宁安地区甜菜高产高糖配套措施

总结出直播甜菜产量51t/hm2,含糖17%的配套技术措施:推广优良品种甜研309,发挥其增产潜力;实行深松、深中耕,改善土壤环境;增施肥料,"三肥"下地,满足甜菜生理需肥;增加种植密度,改善群体结构;早播早管促早发;及时防治甜菜病虫害,保护同化器官;及时收获,发挥机械作业优势。     

九三垦区甜菜播种期的研究

随着全局农业生产的迅速发展,甜菜种植面积逐年扩大。为此,摸清甜菜适宜的播种日期及适播范围就成为当前生产上保苗、保产的迫切问题。到目前为止,虽然我局种植甜菜已有八年历史,但播期问题至今尚未统一解决。一般认为:“当地甜菜播种在四月末五月初最为合适”。九三科研所一九七九年至一九八一年针对甜菜播期进行了较细致的试验和理论研究。现已基本明确垦区甜菜播种日期及适播范围。本文就播期与气象因素的关系、播期与产量的关系等方面分别加以论述。     

甜菜优质高产综合配套栽培技术

131团甜菜种植首先走上了产业化发展的道路,积极推广运用新的科学技术,全面启动精准农业工程,强化田管各项技术措施,尤其是将良种良法、精量露播、化学除草、节水灌溉、机械采收、科学施肥及病虫害综合防治等先进适用技术配套应用,甜菜产量、含糖率得到稳步提高。     

采种甜菜高产数学模型及优化组合方案探讨

本文应用多元回归旋转正交组合设计方法对采种甜菜高产栽培技术中5个主要因素进行了分析,并求得采种甜菜优化农艺措施的产量数学模型。试验结果认为,采种甜菜亩产225kg以上的播期为8月上旬,种植密度为2769～2923株/亩,亩施硫铵51.5～56.0kg,过磷酸钙48.0～54.0kg,氯化钾11.0～12.5kg;5个因素中氮肥对采种甜菜产量影响最大,其次为播期和钾肥;在交互作用中,以磷钾肥作用最明显。     

内蒙古固阳冷凉干旱区发展甜菜生产的问题及对策

调查表明,内蒙古固阳冷凉干旱区发展甜菜生产有其地域优势,如土地资源丰富、光热资源充足、甜菜糖分较高且品质好等。为克服其不利因素应采取以下栽培措施:1)普及推广地膜覆盖栽培及纸筒育苗移栽;2)适时早播,坐水种(栽);3)测土施肥,推广甜菜专用肥等。同时还要开展旱作甜菜的开发研究,以充分利用土地资源。     

谈甜菜复播母根的优点

甜菜复播母根采种的研究和应用,早在五、六十年代就有人提出了许多研究报告和经验总结,认为复播母根采种可提高土地利用率、降低种子成本,其后代的经济性状优于春播母根等,在甜菜良种繁育工作中是一项切实可行的增产增收的技术措施。就内蒙古自治区而言,全区每年栽植甜菜采种一万五千至二万亩,培育母根二万多亩,而复播的面积仅占三分之一。因此,积极推广利用甜菜复播母根采种,无论是在科学繁殖甜菜种子,还是在经济效益方面,都有着十分明显的作用。这是因为,利用复播母根采种较春播母根有如下优点:     

新疆产区有机甜菜栽培技术探讨

根据新疆甜菜产区的气候特点以及灌溉农业、机械化种植的特点,从播前准备、播种、苗期管理、中期管理和后期管理等环节详细介绍了有机甜菜栽培技术。     

甜菜丰产栽培经验

黑龙江省597农场4分场位于三江平原的三角地带,属于大陆性气候.自1987年开始种植甜菜,每年种植面积在5000亩以上,3年平均亩产2吨以上,经济效益显著,甜菜生产已成为我场的主要经济作物,种植面积与产量逐年增加。我们的丰产栽培经验是:一、甜菜是深根系作物,80％种植地块选择秋起垄、深松、深翻的麦茬地,因此在春旱条件下,比春起垄地平均增产20.74％;二、根据我场的自然气候条件,最适宜的播期为5月上旬,这样,     

哲明甜菜丰产高糖栽培技术要点

内蒙古自治区哲里木盟甜菜生产攻关领导小组制定的甜菜亩产2t以上、含糖17度以上的技术措施如下:播前准备(10月下旬至4月上旬)合理选地、选茬:种植甜菜必须用黑五花土、白五花土和培肥后的白土。不犯风。不内涝、不粘板;选用4年以上没种过甜菜的玉米茬或没复种的小麦茬;十亩以上连片种植。整地、施底肥、浇底墒水:秋季翻地深度15～20cm,深松30～35cm。秋翻地于3月中     

甜菜现代化配套种植技术示范及推广

介绍了甜菜现代化种植配套栽培技术示范推广的实践过程,在生产实践过程中各个环节需要注意的事项,重点阐述了整地、播种及化学除草等几个关键环节所涉及的技术标准,对推广现代化甜菜种植模式具有重要指导作用。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.