毛白杨转录因子PtCBF5的表达模式分析

利用RT-PCR手段克隆得到1个毛白杨CBF基因cDNA,命名为PtCBF5(GenBank注册:DQ354395)。PtCBF5全长837bp,该序列包括起始密码子ATG和42bp的5′末端非编码区,终止密码子TGA和98bp的3′末端非编码区,开放阅读框编码231个氨基酸。RT-PCR半定量研究表明:PtCBF5在叶片组织中的表达量高,茎、根中的表达量低。组培苗在低温、干旱、NaCl、ABA条件下处理诱导24h,在低温和干旱的条件下PtCBF5表达量在诱导30min后开始增加,分别在2h和6h达到峰值,24h后又恢复到初始水平;而高盐和ABA存在的条件下未有显著变化。PtCBF5在植物体适应寒冷和干旱的过程中可能有着重要作用,尤其在逆境初期。     

毛白杨纤维素合酶基因PtCesA_4的克隆、表达及单核苷酸多态性分析

组合利用生物信息学和RT-PCR方法,首次从毛白杨未成熟木质部cDNA中分离出PtCesA4cDNA全长,并进行测序和序列分析,结果表明克隆的毛白杨PtCesA4 cDNA片段总长为3 757 bp,基因内部含有完整的开放阅读框架,大小为3 129 bp,可编码长度为1 042个氨基酸残基的蛋白质,所推导的蛋白质氨基酸序列与拟南芥AtCesA4、水稻OsCesA,和火炬松PtCesA2的蛋白质氨基酸序列同源性分别为80.3%,78.9%和75.6%.组织特异性Realtime-PCR结果显示,PtCesA4基因在杨树根、茎、叶片和顶端分生组织中均有表达,但其表达模式却不同:PtCesA4在成熟叶片、未成熟木质部和成熟木质部中表达丰度最高,在根部和顶端分生组织表达丰度中等,在树皮和韧皮部有少量表达,在形成层中表达丰度最低.在此基础上,组合利用MEGA3.1和DnaSP4.50.4软件对毛白杨40株基因型个体的PtCesA4序列进行比对和分析,检测到153个单核苷酸多态性(sinsh nueleotide polymorphism,SNP)位点,SNP频率为1/35 bp,多样性指数π/0.005 02.其中51个是常见SNPs,102个为罕见SNPs.在这些SNPs中,有118个属于转换,35个属于颠换.在外显子区域,共检测到69个SNP位点,其中59个为同义突变,10个为错义突变.对PtCesA4基因内SNPs进行的连锁不平衡分析结果显示,随着核苷酸序列长度的增加,SNPs的连锁不平衡在基因内部迅速衰退,因此,在毛白杨中,基于PtCesA4基因的连锁不平衡作图是可行的,而基于整个杨树基因组的连锁不平衡作图是不可行的.也是不必要的.研究结果为毛白杨PtCesA4基因的连锁不平衡作图及其基因辅助毛白杨木材纤维性状的分子育种提供了理论依据.     

杨树生物钟节律基因PtCCA1的克隆及表达模式研究

生物钟节律基因CCA1在植物的光周期反应中起着重要的调控作用.利用RT-PCR方法克隆获得了一条包含1902 bp开放阅读框的杨树CCA1基因cDNA序列,其编码633个氨基酸残基,蛋白的分子量约为68.90 kDa,等电点为6.33.分析显示含有1个Myb-like DNA结合域及2个蛋白跨膜结合域.实时荧光定量PCR分析发现,PtCCA1基因主要在杨树叶组织中表达;随着光照时间的变化,该基因在杨树中的表达量呈现白昼不断降低而夜晚逐渐升高的昼夜变化趋势.研究结果为进一步探索PtCCA1基因在调控杨树光周期响应途径中的功能以及杨树光周期敏感机制提供了科学基础.     

毛白杨PtCDD基因5'片段的原核表达及功能分析

根据GenBank中毛白杨钙离子依赖型脱氧核糖核酸酶(PtCDD)基因序列,以毛白杨形成层区域的cDNA为模板,经PCR扩增出该基因上游637 bp的cDNA片段.将该片段与PET-30b( )载体连接,构建杨树PtCDD基因片段原核表达载体并进行表达研究,获得大量的PtCDD-(HIS)6 融合蛋白.并进一步对该蛋白进行纯化和功能检测.结果表明:PtCDD基因片段能够在大肠杆菌体内表达出具有DNase功能的蛋白,克服了因表达全酶可能强烈降解DNA所带来的不能最终获得表达产物的问题,为今后PtCDD蛋白的抗体制备以及进一步研究奠定了基础.     

毛白杨PtDREB2A基因的克隆、表达及单核苷酸多态性分析

利用基因特异的PCR引物由毛白杨受干旱胁迫后构建的cDNA文库中扩增获得一PtDREB2A cDNA克隆,并进行测序和序列分析,结果表明:PtDREB2A cDNA片段总长为946 bp,基因内部含有完整的开放阅读框架,大小为864 bp,可编码长度为287个氨基酸残基的蛋白质,所推导的蛋白质氨基酸序列在AP2/ERF结构功能域与拟南芥AtDREB2A和水稻OsDREB2A蛋白的同源性分别为80.3%和83.3%。组织特异性Realtime-PCR结果显示,PtDREB2A在杨树根、茎、叶片和顶端分生组织中均有表达,但其表达模式不同:PtDREB2A在叶片表达丰度最高,在树干皮层及根部组织表达丰度中等,而在顶端分生组织及主干韧皮部、形成层与木质部表达丰度最低。非生物胁迫及激素诱导差异表达显示,PtDREB2A不仅受高温、低温、干旱与盐诱导表达,还受到激素IAA,NAA及GA3的上调表达,但与ABA的诱导无关。组合利用MEGA4.0和DnaSP4.50.4软件对毛白杨45株基因型个体的PtDREB2A序列进行比对和分析,共检测到49个单核苷酸多态性(SNP)位点,SNP频率为1/18 bp,多样性指数π为0.0...     

毛白杨蔗糖合酶基因PtSUS1的克隆、表达及单核苷酸多态性分析

利用RT-PCR方法,首次从毛白杨成熟木质部cDNA文库中分离出PtSUS1 cDNA全长,并进行了测序和序列分析。结果表明:克隆的毛白杨PtSUS1 cDNA片段总长为2703bp,基因内部含有完整的开放阅读框架,大小为2415bp,可编码长度为805个氨基酸残基的蛋白质,所推导的蛋白质氨基酸序列与拟南芥AtSUS1、水稻OsSUS1的蛋白质氨基酸序列同源性分别为83.4%,75.7%。组织特异性Realtime-PCR结果显示,PtSUS1在成熟木质部表达丰度最高,在成熟叶片、根部和正在发育的木质部表达丰度中等,在韧皮部和形成层有少量表达,在嫩叶与顶端分生组织中表达丰度最低。在此基础上,组合利用MEGA4.0和DnaSP4.50.4软件对毛白杨40株基因型个体的PtSUS1序列进行比对和分析,共检测到235个单核苷酸多态性(SNP)位点,SNP频率为1/25bp,多样性指数π为0.00924。在外显子区域,共检测到66个SNP位点,其中55个为同义突变,10个为错义突变,1个为无义突变。在编码区内,非同义突变与同义突变的比率<1,这一结果显示在毛白杨物种演化过程中,纯化选择是PtSUS1基因内同义SNP位...     

杨树Na+/H+反向运输蛋白基因(PtNHX1、PtNHX6)的克隆和检测

Na /H 反向运输蛋白基因(NHX)是在细菌、植物和动物体内普遍存在的一类膜蛋白基因家族.迄今已在模式植物拟南芥中分离出AtNHX1、AtNHX2、AtNHX3、 AtNHX4、 AtNHX5和 AtNHX6共6个成员,并发现部分成员对盐胁迫有不同程度的响应.以AtNHX1和AtNHX6的cDNA核苷酸序列为信息探针, 基于可利用的杨树EST数据库和毛果杨全基因组测序结果,通过电子杂交辅助的克隆技术,从毛白杨形成层cDNA中分离得到长度分别为1 635 bp和1 709 bp的2个cDNA,其分别含有编码544个和526个氨基酸残基的完整开放阅读框. 由它们所推导的蛋白质序列与拟南芥、水稻、小麦和玉米的NHX1和NHX6基因的蛋白质序列高度同源, 同源性分别为79%、76%、69%和74%以及82%、82%、27%和26%, 故将其命名为PtNHX1和PtNHX6(GenBank 注册号分别为AY660749和AY832912).Southern 杂交分析表明, PtNHX1和PtNHX6均为低拷贝基因(或有一些高度同源的基因),在杨树基因组中以1 ～ 4个拷贝形式存在.组织特异性RT-PCR结果显示, PtNHX1和PtNHX6基因在杨树根、茎和叶片中均有表达,但其表达模式稍有不同:PtNHX1在根部、形成层、未成熟木质部、成熟叶和嫩叶中均高度表达,在韧皮部和成熟木质部中有少量表达,而PtNHX6在根部、成熟叶和嫩叶中表达丰度较高,在韧皮部、形成层、未成熟木质部表达丰度较低,在成熟木质部中表达丰度极低.NaCl诱导的杨树叶片差异表达RT-PCR检测结果初步表明,PtNHX1和PtNHX6基因均受盐诱导表达,当溶液中NaCl浓度在100～400 mmol·L-1内,随着盐浓度的提高,PtNHX1和PtNHX6基因的表达丰度逐渐增强,但超过400 mmol·L-1后,其表达丰度均有所降低,这与所测定的叶片ABA含量匹配.     

杨树类锌指基因ZFL的功能分析

以毛果杨叶片cDNA为模板,采用PCR技术分离出杨树ZFL基因,序列分析结果表明该基因序列开放读码框315 bp,共编码104个氨基酸,推导的蛋白质分子量为11.202 kDa,理论等电点9.83,命名为PtrZFL.对ZFL基因进行实时荧光定量PCR表达分析,结果表明:甘露醇、NaCl、H202、ABA、低温胁迫都能诱导PtrZFL基因的表达,且PtrZFL表达量在ABA处理3h时达到最高,然后随处理时间延长而逐渐降低;低温(4℃)胁迫在6h后能显著诱导PtrZFL基因表达,并随着低温处理能一直保持较高水平的表达.根据毛果杨基因组信息设计引物,获得了PtrZFL基因上游1000bp的启动子序列,序列分析结果表明该启动子包含有多个与胁迫相关的元件,如抗冻、缺水、抗寒、脱落酸响应元件ABRE、MYB和WRKY.GUS活性检测发现,该启动子在转基因拟南芥整株中都有表达,但在根部和成熟叶片中表达较强,其他位置表达微弱.     

SA及H2O2在杨树与溃疡病菌互作中的表达差异

以毛白杨和北京杨为试验材料,研究不同杨树接种溃疡病菌后信号分子水杨酸(SA)和过氧化氢(H2O2)的变化差异.结果表明:毛白杨接种后SA与H202含量显著上升,72 h时内源游离SA含量达到峰值(191.41μg·g-1 FW),并伴随H2O2含量的增加和CAT酶活性的降低;而北京杨接种后内源游离SA含量变化不显著(峰值仅为7.83μg-g-1 FW),不伴随CAT活性的下降,且H2O2含量与毛白杨相比达到峰值的时间早,峰值低(分别为737.52和306.99 nmol·g-1 FW),说明不同杨树与溃疡病菌互作体系中SA与H2O2差异显著;同时,克隆获得编码毛白杨水杨酸结合蛋白PtSABP和北京杨PbSABP蛋白的2个基因,氨基酸序列比对分析证明,PtSABP和PbSABP编码的氨基酸与烟草(NtSABP)氨基酸同一性为90％.RT-PCR分析表明:接种后毛白杨SABP基因的表达在6～24 h时受到抑制,推测此时SA与SABP结合,抑制SABP的CAT活性,从而促使24 h后H2O2含量的显著升高.本试验证明:不同杨树接种溃疡病菌后SA与H2O2变化差异显著,杨树对溃疡病的抗性与其体内SA与H2O2的积累情况有关.     

小叶杨GA20氧化酶基因的克隆、表达及单核苷酸多态性分析

利用RT-PCR方法,首次从小叶杨未成熟木质部cDNA中分离出PsGA20Ox cDNA全长及其基因组DNA,并进行测序和序列分析.结果表明:克隆的小叶杨PsGA20Ox cDNA片段总长为1 403 bp,基因内部含有完整的开放阅读框架,大小为1 155 bp,编码区可编码长度为385个从残基,所推导的蛋白质氨基酸序列与拟南芥和水稻GA20Ox蛋白的同源性分别为66.0%和57.0%.组织特异性RT-PCR结果显示,PsGA20Ox基因在杨树茎、叶片和顶端分生组织中均有表达,但其表达模式却不同:PsGA20Ox在成熟木质部中表达丰度最高,在未成熟木质部和嫩叶中表达丰度较高,在顶端分生组织中有少量表达,在形成层组织中表达丰度极低.在此基础上,组合利用MEGA4.0和DnaSP4.50.4软件对小叶杨36株基因型个体的PsGA20Ox基因组DNA序列进行比对和分析,检测到49个单核苷酸多态性(SNP)位点,频率为1/35 bp.其中,15个是常见SNPs,34个为罕见SNPs.在这些SNPs中,37个属于转换,12个属于颠换.在外显子区域,共检测到26个SNP位点,其中23个为同义突变,3个为错义突变.对PsGA20Ox基因内SNPs进行的连锁不平衡分析表明,随着核苷酸序列长度的增加,SNPs的连锁不平衡在基因内部就迅速衰退,因此,在小叶杨中,基于候选基因的连锁不平衡作图是可行的,而基于整个杨树基因组的连锁不平衡作图是不可行的,也是不必要的.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.