宰前预冷处理对大口黑鲈冰藏品质的影响

为探讨活鱼宰前预冷对后期鱼片冷藏保鲜品质的影响,将鲜活大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)置于不同温度(15℃、10℃、5℃)的水槽中暂养0.5 h后,宰杀并取鱼片冰藏,分析第0、第3、第6、第9、第12、第15、第18和第21天时的鱼肉感官、理化指标[pH、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、鲜度指标(K值)、硫代巴比妥酸(TBA值)]及微生物[菌落总数(TVC)]变化情况,综合评价宰前预冷处理对大口黑鲈冰藏品质的影响。结果表明,15℃预冷处理可较好地保持大口黑鲈冰藏期间的品质,维持鱼肉感官品质,降低细菌的生长繁殖速度,延缓pH、TVB-N、K值、TBA值及菌落总数的上升,货架期较对照组延长约3 d。     

冰温臭氧水对鳗保鲜效果的研究

该研究通过测定鲜鲲（Engraulis japonius）在臭氧水冰温条件下贮藏保鲜过程中的微生物、理化指标和感官品质的变化来评价保鲜效果。试验表明,采用ρ（臭氧）为2～3mg·L^-1的臭氧水,在-1．1～0℃冰温条件下保鲜鳗能有效地抑制细菌繁殖,减缓脂肪氧化,延缓腐败变质,从而有效延长了保鲜期,在保鲜第3天仍能取得高品质的保鲜效果,达到海水鱼国家一级鲜度标准,保鲜第4天达到海水鱼国家二级鲜度标准,其菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）、硫代巴比妥酸（TBA）和感官评定得分都明显优于对照组,保鲜期比用普通冰藏的对照组能延长1～2d。     

鲈鱼在微冻保鲜过程中的质量变化

以感官评价、细菌总数、T-VBN、pH、ATPase活性、K等作为鲜度指标,研究鲈鱼在微冻(-3℃)保鲜过程中的质量变化规律,评价鲈鱼微冻保鲜的可行性.结果表明,鲈鱼在微冻过程中,①感官评分变化在前、中、后3个10天内下降速度分别为0.07、0.09、0.12分/天,但差异不显著;②细菌总数变化第30天下降至初始菌数的1/100;③T-VBN变化第30天时为0.156 6 mg/g,远未达到2级鲜度指标上限;④pH变化前10天一直下降,第10天最低为6.3,而后缓慢上升;⑤ATPase活性下降速度很快,第20天下降至0.005 3μmol/(min@mg),基本丧失活性;⑥K变化前5天由5.2%迅速升到22.33%,此后上升速度趋于缓慢,第30天达到34.362%.微冻可以明显抑制其细菌总数的增长,并维持其较低的T-VBN和K值.但是,微冻条件下鲈鱼的蛋白质变性速度较快.     

壳聚糖在对虾保鲜中作用的初步研究

本试验采用壳聚糖为主要成分与常用的防腐剂和护色剂进行保鲜性能对比实验,以及在一定温条件下实验对虾类的防腐败保鲜效果,并且以感官指标、TVB-N值、pH值、细菌总数等作为鲜度指标定期取样测定。实验结果表明,壳聚糖涂膜保鲜剂和蜂胶保鲜剂用于对虾的保鲜效果良好,可以抑制细菌总数的增长,维持较低的TVB-N值,改善对虾的感官质量,延长对虾的贮藏期。     

冰温结合保鲜剂贮藏对牙鲆鲜度和质构的影响

研究了冰温结合复合配方保鲜剂贮藏技术对褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)鲜度和质构特征参数变化的影响,同时与单一冰温贮藏样品的相应变化进行了比较和分析.结果表明:冰温结合保鲜剂贮藏方法能够显著延缓牙鲆鱼肉样品细菌总数、K值、TVB-N和pH值等的增加速度;随着贮藏时间的延长,样品组织结构、破断强度和感官指标等的变化均呈现减缓趋势;与单一冰温贮藏条件的样品相比,冰温结合保鲜剂样品的货架期能有效延长10 d左右,达到最佳保鲜效果.     

冰温保鲜条件下牙鲆的鲜度及质构变化

研究牙鲆在冰温贮藏条件下鱼肉的鲜度指标(pH值、K值、TVB-N、细菌总数)和质构特征参数(感官评定、组织构造、破断强度等)的变化,并与冷藏样品的相应变化进行了比较分析.结果表明,随着贮藏时间的延长,菌落总数、K值和TVB-N上升,pH值则先下降后上升,冷藏后期样品pH值上升较快且很高;至货架期终点时破断强度呈减小趋势,组织结构逐渐劣化.与冷藏样品相比,冰温贮藏条件能更有效地抑制牙鲆鱼体内微生物的作用,延长牙鲆的贮藏期.     

鳙在冷藏和微冻贮藏下品质变化规律的研究

文章研究了鳙（Aristichthys nobilis）在不同贮藏温度下的品质变化规律。将经过前处理的鳙分别贮藏在4℃和-3℃中,通过测定其感官和理化指标,即总挥发性盐基氮（TVB—N）、硫代巴比妥酸（TBA）、鲜度K值、pH、汁液流失率和蒸煮损失率,评价不同温度对鳙品质的影响。结果显示,鳙分别在4℃贮藏至第10天和-3℃贮藏至第30天时失去感官食用品质。但K值在4℃贮藏至第6天和-3℃贮藏至第20天超过临界值。4℃下鳙的TVB—N显著高于-3℃。在整个贮藏过程中TBA均未超过2．00mg·kg-1。的限量值,说明TBA不适合单独用于评价鳙的品质变化。pH分别在4℃贮藏至第4天和-3℃贮藏至第10天达到最低值,分别为6．81和6．76。与4℃相比,-3℃下鳙的汁液流失率和蒸煮损失率较高,这可能与-3℃微冻条件下鳙肉组织冰晶生成导致持水力下降有关。综合K值和感官指标的变化,4℃和-3℃下鳙的货架期分别为6d和20d,且-3℃贮藏能明显延长鳙的货架期。     

气调包装结合臭氧预处理保鲜鲟鱼片

本文研究了气调包装(MAP,50%CO2+10%O2+40%N2)结合臭氧处理用于鲟鱼片保鲜的效果。通过以未经过臭氧预处理的MAP做对照组,试验分别研究了臭氧预处理10min、20min和30min对鲟鱼片MAP保鲜期的影响。结果表明:臭氧预处理能有效减少鲟鱼片原始的带菌数,减缓贮藏期间细菌总数和TVB-N值的增加速度,以及减缓感官品质的下降。综合分析臭氧预处理时间对鲟鱼片贮藏期间感官品质、细菌总数、TVB-N值和肌肉持水力的影响,确定以臭氧预处理20min效果最好,与对照组比较,贮藏货架期延长3～5d。     

南极大磷虾0、5和20℃贮藏中的品质变化

以感官、细菌总数、嗜冷菌数、TVB-N和TMA-N为指标,探讨了南极大磷虾在0、5和20℃贮藏中的品质变化,结合三氯乙酸可溶性氮含量和细菌菌相的变化对南极大磷虾腐败作用进行了分析。结果表明,南极大磷虾品质下降很快,0℃和5℃温度下15 h后品质不可接受,20℃温度下8 h后品质不可接受。0、5和20℃贮藏中南极大磷虾细菌总数、嗜冷菌数、TVB-N、TMA-N都有增加,三氯乙酸可溶性氮含量变化明显,细菌菌相变化不大,表明0、5和20℃贮藏中南极大磷虾自溶迅速,酶对其腐败起主要作用。     

Op—Ca保鲜剂对鲅鱼的保鲜效果

本文报告了常温下Op-Ca保鲜剂对鲅鱼（scomberomorus niphous)的保鲜效果。用0．05％的Op-Ca保鲜剂溶液浸泡鲅鱼30min后在常温（23℃）下贮藏，通过感官评价和细菌总数、T－VBN值等鲜度指标的测定，发现该保鲜剂对常温下的鲅鱼有较好的保鲜效果，能够延长常温下鲅鱼的保鲜期2天以上。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).