不同抗性豌豆品种人工接种白粉病后相关生理指标研究

为研究不同抗性豌豆品种在接种白粉菌后相关防御系统酶活性、叶绿素质量浓度的变化,以8个不同抗性豌豆品种为试材,分析了豌豆白粉菌接种后不同时间相关SOD活性、POD活性、CAT活性、叶绿素质量浓度的变化规律。结果表明,接种后SOD活性随着时间变化均表现为先升高后降低,抗病品种的SOD的活性高于感病品种。接种后POD活性随着时间变化呈现持续上升趋势,抗病品种上升幅度高于感病品种。接种后CAT活性随着接种后时间的变化,多数品种呈现先升高后降低的变化。接种后所有品种的叶绿素质量浓度均下降,抗病品种的下降趋势小于感病品种。SOD活性、POD活性变化与品种间差异显著,POD活性、叶绿素质量浓度与豌豆品种的抗性呈正相关。     

青枯菌感染对不同烤烟品种抗氧化效应的影响

试验以烤烟中抗青枯病品种K326、感病品种CB-1号和高感品种红花大金元(以下简称红大)为材料,通过田间栽培接种青枯菌,并检测感染后烤烟叶片抗氧化酶系统若干生理指标的变化,结果表明:感染青枯菌后,中抗品种K326叶片膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)以及过氧化氢(H2O2)含量变化不显著,而感病品种CB-1号及高感品种红大则极显著增加,红大品种增加幅度大于CB-1号品种;K326品种感染青枯菌后,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著的增强,超氧物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性没有明显变化;相比之下,CB-1号及红大品种的CAT活性显著下降,SOD和POD活性显著增加,红大变幅大于CB-1号。试验结果阐明了不同烤烟品种对青枯菌生理反应不同,这些指标可以作为烤烟抗青枯病品种选育的理论依据。     

硅对水稻叶片抗氧化酶活性的影响及其与白叶枯病抗性的关系

以感白叶枯病的水稻品种日本晴(Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare)为材料,在溶液培养条件下,研究了硅对接种白叶枯病菌后的水稻病情指数、叶片丙二醛(MDA)和过氧化氢(H2O2)含量以及超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、脂氧合酶(LOX)、过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性的影响。结果表明,施硅能显著降低水稻白叶枯病的病情指数,防治效果达62.86%。接种白叶枯病菌后48 h内,施硅处理的水稻植株,叶片中丙二醛(MDA)和过氧化氢(H2O2)含量显著升高;显著提高感病植株叶片中脂氧合酶(LOX)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性;降低过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性;促进过氧化氢(H2O2)在植物体内积累,加强膜脂过氧化作用。因此,硅可通过参与植株体内代谢,调节抗氧化系统酶活性,激发机体过敏反应(HR),增强植株对白叶枯病抗性。     

甘薯抗疮痂病多胺与吲哚乙酸代谢的研究

研究不同抗性甘薯品种受疮痂病菌侵染前后多胺和吲哚乙酸代谢变化结果表明 ,感染疮痂病菌后抗病与感病品种甘薯叶片中吲哚乙酸含量和多胺氧化酶活性降低 ,多胺总量及腐胺含量增加 ,腐胺 / (精胺 亚精胺 )比值升高 ,感病品种变化幅度高于抗病品种。疮痂病菌侵入后感病品种甘薯叶片中绿原酸含量下降 ,吲哚乙酸氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性升高 ,而抗病品种则相反。     

大气CO2浓度升高和温升对水稻纹枯病侵染后的相关蛋白和防御酶的影响

纹枯病（sheath blight）作为一种土传病害,其发生和发展严重威胁到水稻（Oryza sativa L.）的生产。目前,大气CO2浓度（[CO2]）和温度升高如何影响感病植株内病程相关蛋白（pathogenesis related proteins, PR蛋白）和防御酶尚不清楚。本研究以纹枯病易感品种（Lemont）和抗性品种（YSBR1）为实验材料,利用田间开放式自由大气[CO2]和温度升高（T-FACE）平台设置四个处理：对照、[CO2]升高（[CO2]升高至590 μmol·mol-1）、温升（冠层温度升高2 ℃）及[CO2]升高和温升交互,通过人工接种R. solani,探究不同抗性品种叶片和茎鞘PR蛋白与防御酶活性,以及土壤基本理化性状的响应。研究结果表明：高[CO2]和温升下耕作土制成的土壤浸提液培养基中R. solani生长速率无显著差异,接种R. solani后病斑发展速率与土壤基本理化性状无关。水稻植株感病后,两个品种叶片和茎鞘中PR蛋白和相关防御酶表现出明显差异,且在高[CO2]和温升条件下,该差异进一步增大。对于茎鞘中的PR蛋白和防御酶,高[CO2]和温升交互处理明显增加Lemont和YSBR1茎鞘中过氧化氢酶（CAT）、苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶（GLU）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性。对于两个水稻品种,当R. solani入侵后,在各处理下,YSBR1叶片中PR蛋白和相关防御酶以及茎鞘中SOD和CAT活性均显著高于Lemont,且YSBR1病斑发展速率显著低于Lemont。在整个发病过程中,温升处理及其与高[CO2]互作处理均显著增加易感品种Lemont的病斑发展速率（增加了21% ~ 45%）,而对抗性品种YSBR1的病斑发展速率无显著影响。相关性分析结果表明,各处理下Lemont和YSBR1植株纹枯病病斑的发展速率均与其茎鞘中GLU活性存在显著正相关。因而,在R. solani侵染后,抗病品种中较高的PR蛋白和防御酶活形成的防卫反应,能够有效减轻未来高[CO2]和温升条件对纹枯病病斑发展速度的影响。研究结果对选育纹枯病抗性品种来适应未来气候变化背景下的水稻生产提供重要的借鉴意义。     

水分胁迫对玉米根系AsA-GSH H202含量的影响

以“鲁玉14”、“掖单13”2个不同抗旱性玉米品种为材料，研究不同浓度聚乙二醇－6000（PEG－6000）处理下根系抗坏血酸－谷胱甘肽（AsA-GSH)循环中关键酶和抗氧化剂的变化及其对过氧化氢（H2O2）含量的影响结果表明，谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性及谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量变化为当聚乙二醇溶液浓度低于100g/kg时，随水分胁迫的增强而上升，当聚乙二醇溶液浓度高于150g/kg时，随水分胁迫的增强而下降。抗坏血酸（AsA)含量随水分胁迫的增加而持续下降，H2O2含量随水分胁迫的加剧而增加。聚乙二醇溶液浓度为150－250g/kg处理下H2O2含量的增加与抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化剂含量的下降呈显著正相关。2品种比较，抗旱性强的品种具有较强的抗氧化能力。     

等渗Ca(NO3)2和NaCl胁迫对番茄光合作用的影响

研究了番茄的光合作用对等渗Ca(NO3)2和NaCl处理的响应。在等渗条件下120mmol.LNaCl和80mmol.LCa(NO3)2胁迫后,番茄叶片的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量、Chl.a/Chl.b比值、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、原初光能转换效率(Fv.Fm)、光合电子传递量子效率(ΦPSII)、Fv.Fo、光化学猝灭系数(qP)均呈下降趋势,以NaCl处理的下降幅度大于Ca(NO3)2处理;而Ca(NO3)2处理的胞间CO2浓度(Ci)呈下降趋势,NaCl处理的Ci呈升高趋势。因此,两种盐处理均对番茄植株光合作用造成了伤害,NaCl造成的伤害较Ca(NO3)2较为严重,Ca(NO3)2胁迫净光合速率下降可能是气孔限制所引起的,而NaCl胁迫净光合速率下降可能是由非气孔因子限制引起的。     

高温干旱共胁迫下外源甜菜碱和CaCl2对烟草生理响应的影响

以烤烟品种云烟85为材料,采用盆栽试验研究了对高温干旱共胁迫的反应,以及外源甜菜碱（GB）和CaCl2对烟草抗高温干旱共胁迫方面的作用。结果表明,叶面喷施GB和CaCl2能显著提高烟草植株生物量。在高温干旱共胁迫下,叶面喷施GB较蒸馏水处理能极显著提高烟草叶片叶绿素含量、SOD和POD活性,维持较高的脯氨酸含量及较低的丙二醛（MDA）含量和质膜相对透性;叶面喷施CaCl2较蒸馏水处理能极显著提高烟草叶片叶绿素含量、SOD和POD活性,极显著降低质膜相对透性,显著降低丙二醛（MDA）含量,维持较高的脯氨酸含量。高温干旱共胁迫恢复生长后,GB、CaCl2和蒸馏水处理的烟草其叶绿素含量、SOD和POD活性均有不同程度回升,丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量、细胞质膜透性都有所下降。因此,GB和CaCl2对有效减轻双逆境胁迫引起的伤害,提高烟草的抗高温干旱胁迫能力具有积极的作用。     

不同抗性甘薯品种感染疮痂病后光合机理的研究

研究了田间栽培条件下感病薯种“金山1255”和抗病薯种“广薯88-70”染甘薯疮痂病后的光合机理。结果表明,染病后感、抗病品种叶绿素均被降解,叶片膜不饱和脂肪酸含量、不饱和指数、叶绿体膜流动性均降低,叶绿体Ca2 -ATP酶和Mg2 -ATP酶活性均下降,气孔导度、净光合效率、蒸腾速率均下降,但感病品种下降幅度比抗病品种大;胞间CO2浓度在抗病品种中下降,而在感病品种中略有上升;感、抗病品种的叶绿体超微结构都发生了变化,但感病品种受到的伤害程度远大于抗病品种。     

苗期干旱对花生抗病相关基因PnAG3的表达及耐旱生理指标的影响

为确定抗病基因PnAG3与花生抗旱性关系,本实验利用土壤盆栽试验,通过控水模拟干旱条件,利用荧光定量方法分析不同程度干旱、苗期不同抗病花生(Arachis hypogaea L.)品种PnAG3基因的表达变化,同时测定它们耐旱生理指标的变化。结果表明,抗病品种在中度干旱胁迫下超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)和过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活力分别升高了3.15、2.55和4.95倍,而不抗病品种在3种处理下差异不显著;丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量在不同干旱程度下均有所升高,且不抗病品种升高幅度大于抗病品种;基因PnAG3的表达量在抗病品种中要高于不抗病品种,但抗病品种在中度和重度干旱胁迫下基因表达量出现的峰值较不抗病品种早,与CAT活性的变化相似。整体来看,SOD呈持续上升趋势,而基因PnAG3表达量、POD、CAT和MDA呈现先上升后下降的趋势,结合耐旱生理指标及抗病相关基因PnAG3的变化情况,基因PnAG3表达量变化与耐旱生理指标的变化有相关性,且在抗病品种中基因PnAG3的表达量大于不抗病品种,推测基因PnAG3的功能与花生抗逆性有关。本研究为进一步研究花生抗性育种和种质筛选提供依据。     

Relationship between soil CO2 concentrations and forest-floor CO2 effluxes

To better understand the biotic and abiotic factors that control soil CO₂ efflux, we compared seasonal and diurnal variations in simultaneously measured forest-floor CO₂ effluxes and soil CO₂ concentration profiles in a 54-year-old Douglas fir forest on the east coast of Vancouver Island. We used small solid-state infrared CO₂ sensors for long-term continuous real-time measurement of CO₂ concentrations at different depths, and measured half-hourly soil CO₂ effluxes with an automated non-steady-state chamber. We describe a simple steady-state method to measure CO₂ diffusivity in undisturbed soil cores. The method accounts for the CO₂ production in the soil and uses an analytical solution to the diffusion equation. The diffusivity was related to air-filled porosity by a power law function, which was independent of soil depth. CO₂ concentration at all depths increased with increase in soil temperature, likely due to a rise in CO₂ production, and with increase in soil water content due to decreased diffusivity or increased CO₂ production or both. It also increased with soil depth reaching almost 10 mmol mol⁻¹ at the 50-cm depth. Annually, soil CO₂ efflux was best described by an exponential function of soil temperature at the 5-cm depth, with the reference efflux at 10 °C (F₁₀) of 2.6 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ and the Q₁₀ of 3.7. No evidence of displacement of CO₂-rich soil air with rain was observed.Effluxes calculated from soil CO₂ concentration gradients near the surface closely agreed with the measured effluxes. Calculations indicated that more than 75% of the soil CO₂ efflux originated in the top 20 cm soil. Calculated CO₂ production varied with soil temperature, soil water content and season, and when scaled to 10 °C also showed some diurnal variation. Soil CO₂ efflux and concentrations as well as soil temperature at the 5-cm depth varied in phase. Changes in CO₂ storage in the 0–50 cm soil layer were an order of magnitude smaller than measured effluxes. Soil CO₂ efflux was proportional to CO₂ concentration at the 50-cm depth with the slope determined by soil water content, which was consistent with a simple steady-state analytical model of diffusive transport of CO₂ in the soil. The latter proved successful in calculating effluxes during 2004.     

铁、锰、铝氧化物固体吸附剂对胡敏酸和富里酸吸附机理研究

研究了Fe2O3、MnO2或Al2O3固体吸附剂对胡敏酸和富里酸的吸附机制和影响因素。结果表明:相同pH下,Fe2O3、MnO2或Al2O3固体吸附剂对腐殖酸的吸附量随着腐殖酸(胡敏酸HA和富里酸FA)有机碳浓度的增加而增加;不同pH下,对HA的吸附量依照pH3·0>pH5·0>pH7·0的顺序递减。相同pH下,随着HA有机碳浓度的增加,三种固体吸附剂对HA的吸附百分率减小。相同pH下,三种固体吸附剂对FA的吸附百分率呈单峰形,随着酸度的降低,峰位向添加的有机碳低浓度处迁移。吸附量用Langumuir方程拟合能得到极显著相关的方程,在相同pH下,三种固体吸附剂吸附HA的最大吸附量Smax和吸附亲和力常数K小于FA,而标准自由能变ΔGmo却略大于FA;298·2K温度下,三种固体吸附剂吸附胡敏酸和富里酸的ΔGmo<0,表明在等温等压不做非体积功情况下吸附是自发进行的反应。     

Emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O from Southern European peatlands

Peatlands play an important role in emissions of the greenhouse gases CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O, which are produced during mineralization of the peat organic matter. To examine the influence of soil type (fen, bog soil) and environmental factors (temperature, groundwater level), emission of CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O and soil temperature and groundwater level were measured weekly or biweekly in loco over a one-year period at four sites located in Ljubljana Marsh, Slovenia using the static chamber technique. The study involved two fen and two bog soils differing in organic carbon and nitrogen content, pH, bulk density, water holding capacity and groundwater level. The lowest CO₂ fluxes occurred during the winter, fluxes of N₂O were highest during summer and early spring (February, March) and fluxes of CH₄ were highest during autumn. The temporal variation in CO₂ fluxes could be explained by seasonal temperature variations, whereas CH₄ and N₂O fluxes could be correlated to groundwater level and soil carbon content. The experimental sites were net sources of measured greenhouse gases except for the drained bog site, which was a net sink of CH₄. The mean fluxes of CO₂ ranged between 139 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ in the undrained bog and 206 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ in the drained fen; mean fluxes of CH₄ were between −0.04 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ in the drained bog and 0.05 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ in the drained fen; and mean fluxes of N₂O were between 0.43 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ in the drained fen and 1.03 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ in the drained bog. These results indicate that the examined peatlands emit similar amounts of CO₂ and CH₄ to peatlands in Central and Northern Europe and significantly higher amounts of N₂O.     

CH4 oxidation and emissions of CH4 and N2O from Lolium perenne swards under elevated atmospheric CO2

Emissions of N₂O and CH₄ and CH₄ oxidation rates were measured from Lolium perenne swards in a short-term study under ambient (36 Pa) and elevated (60 Pa) atmospheric CO₂ at the Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment experiment, Eschikon, Switzerland. Elevated pCO₂ increased (P<0.05) N₂O emissions from high N fertilised (11.2 g N m⁻²) swards by 69%, but had no significant effect on net emissions of CH₄. Application of ¹³C-CH₄ (11 μl l⁻¹; 11 at.% excess ¹³C) to closed chamber headspaces in microplots enabled determination of rates of ¹³C-CH₄ oxidation even when net CH₄ fluxes from main plots were positive. We found a significant interaction between fertiliser application rate and atmospheric pCO₂ on ¹³C-CH₄ oxidation rates that was attributed to differences in gross nitrification rates and C and N availability. CH₄ oxidation was slower and thought to be temporarily inhibited in the high N ambient pCO₂ sward. The most rapid CH₄ oxidation of 14.6 μg ¹³C-CH₄ m⁻² h⁻¹ was measured in the high fertilised elevated pCO₂ sward, and we concluded that either elevated pCO₂ had a stimulatory effect on CH₄ oxidation or inhibition of oxidation following fertiliser application was lowered under elevated pCO₂. Application of ¹⁴NH₄¹⁵NO₃ and ¹⁵NH₄¹⁵NO₃ (10 at.% excess ¹⁵N) to different replicates enabled determination of the respective contributions of nitrification and denitrification to N₂O emissions. Inhibition of CH₄ oxidation in the high fertilised ambient pCO₂ sward, due to competition between NH₃ and CH₄ for methane monooxygenase enzymes or toxic effects of NH₂OH or NO₂⁻ produced during nitrification, was hypothesised to increase gross nitrification (12.0 mg N kg dry soil⁻¹) and N₂O emissions during nitrification (327 mg ¹⁵N-N₂O m⁻² over 11 d). Our results indicate that increasing atmospheric concentrations of CO₂ may increase emissions of N₂O by denitrification, lower nitrification rates and either increase or decrease the ability of soil to act as a sink for atmospheric CH₄ depending on fertiliser management.     

添加H2O2改性和HNO3/H2SO4改性生物质炭对一种酸性水稻土吸附Cd (Ⅱ)的影响

选择稻草、玉米秸秆和油菜秸秆作为制备生物质炭的原料，分别用H2O2和HNO3/H2SO4对生物质炭进行改性处理，以未改性的生物质炭和HCl处理的生物质炭作为对照。按土重3%的比例向采自安徽郎溪的酸性水稻土中添加上述生物质炭，在经历一个干湿交替周期后，进行Cd(Ⅱ)吸附/解吸实验，研究添加生物质炭对水稻土吸附Cd(Ⅱ)的影响及其机制。结果表明，两种改性方法均有效增加了生物质炭表面的质子结合位点数，且HNO3/H2SO4改性对生物质炭表面羧基官能团的扩增效果更显著。官能团的增加使得添加了HNO3/H2SO4改性生物质炭的水稻土对Cd(Ⅱ)的专性吸附能力显著增强。因此，添加HNO3/H2SO4改性生物质炭可以作为酸性水稻土吸附固定重金属Cd的一种新型方法。     

FACE facility CO2 concentration control and CO2 use in 1990 and 1991

CO₂ treatment level control and CO₂ use are reported for free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) facility operations at the University of Arizona's Maricopa Agricultural Center in 1990 and 1991. These are required for evaluation of the validity of biological experiments conducted in four replicates of paired experimental and control plots in a large cotton field and the cost-effectiveness of the plant fumigation facility. Gas concentration was controlled to 550 γmol mol^-1 at the center of each experimental plot, just above the canopy. In both years, season-long (April–September) average CO₂ levels during treatment hours (05:00–19:00 h Mountain Standard Time) were 550 γmol mol⁻¹ measured at treatment plot centers when the facility was operating. Including downtime, the season average was 548 γmol mol⁻¹ in 1991. In 1990, the season averages for the four elevated CO₂ treatments varied from 522 to 544 γmol mol⁻¹, owing to extended periods of downtime after lightning damage. Ambient CO₂ concentration during treatment was 370 γmol mol⁻¹. Instantaneous measurements of CO₂ concentration were within 10% of the target concentration of 550 γmol mol⁻¹ more than 65% of the time when the facility was operating, and 1 min averages were within 10% of the target concentration for 90% of the time. The long-term average of CO₂ concentration measured over the 20 m diameter experimental area of one array at the height of the canopy was in the range 550–580 γmol mol⁻¹ during July 1991, with the higher values near the edges. In 1991, CO₂ demand averaged 1250 kg per array per 14 h treatment day, or 4 kg m⁻² of fumigated plant canopy. The FACE facility provided good temporal and spatial control of CO₂ concentration and was a cost-effective method for large-scale field evaluations of the biological effects of CO₂.     

Estimating diesel degradation rates from N2, O2 and CO2 concentration versus depth data in a loamy sand

The degradation rate of the pollutant is often an important parameter for designing and maintaining an active treatment system or for determining the rate of natural attenuation. A quasi‐steady‐state gas transport model based on Fick’s law with a correction term for advective flux, for estimating diesel degradation rates from N₂, O₂ and CO₂ concentration versus depth data, was evaluated in a laboratory column study. A loamy sand was spiked with diesel fuel at 0, 1000, 5000 and 10 000 mg kg⁻¹ soil (dry weight basis) and incubated for 15 weeks. Soil gas was sampled weekly at 6 selected depths in the columns and analysed for O₂, CO₂ and N₂ concentrations. The agreement between the measured and the modelled concentrations was good for the untreated soil (R²= 0.60) and very good for the soil spiked with 1000 mg kg⁻¹ (R²= 0.96) and 5000 mg kg⁻¹ (R²= 0.97). Oxygen consumption ranged from −0.15 to −2.25 mol O₂ m⁻³ soil day⁻¹ and CO₂ production ranged from 0.20 to 2.07 mol CO₂ m⁻³ soil day⁻¹. A significantly greater mean O₂ consumption (P < 0.001) and CO₂ production (P < 0.005) over time was observed for the soils spiked with diesel compared with the untreated soil, which suggests biodegradation of the diesel substrate. Diesel degradation rates calculated from respiration data were 1.5–2.1 times less than the change in total petroleum hydrocarbon content. The inability of this study to correlate respiration data to actual changes in diesel concentration could be explained by volatilization, long‐term sorption of diesel hydrocarbons to organic matter and incorporation of diesel hydrocarbons into microbial biomass, aspects of which require further investigation.     

农村能源建设对减排SO2和CO2贡献分析方法

农村能源建设从节约能源和开发利用可再生能源以替代常规能源两个方面对减排ＳＯ₂和ＣＯ₂作出贡献。该文以国际通用的减排量计算方法为依据,在具体分析农村能源特点的基础上,提出了农村能源建设对减排ＳＯ₂和ＣＯ₂贡献的定量分析方法、计算公式和参数,并对１９９６年农村能源建设的环境效益进行了计算。此方法可为农村能源政策分析提供有益参考。     

Fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O from drained organic soils in deciduous forests

We examined net greenhouse gas exchange at the soil surface in deciduous forests on soils with high organic contents. Fluxes of CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O were measured using dark static chambers for two consecutive years in three different forest types; (i) a drained and medium productivity site dominated by birch, (ii) a drained and highly productive site dominated by alder and (iii) an undrained and highly productive site dominated by alder. Although the drained sites had shallow mean groundwater tables (15 and 18 cm, respectively) their average annual rates of forest floor CO₂ release were almost twice as high compared to the undrained site (1.9±0.4 and 1.7±0.3, compared to 1.0±0.2 kg CO₂ m⁻² yr⁻¹). The average annual CH₄ emission was almost 10 times larger at the undrained site (7.6±3.1 compared to 0.9±0.5 g CH₄ m⁻² yr⁻¹ for the two drained sites). The average annual N₂O emissions at the undrained site (0.1±0.05 g N₂O m⁻² yr⁻¹) were lower than at the drained sites, and the emissions were almost five times higher at the drained alder site than at the drained birch site (0.9±0.35 compared to 0.2±0.11 g N₂O m⁻² yr⁻¹). The temporal variation in forest floor CO₂ release could be explained to a large extent by differences in groundwater table and air temperature, but little of the variation in the CH₄ and N₂O fluxes could be explained by these variables. The measured soil variables were only significant to explain for the within-site spatial variation in CH₄ and N₂O fluxes at the undrained swamp, and dark forest floor CO₂ release was not explained by these variables at any site. The between-site spatial variation was attributed to variations in drainage, groundwater level position, productivity and tree species for all three gases. The results indicate that N₂O emissions are of greater importance for the net greenhouse gas exchange at deciduous drained forest sites than at coniferous drained forest sites.