酸雨与土壤生态系统

酸雨能改变土壤生态系统中土壤酸碱性,增加土壤毒害,降低土壤活性,破坏土壤结构,同时土壤生态系统影响酸雨的形成和污染.针对我国国情提出进一步增强全民绿化意识,挖掘土壤生态系统潜在功能,提高植物对酸雨的抗性,采取加强筛选和大力推广抗酸雨、抗SO2污染的优质植物品种等生态措施,为减缓酸雨污染土壤生态环境寻求有效途径.     

酸雨对土壤呼吸的影响机制研究进展与展望

土壤呼吸是陆地生态系统与大气之间进行碳交换的主要途径,其动态变化直接影响着全球碳平衡。由于人类活动的影响,酸雨成为人类当前面临的最严重的生态环境问题之一,但其对土壤呼吸的影响及其机理尚无定论。本文综述了不同生态系统土壤呼吸对酸雨的响应特征,多数文献表明,高强度的酸雨抑制土壤呼吸,而在低强度的酸雨作用下土壤呼吸的响应存在差异。从影响土壤呼吸的4个关键生物因子,即光合作用、微生物、凋落物和根系生物量,重点讨论了酸雨对土壤呼吸的影响机制。在此基础上,提出了以下研究展望:①开展土壤呼吸对不同组成类型酸雨的响应研究;②开展与土壤碳排放相关的功能微生物对酸雨的响应研究;③开展不同物候期土壤呼吸对酸雨的响应研究;④开展土壤呼吸各过程对酸雨的响应研究;⑤建立全球酸雨地区土壤碳排放监测研究网络。     

酸雨与土壤生态系统

酸雨能改变土壤生态系统中土壤酸碱性,增加土壤毒害,降低土壤活性,破坏土壤结构,同时土壤生态系统影响酸雨的形成和污染。针对我国国情提出进一步增强全民绿化意识,挖掘土壤生态系统潜在功能,提高植物对酸雨的抗性,采取加强筛选和大力推广抗酸雨、抗ＳＯ２污染的优质植物品种等生态措施,为减缓酸雨污染土壤生态环境寻求有效途径。     

模拟酸雨对酸性土壤铝溶出及其形态转化的影响

通过采样、酸雨模拟试验和样品分析，研究了我国南方酸沉降区主要土壤类型在模拟酸雨影响下，土壤中铝离子释放及铝形态转化的特点。结果表明，酸雨淋洗造成土壤中铝离子释放；酸雨pH值越低，则铝离子释放量越大。酸雨淋洗还造成土壤中铝形态发生变化；酸雨pH值越低，则土壤中羟基态铝和腐殖质铝含量越低，交换态铝含量越高，从而导致土壤中的铝对植物和生态系统的危害性也越大。     

模拟酸雨对红壤铝形态的影响

用动态淋洗试验，研究了不同ｐＨ的模拟酸雨对红壤中铝形态和性质的影响。结果表明，酸雨淋洗引起红壤中盐基离子的淋失和土壤铝的溶出。随着酸雨溶液，ＰＨ的降低，盐基淋失量和铝溶出量增加，酸雨淋洗影响土壤铝形态的转化，使红壤中交换态铝上升，吸附态羟基铝有所下降。这说明在酸雨长期作用下，羟基铝溶解，并转化为交换态铝和引起铝的溶出，使铝进入环境，危害生态系统。     

模拟酸雨对土壤重金属镉形态转化的影响

在模拟酸雨作用下,研究了酸雨对不同Cd污染程度下土壤重金属Cd释放和形态分布、转化规律的影响.结果表明,模拟酸雨浸泡土壤后,土壤pH值高于酸雨浸泡前的土壤pH值和模拟酸雨的pH值,表明土壤表面存在质子的消耗,这可能与硫酸根的专性吸附释放羟基和矿物表面的质子化有关.酸雨浸泡土壤能增加土壤活性态Cd的含量,酸雨酸度越大,土壤Cd含量越高,Cd的活化能力越大.当昆山土壤pH值平均由7.20下降到6.42时,Cd的活化率增加了0.34% ～ 3.29%,因此,在昆山土壤酸化严重的背景下,其土壤重金属Cd的活化趋势明显,由重金属Cd释放而对人类和生物造成的风险较大.     

不同 NO_3~-/SO_4~(2-)比的酸雨对土壤中阳离子淋失的影响

硫酸和硝酸这样的大气酸性污染物的沉降作用,加速了营养阳离子从陆生生态系统向水生生态系统的转移,同时也促进了土壤矿物的汽化、铝的溶解及土壤的酸化。土壤阳离子的淋溶是一种相当复杂的现象,它不仅决定于渗透雨水的离子组成,而且也取决于土壤的特性。酸雨可用其 pH中性盐含量和阴离子组成来表示其特征。一     

酸雨对陆地生态系统的影响

当前酸雨已成为举世瞩目的环境问题。在西欧、北欧和北美一些国家,酸雨对生态环境特别是水体生态系统的危害,得到了普遍的确认。但是酸雨对陆地生态系统的影响究竟如何,看法尚不一致。现将国外近年有关研究结果作一简要综述。     

降水酸度对马尾松根际环境中铝形态的影响

为了探明降水酸度对植物根际环境中铝形态的影响,以马尾松为例,采用根箱栽培、配制不同pH值的模拟酸雨以室外模拟酸雨喷淋法研究马尾松根际及非根际土壤中铝形态的特征及规律.研究结果表明:酸雨对土壤中铝化合物具有溶蚀作用,可促进土壤里活性铝离子(Al3+)溶出,并且酸雨pH值越低,活性铝离子累积溶出量越大,溶出的铝所形成的铝形态在马尾松根际土壤与非根际土壤以及根际不同土层之间存在一定差异,马尾松根际pH值和根系分泌物协同影响铝形态的动态变化.根际土壤中有机铝结合态含量增加.交换态铝含量则稍稍下降.     

模拟酸雨胁迫对赤红壤磷素形态特征的影响

通过田间小区模拟酸雨实验,研究酸雨胁迫下赤红壤不同磷素形态变化的方向和程度。结果表明,原位模拟酸雨影响下,一定强度（pH≥4.0）的酸雨胁迫能有效促进有效磷的释放,而当pH〈4.0强度酸雨胁迫时有效磷的释放随pH值降低逐渐受到抑制。随酸雨酸度的增强,土壤酸性磷酸酶和微生物量磷均呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,可见一定强度酸雨胁迫能促进溶磷微生物和磷酸酶活性,而当高强度酸雨胁迫时土壤微生物活动逐渐受到抑制。无机磷组分中Al-P、Ca-P和Fe-P含量均随酸雨酸度的增强而降低,土壤O-P含量没有显著变化。相关分析发现,有效磷含量与微生物量磷、酸性磷酸酶呈极显著正相关,表明此时土壤有效磷变化与有机磷矿化关系最为密切。有效磷含量与各种形态无机磷（Al-P、O-P、Ca-P和Fe-P）含量之间也有较强的正相关性,表明土壤生态系统磷素转化是一个自我调节的动态平衡过程,且在一定条件下可以相互转化。     

酸雨对黄土磷的淋溶效应

采用室内土柱模拟淋溶试验,分析了陕西省杨凌区3种土壤在5个酸雨梯度的侵蚀作用下,土壤磷的释放和迁移规律.结果表明,酸雨会使土壤受到一定程度的酸化,而土壤的酸化程度与酸雨的pH值、土壤的类型、土壤的pH值、阳离子交换量、有机质含量有关.土壤对酸雨的缓冲能力由大到小的顺序为:腐殖质层＞母质层＞黏化层.随着酸雨累积淋溶量的增加,土壤磷的释放总量呈增加趋势,但淋失率会下降.酸雨的pH值为5时土壤磷的累积淋失量最大,土壤磷的累积淋失量和淋失率顺序为:腐殖质层＞黏化层＞母质层.酸雨对腐殖质层的磷具有最强侵蚀效应.母质层和黏化层的酸化主要发生在土壤表层,而腐殖质层酸化主要发生在土壤底层,酸雨侵蚀后腐殖质层酸化最严重.长期的酸雨侵蚀会导致土壤磷流失,造成土壤养分贫瘠化.     

Effects of sulfuric,nitric, and mixed acid rain on litter decomposition,soil microbial biomass,and enzyme activities in subtropical forests of China

Acid rain pollution is changing gradually from sulfuric acid rain (SAR) to mixed acid rain (MAR) and then to nitric acid rain (NAR) with the rapidly growing number of motor vehicles. The influences of changed acid rain types on ecosystem functions, particularly on litter decomposition, remain unclear. Two dominant litter types from a coniferous forest and a broad-leaved forest were incubated in microcosms with original forest soils and treated by five types of acid rain with different SO₄²⁻ to NO₃⁻ ratios (1:0, 5:1, 1:1, 1:5, and 0:1). During a six-month incubation period, litter mass losses, soil microbial biomass, and enzyme activities were investigated. Results showed that various acid treatments inhibited litter decomposition, soil microbial biomass, and most enzyme activities, and the inhibitory effects of NAR were more significant than those of SAR and MAR. The resistance to external acid of microbial communities in broad-leaved forest was higher than that in coniferous forest. NAR and MAR treatments slowed down soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) mineralization by attenuating the correlations between litter mass losses and the enzymes involved in C, N, and P cycling. Results reveal that the ratio of SO₄²⁻ to NO₃⁻ in acid rain is an important factor which profoundly influences litter decomposition process. In the future, a decreasing ratio of SO₄²⁻ to NO₃⁻ in acid rain will be observed in subtropical forests. Thus, soil C would accumulate as a consequence of future acid precipitation, and this may seriously affect the balance of ecosystem C, N flux.     

Effect of simulated acid rain on mycorrhizal infection of Pinus strobus L.

Mycorrhizal infection but not growth of white pine seedlings was reduced by application of simulated rain at pH 3.5 at 3 times ambient rates to plants grown in steamed Mardin soil inoculated with Pisolithus tinctorius. In unsteamed Mardin soil, the simulated acid rain at 3 times ambient rates had no effect on mycorrhizal infection or growth of pine seedlings if the rain was applied to the plants and soil or to only the soil before planting, except that nitrate-containing acid rain increased growth, infection and N content. In limed Mardin soil, the simulated acid rain reduced mycorrhizal infection if applied to the plants and soil as the seedlings were growing but not if applied to the soil before planting. Application of pH 3.5 rain at ambient rates had no detectable influence on mycorrhizal infection in 6 of 9 soils tested, but it stimulated infestion in 3 soils if the simulated rain contained only sulfate and in 1 soil if it had both sulfate and nitrate.     

Application of Ground Phosphate Rock to Dimmish the Effects of Simulated Acid Rain on Soil Properties

The effects of simulated acid rain retained in soil on the properties of acid soil and its diminishing by application of ground phosphate rock were investigated by using the sorption method.Results show as follows:(1)For yellow brown soil,the effect of simulated acid rain on the properties of soil with a pH value of 5.9 was relatively small,except a great quantity of acid rain deposited on it.(2) for red soil,the effect of simulated acid rain on the properties of soil was significant.With the increase of the amount of acid deposition,the pH value of soil was declined,but the contents of exchangeable H^ ,Al^3 and Mn^2 and the amount of SO4^1- retention were increased.(3) Many properties of acid soils could be improved by applying ground phosphate rock.For example,pH value of soils and the amounts of available P and exchangeable Ca^2 and Mg^2 were increased,and the amounts of exchangeable H^ and Al^3 and SO4^2- retained was reduced.The application of ground posphate rock could effctively diminish the pollution of acid rain to soil.     

溅蚀研究进展

溅蚀是水蚀的初始阶段,是雨滴对地表击打直接作用的结果,是一个动能减少,地表土壤颗粒发生位移的过程。溅蚀主要发生在坡面产生径流之前和刚产生径流时,是水蚀的主要形式之一。国内外学者对溅蚀的影响因素的研究主要集中在降雨特征、土壤特性以及地形因素等方面,其中主要影响因子包括:坡度、降雨特征、植被覆盖和土层结构。溅蚀量随坡度的增大逐渐增多,但是坡度超过临界坡度时,随坡度增大而减小;随降雨强度和雨滴大小增大而增大;地表植被对降雨有直接的再分配的过程,主要表现为截流、透流和干流3方面,当地表覆盖物超过1cm时,溅蚀可以完全消失;不同级配的土壤颗粒抗溅蚀能力不同,粒径在0.15mm附近的颗粒最容易被溅蚀,溅蚀同时随着土壤结皮厚度增大,土壤抗溅蚀能力增强。然而目前国内外对溅蚀的研究主要是在实验室模拟条件下完成的,较少有野外实地的研究,更缺乏在实际农业生产条件下的研究。所以需要在前人的基础上结合我国有些地方坡耕地较多的情况,在不同作物、作物生产方式和土地耕作方式等条件下,探讨坡耕地溅蚀规律。     

模拟酸雨对茶园土壤中铅的溶出及形态转化的影响

采用模拟酸雨连续淋洗的方法,研究了茶园土壤的酸化以及不同铅污染程度土壤中铅的溶出和形态转化规律。结果表明,土壤的酸化程度受酸雨酸性强度的控制,酸雨pH越低,土壤酸化程度越强;土壤中铅的溶出总量随模拟酸雨的酸度和土壤本身含铅量的增加而增加,但是土壤滤液中铅含量随时间变化的规律只受模拟酸雨的pH影响;土壤铅污染程度越严重,其中的活性态铅含量越高,同时pH<4.5的酸雨会使土壤中的非活性态铅大量向活性态转化,这将导致土壤中铅的活化而增加其生态风险。     

模拟酸雨对红壤结构体及其胶结物影响的实验研究

通过模拟酸雨对浙江杭州红壤的淋溶实验 ,研究了酸雨对红壤结构体及其胶结物的影响。结果表明 ,酸雨降低了红壤团聚体的稳定性 ,表现为水稳性大团聚体的含量随酸雨 p H值的降低、持续时间的延长而减少 ;酸雨导致团聚体破坏率增高、稳定性降低。酸雨对红壤胶结物质的影响 ,表现为土壤有机质淋失增加 ,氧化铁活性提高。红壤团聚体的稳定性和结构性变差 ,会加速土壤侵蚀 ,表现出酸雨对红壤的可蚀性。     

Lysimeter Study on the Effects of Different Rain Qualities on Element Fluxes from Shallow Mountain Soils in Southern Norway

This study focuses on fluxes of elements from, and changes in the soil properties of shallow organic material rich soil as a result of changes in precipitation acidity. Intact soil columns including natural vegetation from two areas (one exposed to acidic precipitation and one unpolluted) were used in a lysimeter experiment. The lysimeters were watered with simulated normal rain (pH 5.3) or simulated acidic rain (pH 4.3) for four years. Sulphuric acid and ammonium nitrate were used to regulate the quality of the simulated rain. Significantly more SO₄ ^2? was leached from lysimeters receiving acid rain. Rain acidity had no significant effect on NO₃ ^? leaching. Significantly more Mg²⁺ was leached from lysimeters receiving acid rain, but this only applied for the soils from the unpolluted area. Four years of treatment did not cause any significant effect on the soil acidity and the amounts of base cations in the soil. The more acidic rain did, however, cause a significant lower cation exchange capacity. For the soils from the polluted area the acid precipitation did cause a lowering of the exchangeable K⁺ in the upper 5 cm of the soil. Different quality of the soil organic material indicated by different vegetation types appeared to cause significant differences in the amount of components leached from the soil, but did not cause any difference in response to the different rain qualities.     

棕壤和褐土的酸淋溶特征

用室内模拟淋洗土柱的方法 ,对棕壤和褐土的酸淋容特征进行了研究。结果表明 ,p H低的酸雨使棕壤严重酸化且有活性铝测出 ,但对褐土的影响相对较轻。 4种盐基离子淋失总量与酸雨的氢离子浓度呈极显著的正相关关系 ,淋失量 Ca2 >Mg2 >Na >K ,其中 Na 对酸雨的酸度最不敏感。电导率的变化与盐基淋失量的变化有相同趋势 ,但不同处理之间的差别倍数大于盐基淋失差别的倍数 ,4种酸雨对土壤的危害程度为 p H2 >p H3>p H4、p H5 ,其中危害棕壤的程度高于褐土。