杆菌肽锌在畜禽饲料添加剂中的应用

杆菌肽锌在畜禽饲料添加剂中的应用陆伟，杨学良（江西省饲料科学研究所）前言抗菌素作为饲料添加剂在饲料工业中已被广泛应用，它在预防畜禽疾病和促进畜禽生长方面有着明显的效果。但在饲料添加剂中使用的抗菌素人畜共用者居多，因而，人们担心如此广泛地在畜禽中使用人...     

杆菌肽锌在畜禽养殖中的应用及其安全性评述

杆菌肽锌(Zinc Bacitracin)属多肽类畜禽专用抗生素,是由特雷斯氏枯草杆菌和地衣芽孢杆菌产生的含有噻唑环的多肽复合体与对杆菌肽有激活作用的锌络合而成。自1945年由哥伦比亚大学B.U.Johnson首次发现以来就以其高效、     

新型肽类添加剂——亚甲基水杨酸杆菌肽

2013年5月亚甲基水杨酸杆菌肽预混剂取得兽药添字文号,这是10年来国家批准的唯一新药物添加剂,目前大家对此药物添加剂还不太了解,甚至误认为与杆菌肽锌是同一药物,针对现状,我们结合美国《饲料添加剂要览》2008版对杆菌肽类药物添加剂做一对照说明,以使大家能更深入了解和应用好亚甲基水杨酸杆菌肽。     

杆菌肽锌在畜禽饲养中的应用

杆菌肽是多肽类抗生素，产生于枯草杆菌和地衣杆菌。它有许多异构体，分别为杆菌肽A、A1、B、C、D、E、F1、F2、F3和G，目前生产中应用的杆菌肽是A，其结构是由12个氨基酸组成的多肽。杆菌肽A由于极易吸潮和被分解，生产中在发酵达到杆菌肽效价最高时，直接在培养液中加锌盐，以生成较稳定的杆菌肽锌络合物，即杆菌肽锌。因其本身具有固有的特性而在饲养业中普及应用，是目前应用最多的抗生素饲料添加剂。     

Risk Assessment of Bacitracin Resistance as a Medicated Feed Additive

The aim of this study was to provide theoretical basis for regulatory departments to formulate risk management measures for bacterial resistance of animal origin.The point assessment method was applied to assess the risk of bacitracin resistance in animal origin foods of Chinese residents,according to the model of risk assessment analysis,based on the data from the monitoring report of the citizen's physiques in China in 2014,the fifth Chinese total diet study and the official website of European Medicine Agency.Dietary exposure to bacitracin was calculated by estimated daily intake,and hazard quotient (HQ) was used in risk characterisation to indicate risk level of health damage exposed to bacitracin.Firstly,through the way of hazard identification,the toxicity of bacitracin by oral ingestion was very low.But the pathogenic bacteria such as Enterococcus and Clostridium perfringens had developed resistance to bacitracin,with the resistance genes easily transferring to the human intestinal flora through bacteria commonness.Secondly,the hazard characterization indicated the toxicological ADI was 0.055 mg/(kg·BW),and the microbiological ADI was 3.9 μg/(kg·BW).Thirdly,exposure assessment showed that the maximum dietary exposure of bacitracin was in 2 to 7 age group among Chinese residents.And that of women through intake of dairy products was higher than men.Among 2 to 7 age group,dairy products contributed most to the dietary exposure of bacitracin,while meat was the largest contributor above 8 years old.Fourthly,risk characterization hazard quotient was 1.4901 for males and 1.4121 for females among Chinese residents aged 2 to 7 by calculation,and <1 among other age groups.Finally,the uncertainty analysis showed that the lack of monitoring data of bacitracin residues in animal foods,the lag of authoritative data collection and release,the absence of consumption data of aquatic products brought uncertainty to the results.In total,the risk of bacitracin resistance as a medicated feed additive through animal foods exposure was high in children aged 2 to 7 and moderate in other age groups.The maximum residue limit standard should be revised appropriately and risk management of bacitracin resistance need to be strengthened in imported animal foods.     

药物饲料添加剂杆菌肽耐药性风险评估

本研究旨在为监管部门制定动物源细菌耐药风险管理措施提供理论依据。利用2014年国民体质监测数据、第五次中国总膳食研究数据和欧洲药品管理局官方网站数据,采用抗菌药物风险评估模型,对中国居民经动物性食品摄入杆菌肽的耐药性风险进行点评估。用估算每日摄入量作为杆菌肽膳食暴露量,用危害指数（HQ）进行风险特征描述,反映杆菌肽耐药对人体健康损害的风险等级。结果表明,危害识别得杆菌肽经口毒性极低,但肠球菌、产气荚膜梭菌等致病菌已对杆菌肽产生耐药性,耐药基因可转移至人体肠道菌群。经危害特征描述可知,杆菌肽毒理学每日允许摄入量（ADI）为0.055 mg/（kg·BW）,微生物学ADI为3.9 μg/（kg·BW）。暴露评估发现,中国居民中2~7岁人群杆菌肽的膳食暴露量最高,女性通过摄入乳类的杆菌肽膳食暴露量高于男性。2~7岁人群中,杆菌肽的膳食暴露量以乳类贡献最大,8岁以上人群杆菌肽的膳食暴露量以肉类贡献最大。风险特征描述发现,中国居民中通过摄入肉、蛋、乳等动物性食品的杆菌肽耐药性风险,2~7岁人群HQ分别为男性1.4901、女性1.4121;其他年龄人群均<1。不确定性分析发现,结果不确定性源自缺乏动物性食品杆菌肽残留量监测数据、权威数据发布的滞后性、未考虑水产品等因素。综上动物性食品中药物饲料添加剂杆菌肽耐药性风险,2~7岁人群为高风险,其他年龄段人群为中等风险。针对杆菌肽的耐药性风险,必要时修订动物性食品中杆菌肽的最大残留限量,同时加强对进口动物性食品的杆菌肽耐药性风险管理。     

微生态制剂在畜牧生产中的应用和展望

微生态制剂应用于畜牧生产,可提高畜禽的生产性能和饲料利用率,防病治病,改善畜产品品质,减少恶臭,防治环境污染,并可扩大饲料来源,在畜牧生产中具有十分广阔的应用前景.     

益生元在水产品养殖中应用的研究进展

作为抗生素的第二代替代品,益生元已成为动物营养研究的新热点。本文就益生元的种类、理化特性、生理功能以及在水产品养殖中的应用效果作一综述,并提出了益生元在水产品养殖应用中的研究方向。     

中草药饲料添加剂在仔猪生产上的应用

综述了中草药添加剂的作用机理,对猪生长性能、免疫机能、抗应激能力的作用,分析了当前中草药饲料添加剂存在的问题,并对中草药饲料添加剂在仔猪生产中的应用前景作了展望。     

花青素作为饲料添加剂的应用前景

本文综述了花青素的主要生理功能、花青素在动物体内的吸收和代谢以及国内外一些行之有效的提取工艺及参数,探讨花青素作为饲料添加剂的应用前景,以期为花青素在动物饲料中的应用提供参考依据.     

The Effects of a Natural Antibiotic Alternative and a Natural Growth Promoter Feed Additive on Broiler Performance and Carcass Quality

The use of subtherapeutic levels of antibiotics in poultry feed improves performance and morbidity in broiler chickens. However, consumer pressure related to the potential development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has resulted in the development of nonantibiotic feed additives that may also improve broiler performance. Essential oils, organic acids, and phytogenic compounds enhance production of gastric secretions, stimulate blood circulation, and reduce levels of pathogenic bacteria. The objective of the current study was to assess the use of Biostrong 505+ and Biostrong 510 as natural growth promoters in broiler chickens. Assessment was based on the performance and carcass quality of broilers fed either a maximum-yield or a least-cost commercial broiler diet. The maximum-yield diet improved broiler performance and carcass quality. Biostrong 505+ can be used to improve feed conversion and breast yield when incorporated into diets devoid of antibiotics. This improvement in feed conversion and breast yield was accentuated when Biostrong 505+ was used in conjunction with a maximum-yield diet. Biostrong 510 improved feed conversion when used in poultry diets containing antibiotics.     

复方植物提取物在仔猪饲料中应用效果的研究

选择品种相同、出生日期相近的哺乳仔猪20窝,采用单因子随机分组设计, A组为空白对照组, B组为抗生素组,C、D、E为植物提取物添加剂组。15~17日龄开始试验,试验期42 d。结果表明,C、D、E组及B组在试验结束重、日增重等生长指标都显著高于A组（P<0.05）,而C、D、E组与B组差异不显著（P>0.05）;C、D、E组腹泻率显著低于A组（P<0.05）,与B组差异不显著（P>0.05）,各试验组死亡率明显低于对照组。血清总蛋白、谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶等生化指标显示,D和C组显著高于A、B和E组（P<0.05）。因此,3种复方植物提取物添加剂,具有显著促生长和降低腹泻率作用,其效果达到抗生素水平。     

微生物饲料添加剂在饲料中的应用及生产工艺

在现代规模化畜禽养殖生产中,腹泻已成为影响动物发育和生长的重要疾病之一,严重阻碍了养殖业的发展。尤其是幼小畜禽,如仔猪和雏鸡,腹泻已成为它们生长受阻和高死亡率的主要原因。目前的主要应对办法是在畜禽饲料中添加抗生素、激素、化学合成药物来防治畜禽的腹泻。但这样的结果导致病原微生物产生抗药性以及畜产品药物残留等问题的出现,因此通过微生物发酵生产的各种饲料添加剂,如益生素、抗菌素、维生素、氨基酸、酶制剂等,得到迅速发展。对微生物饲料添加剂在饲料中的应用及生产工艺进行了阐述。     

忍冬藤作为肉鸡饲料添加剂的促生长和免疫作用研究

将中草药基地剪枝清理的忍冬藤作为饲料添加剂饲养肉鸡,试验结果发现忍冬藤试验组的肉鸡无论是在促进生长、增重、增强免疫力、减少发病率和死亡率方面,都显示出很好的功效,试验组的血液生化指标也都优越于对照组,从而为忍冬藤的综合开发利用找到了出路,也为养禽业的中草药免疫增强剂的开发和饲养无药物残留、无污染、生态型肉鸡探索了一条新的用药途径。