度风蚀荒漠化土地也很多。因此,总体而言,太仆寺旗荒漠化恶化趋势得到了有效的遏制,自然环境明显改善,这归功于大力实施荒漠化防治措施的结果。但是也存在非荒漠化地区的生态保护力度不够或不合理的土地利用方式导致了局部地区的荒漠化迅速发展的现象。     

内蒙古自治区的荒漠化土地

本文根据《联合国防治荒漠化公约》的规定,依据《全国荒漠化监测主要技术规定》,区划界定了内蒙古荒漠化潜在发生的范围,并对内蒙古的土地荒漠化状况进行了宏观监测。监测工作中充分利用了“3S”技术,现地调查与遥感解译相结合获取地面信息,利用数理统计的原理计算各类荒漠化土地面积并进行了程度分级。同时在弄清《联合国防治荒漠化公约》限定范围的土地退化的基础上,调查了《联合国防治荒漠化公约》范围外的土地退化情况。结果表明内蒙古自治区土地荒漠化面积为74.39×104km2(约合11.16亿亩),占自治区总面积118.3×104km2的62.88%,为区域生态环境建设和规划提供了依据。     

青海省共和盆地20年来沙漠化土地变化

对共和盆地1990、2000、2010年三期TM数据进行处理与信息提取,获得了20年来沙漠化土地空间分布信息,在GIS技术支持下,分析了各类沙漠化土地的类间转化特征及时空变化。结果表明:研究区沙漠化土地以正在发展中沙漠化土地、强烈发展中沙漠化土地、严重沙漠化土地为主,1990年研究区沙漠化土地总面积为573.66km2,占研究区总面积的2.83%;2000年沙漠化土地总面积为577.44km2,占研究区总面积的2.85%;2010年沙漠化土地总面积为630.57km2,占研究区总面积的3.12%。从空间分布上土地沙漠化最严重的区域分布在龙羊峡库区周围的木格滩、河卡滩、塔拉滩。1990年到2000年沙漠化土地总面积增加3.78km2,年均增加0.38km2,2000年到2010年沙漠化土地面积增加57.13km2,年均增加5.31km2。总体来看研究区沙漠化土地面积呈增加趋势。     

黄土高原水蚀荒漠化发生特点及其防治模式

黄土高原是我国水土流失最严重的地区 ,强烈的水土流失直接导致了土地质量下降和荒漠化景观的出现。研究表明 ,目前有轻度以上水蚀荒漠化土地 2 .71× 10 5km2 ,占总面积的 4 2 .89% ,其中严重水蚀荒漠化占 11.0 2 % ,水蚀荒漠化越来越严重。通过对其成因和产生机制的探讨 ,对典型区域提出针对性的防治模式。     

塔里木河流域土地荒漠化现状分析

以塔里木河流域为对象,采用遥感与地理信息相结合的方法获取塔里木河流域土地荒漠化现状.结果表明,塔里木河流域土地荒漠化面积占调查区面积的73.60%.在荒漠化主导因素中,塔里木河流域以风蚀为主的荒漠化土地类型,占荒漠化土地面积的73.61%.在荒漠化程度中,以极重度为主,占荒漠化土地的35.41%;在荒漠化土地利用类型中,以未利用土地荒漠化为主,占荒漠化面积的48.45%;在空间分布上,以塔里木河流域中下游荒漠化土地所占比重最大.     

草地退化对水土流失的影响

植被是土地的保护伞 ,它具有拦截雨滴 ,缓和雨点冲击 ;阻挡水的流动 ,减缓径流的速度 ;固结土壤 ,防风保土 ;增加土壤有机质 ,改善土壤结构等四大功能。植被一旦退化 ,土壤侵蚀便会发生 ,如土地荒漠化、水土流失等。目前全国土地荒漠化面积 2 62 .2万 km2 ,占国土面积2 7.3%。全国水土流失面积为 367万 km2 ,占国土面积 38%。内蒙古水土流失面积为 2 7.1 7万km2 ,占全区土地总面积 2 2 .97% ,占草原面积 2 1 .5 % ;风蚀面积 7636万 hm2 ,占内蒙古土地总面积 65 % ,全区草地风蚀面积 5 949万 hm2 ,占草地总面积 75 .5 %。各种试验表明 ,植被减少是导致土壤侵蚀的重要原因 ,凡是植被盖度和密度小的草地 ,水蚀和风蚀程度最为严重。因此 ,保护草原植被是改善生态环境的根本措施。为此 ,必须确定合理的草地载畜量 ,增加对草原的投入 ,依法管理草原。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.