毛乌素沙地天然臭柏群落种子产量、种子库及幼苗更新

采用样方调查法,研究了毛乌素沙地臭柏(Sabinavulgaris)群落的种子产量、种子库及幼苗更新。结果表明:毛乌素沙地天然臭柏群落的球果丰富,约为3093. 83粒/m2,种子产量为9118. 5粒/m2,优良种子达2954. 4粒/m2。5种立地条件间的土壤种子库差异大、质量低,种子优良度最高的也仅为3. 7%。土壤种子集中分布于0 ~5cm土层内,并随着土壤深度增加,优良种子数由0~5cm的30. 52粒/m2减少到5~10cm的1. 3粒/m2。5 种立地中当年幼苗数的平均值仅为7. 98株/m2,最高的(A类立地)为14. 7株/m2,仅占表土优良种的30%左右,最低的(D类立地)已经丧失了更新能力。臭柏群落内种子更新苗少,而且种子更新集中在少数滩地小生境中。种子库小、质量差、更新环境的丧失是限制臭柏群落天然更新与拓展的主要因子。     

古尔班通古特沙漠南缘浅层风沙土含水量空间变异

2008年5月,在古尔班通古特沙漠南缘梧桐沟区段设置200 m×50 m样地,均匀选取180个样点进行样方的植被、地形和地貌调查,并且采取表层(0～10 cm)和次表层(10～30 cm)土壤样品进行土壤含水量分析。借助地统计软件GS~+和ArcGIS地统计模块分析研究区土壤含水量在沙垄不同地貌条件下的空间变异规律。结果显示:两层土壤水分的半方差函数值拟合为指数模型;表层和次表层土壤水分的变程分别为37.8 m和21.3 m,偏基台值与基台值的比值[C/(C_0+C)]分别为75.1%和75.6%,说明两层土壤水分具有强烈的空间自相关性,也表明土壤水分的变异主要由结构性差异所引起,客观地反映了研究区土壤水分的空间格局特征。克里格插值图显示,土壤水分随地势的升高而增大,平均数分析表明,0～10 cm土壤含水量由高至低的变化趋势是:垄顶>迎风坡>背风坡>垄间地,而10～30 cm则为:迎风坡>垄顶>垄间地>背风坡。     

黄土丘陵植被恢复过程中土壤种子库萌发数量特征及动态变化

采用野外定点采样与室内土壤种子萌发试验相结合的研究方法,选取黄土丘陵区典型草原带宁夏固原地区不同植被恢复年限(2,5,12,24,35,55,75 a)及当年农地(对照)的8个样地,研究该区土壤种子库萌发数量特征及动态变化.结果表明,8个不同植被恢复年限样地土壤中可萌发的种子的平均数量为3542.5粒/m2,可萌发种子以双子叶植物为主,约占萌发总数的90%.0～5 cm土层可萌发种子数量变化于166.7～9100.0粒/m2;5～10 cm土层变化于133.38～2120.02粒/m2.土壤中可萌发种子数量随着恢复年限的增加表现先增加后下降的趋势.土壤中可萌发的种子数量随时间的变化近似单峰型,双子叶植物峰值主要出现在第4～6周,而单子叶植物萌发高峰在5～6周.表明在环境,气候等条件适宜时,黄土丘陵区典型草原带可萌发的土壤中的种子可形成萌发高峰.     

内蒙古高原小叶锦鸡儿灌丛沙堆对气流结构与风蚀的影响

小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)灌丛沙堆是内蒙古高原东南部农牧交错区的主要风沙堆积类型。通过对该区典型灌丛沙堆周围风沙气流的野外观测,结果表明,气流方向与强度和输沙率,随沙堆不同位置而发生变化。绕过沙堆两侧的气流和越过沙堆上部的气流在背风侧汇集,并在同等沙堆高度的范围内和1.5倍沙堆高度的水平范围内出现涡流。从灌丛沙堆迎风坡脚经南北两侧至背风坡脚以及背风侧5倍沙堆高度的水平距离间,风速依次出现逐渐增大—最大—逐渐减小—最小—回増至旷野风速的变化过程。在不同风向条件下,灌丛沙堆背风侧气流的风速廓线,并不完全遵循对数变化规律,沙堆南侧气流在0.3~0.6 m高度处出现变异。另外,沙堆周围输沙率在迎风侧和南北两侧与风速变化基本一致,但在背风侧因气流方向紊乱而出现变异。输沙率随高度增加,在沙堆迎风侧至两侧各部位呈有规律递减,但在背风侧无规律。     

高立式沙障不同叠加模式的阻沙量对比分析

为了解决尼龙阻沙网在沙埋情况下的防风阻沙,采用不同叠加模式的尼龙阻沙网进行防护。设置3种高立式沙障叠加模式方案,叠加位置分别位于迎风坡、阻沙网、背风坡,迎风坡与背风坡叠加的尼龙阻沙网与原有阻沙障距离和长度均相同,叠加的阻沙网高度为沙埋原有阻沙障的一半,且叠加的尼龙阻沙网需高出原有尼龙阻沙障。选择高1.2 m的沙埋阻沙障进行叠加,迎风与背风坡叠加的位置距原有阻沙障水平距离约45 cm。通过野外观测发现：① 不同叠加模式的高立式沙障阻沙量不同,即阻沙网＞迎风坡＞背风坡;② 3种不同叠加模式的积沙量都随着阻沙网的不断叠加而增加,且增加的阻沙量越来越大;③ 随着阻沙网的不断叠加,3种不同叠加模式的单位阻沙成本不断变化。迎风坡与阻沙网模式的单位阻沙成本不断降低,最后趋于平稳;背风坡模式有所不同,其单位阻沙成本先有所增加,然后再下降,最终趋于平稳。阻沙成本为：阻沙网<迎风坡<背风坡。     

PLA沙障对沙丘迎风坡土壤水分的影响

选取风季和雨季两个典型时期,对铺设不同规格PLA沙障沙丘迎风坡不同坡位0-60cm土层的土壤含水量进行测定,并以裸沙丘为对照,探究PLA沙障对沙丘迎风坡土壤水分的影响.结果表明:1m×1m和2m × 2m沙障在不同时期对沙丘迎风坡整体和坡位间土壤水分影响明显,而菱形沙障作用效果差;1m×1m、2m×2m沙障使风季形成迎风坡浅层(5-20cm)土壤含水量低于裸沙丘的水分特征,雨季形成迎风坡表层(0-10cm)土壤含水量优于裸沙丘的水分特征,从而影响了植物的入侵与定居方式;不同时期1m×1m和2m×2m沙障对迎风坡中部和下部土壤水分的影响均较上部明显,迎风坡中部和下部应为重点关注区域,而在上部应采取相伴措施弥补不足.     

毛乌素沙地樟子松人工林土壤微生物数量变化

对毛乌素沙地榆林沙区樟子松人工固沙林地土壤微生物进行测定和分析,结果表明:不同林龄樟子松林地细菌、放线菌和真菌数量差异显著,细菌和真菌数量随林龄增大不断增加;放线菌数量在流沙地(CK)、7～23a生林地这一时期内随着林龄增大显著增加,23a生林地达到最大值,31 a生林地出现明显回落.三大微生物均随土层深度加深而减少,在沙丘部位的分布表现为:丘间地＞背风坡＞迎风坡＞丘顶.在流沙地上栽植樟子松人工林后,土壤微生物数量增加,土壤肥力水平提高.     

小针茅荒漠草原生长季表层土壤有机碳月动态及影响因素

以内蒙古苏尼特右旗小针茅荒漠草原两种主要草地类型为研究对象,选择典型样地,通过实地调查测定其5~9月生长季地上、地下生物量、土壤有机碳及土壤含水量,分析了小针茅荒漠草原生长季土壤有机碳的月动态,探讨了地下生物量、气温、降水及土壤含水量对土壤有机碳的影响。研究结果表明:1)小针茅荒漠草原两种草地型生长季土壤有机碳月变化趋势不同。小针茅+无芒隐子草草地生长季土壤有机碳月变化表现为从5月份开始逐渐降低,到9月份又略有增加,狭叶锦鸡儿-小针茅+无芒隐子草草地土壤有机碳月变化表现为5~7月增加,8月份降低,9月份又增加的趋势。2)小针茅荒漠草原5~9月生长季各月土壤有机碳含量差异不显著,0-10cm土层深度土壤有机碳含量低于10-20cm和20-30cm土层深度土壤有机碳含量。3)小针茅荒漠草原5~9月土壤有机碳含量与月降水量之间呈正相关关系,但不显著。而6~9月土壤有机碳含量与月降水量之间呈显著正相关关系。4)小针茅荒漠草原土壤有机碳受表层地下生物量影响较大,土壤有机碳含量与0~10cm土层地下生物量呈显著正相关。5)小针茅荒漠草原生长季土壤有机碳含量与月均温之间没有显著相关性,与0~10cm土壤含水量呈极显著正相关。     

陕北毛乌素沙地土壤水分时空变异规律研究

对陕北毛乌素沙地流动、固定、半固定沙丘的土壤水分进行的长期动态观测结果表明,含水量排序为流动沙丘(8.47%)＞半固定沙丘(8.40%)＞固定沙丘(8.39%).沙地含水量随土壤深度的变化存在着分布上的差异,随着深度的增加呈现先增加再减少的趋势,在0～60 cm土层,流动沙丘、半固定沙丘和固定沙丘土壤水分含量分别为8.08%、8.00%和8.03%,差异不显著;在60～200 cm土层,流动沙丘、半固定沙丘和固定沙丘土壤水分含量分别为8.65%、8.57%和8.53%,差异显著(P>0.05),其中60～140 cm层,流动沙丘、半固定沙丘和固定沙丘土壤水分含量分别为8.76%、8.62%和8.54%,差异极显著(P>0.01).固定沙丘、半固定沙丘大部分背风面的土壤含水量高于迎风面的含水量,但在流动沙丘上迎风面的土壤含水量却明显比背风面的高.在沙丘的不同部位含水量也存在差异,土壤含水量坡顶部＜坡中部＜坡底部,在沙丘下部的丘间土壤含水量明显高于丘顶部.另外,沙地水分还受季节变化的影响,具有明显的季节变异性.     

毛乌素沙地东南缘不同类型沙丘土壤水分分布特征

通过对横山县境内毛乌素沙地东南缘的实地考察,根据植被类型和植被覆盖度,将沙丘分为裸露流动沙丘、灌木覆盖沙丘、乔木覆盖沙丘,分别在各类沙丘不同地貌部位实施4 m深度钻孔取样,并进行含水量测试和粒度分析,研究沙地土壤含水量变化。结果表明:对于垂直方向0～4m深度的沙地、灌木和乔木覆盖沙丘平均含水量变化为:丘间洼地>迎风坡>背风坡,而裸露流动沙丘平均含水量变化为:丘间洼地>背风坡>迎风坡;不同类型沙丘在各地貌部位不同层段含水量变化差异明显,变化趋势不统一。沙丘的地貌部位相同,地表的植被类型和覆盖度差异是影响沙地土壤含水量的重要因素,测试结果显示,迎风坡含水量为:灌木覆盖沙丘>乔木覆盖沙丘>裸露流动沙丘;背风坡含水量为:灌木覆盖沙丘>裸露流动沙丘>乔木覆盖沙丘;丘间洼地含水量为:灌木覆盖沙丘>乔木覆盖沙丘>裸露流动沙丘。灌木覆盖沙丘土壤含水量变异系数最大,水分含量在不同层位波动较大,裸露流动沙丘和乔木覆盖沙丘含水量波动差异较小。沙丘上生长的灌木和乔木明显地改变了沙丘含水量的变化特征,灌木比乔木对沙丘含水量及其垂向变化的影响更显著。灌木对地表大气中的粉尘有较强的拦截能力,灌木沙丘平均的粉砂和黏土含量高,灌木的覆盖有利于沙地的土壤化进程和保持沙地水分,在沙地绿化过程中,应充分考虑灌木植物的作用。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.