我国部分地区梅树病毒病的病原初步检测

梅是一种原产于中国、具有重要经济价值、花果兼用型的树种。在其生长繁育过程中易受病毒等病原侵染,从而可能造成严重的经济损失。目前我国梅树上病毒的发生及分布尚不清楚。为此,对无锡、武汉、上海、杭州、南京的梅园进行了调查,采集了115份样品,其中发现了疑似病毒病害,主要症状表现为花叶、卷叶、叶片皱缩、褪绿、脉间失绿等。RT-PCR检测出了苹果茎沟病毒(ASGV)、樱桃病毒A(CVA)和亚洲李属病毒2(APV 2),检出率分别为30.4%、4.3%和3.5%。此外,克隆了这三种病毒的外壳蛋白基因序列,同GenBank已登录的相应序列相似性为86%~99%(核苷酸水平)和83%~99%(氨基酸水平)。序列比较发现APV2梅分离物与日本梅分离物亲缘关系较近。     

Evaluation of the status of capsicum viruses in the main growing regions of Turkey

The incidence, severity and distribution of six viruses infecting capsicum were determined in the main growing areas of Turkey during the 2004 growing season. The surveys covered 50 randomly selected capsicum fields from four different areas in south-east Anatolia and the eastern Mediterranean region. 515 samples were individually collected and tested by DAS-ELISA for Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV), Alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus (AMV), Potato X potexvirus (PVX), Potato Y potyvirus (PVY), Pepper mild mottle tobamovirus (PMMoV) and Tobacco etch potyvirus (TEV). 64.8% of ELISA-tested capsicum samples (334 out of 515) were infected by one (41.7%) or more (23.1%) viruses. PVY was the most widespread (26.4%), followed by PVX (25.8%), AMV (25.2%), TEV (23%), PMMoV (9.1%) and CMV (8.3%). Surprisingly high AMV infection was found in three areas (Kahramanmaraş, Şanlıurfa and Gaziantep) where AMV is reported for the first time in this study. However, AMV was not detected in Hatay. PMMoV is another new virus, in all the tested areas.     

Viruses of grapevine in Syria

Surveys for virus and virus-like diseases were carried out in commercial vineyards and nurseries in seven different Syrian provinces (Aleppo, Dara'a, As Suwayda, Al Qunaytirah, Homs, Hamah, Tartous). Samples were collected at random from 835 individual vines (735 Vitis vinifera and 100 rootstock accessions) for laboratory testing. Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) , Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV), and Grapevine virus A (GVA) were the only viruses recovered by mechanical transmission to herbaceous hosts. Vein necrosis developed in c. 53% of graft-inoculated 110R indicators and vein mosaic in V. riparia inoculated with material from cv. Corna Alegra. A total of 71% of the ELISA-tested V. vinifera plants (522 out of 735) were infected by one (14.8%) or more (55.8%) viruses. GVA was the most widespread (54.7%), followed by Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 (GLRaV-1, 47.3%), Grapevine fleck virus (GFkV, 29.7%), and Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3, 23.9%). Other economically relevant viruses were scarcer, i.e. Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 (GLRaV-2, 9%), GFLV (0.8%) and ArMV (0.1%). The most important Syrian grapevine varieties, i.e. Hellwany, Salty, Balady, and Zeiny, had average infection rates that ranged between 44% and 91%. The highest incidence of infections was observed at Damascus (90%), whereas it ranged between 68% and 79% in the other provinces, except for Hama (36%). Rootstocks were in much better sanitary condition (25% infection). GFkV (22%) was the most common virus, whilst the presence of GLRaV-3 (3%), GLRaV-1, and GFLV (1%) was negligible. Grapevine rupestris stem pitting associated virus (GRSPaV) was detected in 72.3% of the samples by RT-PCR. A high percentage of the GRSPaV-positive vines (80%) induced vein necrosis reactions in 110R, thus confirming the recently established correlation between this virus and vein necrosis.     

Preliminary account of the phytosanitary status of stone-fruit trees in Lebanon

Investigations were carried out in the main stone-fruit growing areas of Lebanon to assess the phytosanitary condition of commercial orchards. The presence of virus and virus-like diseases and their identification was ascertained through: (i) field surveys, (ii) sap transmission to herbaceous hosts, (iii) graft transmission to woody indicators; and (iv) ELISA and IEM tests. The mean infection level was 25%. ranging from 5% in apricot to 45% in cherry. The following viruses were identified: apple chlorotic leaf spot trichovirus (ACLSV), prunus necrotic ringspot (PNRSV) and prune dwarf (PDV) ilarviruses. Plum pox potyvirus (PPV), apple mosaic ilarvirus (ApMV), and six nepoviruses tested for (SLRV, TBRV, RRV, CLRV, ArMV and ToRSV) were not encountered.     

Verticillium wilt of olive in Syria1

Verticillium wilt of olive was first recorded in Syria in mid-1978 and confirmed as due to Verticillium dahliae. This article reports observations made in a comprehensive survey of the disease in nine provinces over 7 years. Percent infection varied from 0.85 to 4.5 in different provinces. Newly planted groves in lowland areas showed more infection than older groves in hilly areas. Isolation of V. dahliae was possible at all times of year. Young trees were more susceptible to wilt than older ones. The performance of 13 local cultivars against wilt was studied under natural field conditions and found to vary greatly from susceptible to resistant. Agricultural practices greatly affect spread of the disease. High disease incidence was observed in irrigated groves compared with non-irrigated, and correlated positively with number of ploughings. Verticillium wilt causes a loss between 1 and 2.3% of total olive production annually.     

马铃薯病毒及其检疫重要性初析

本文列举了马铃薯上发生的２０多种病毒以及有关马铃薯病毒在我国的发生情况，分析了马铃薯Ａ病毒及马铃薯帚顶病毒的危险性及其检疫重要性。     

Viruses of pome fruit trees in Syria

A survey was conducted to evaluate the sanitary status of pome fruit trees in Syria during spring 2003 and 2004 in 6 governorates: Damascus, Al-Qunaitara and Al-Sweida (Southern region), Homs and Hama (Central region) and Latakia (Costal Western region), as the main production areas of pome fruits. Leaf samples from 1077 apples, 54 pears and 14 quince were collected and tested for the presence of Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV), Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) and Apple mosaic virus (ApMV) in 70 commercial orchards and 3 varietal collections by ELISA. Results showed that the virus infection rates were 34 and 2% in apple and pear, respectively. Quince trees were found to be virus tested free. ACLSV was prevailing on apple with 34%, whereas ASGV and ApMV were found in 2 and 0.2% of tested trees, respectively. Pear trees were infected only with ACLSV (2%). 21 apples and 15 pears representative budwood samples were indexed by grafting on the following indicators: (i) Malus pumila cvs. Virginia Crab and Radiant for apple and (ii) M. pumila cv. V. Crab and Pyrus communis cv. Nouveau Poiteau for pear. The virus infection rates by woody indexing were much higher than ELISA, Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV) and ASGV were found in 86 and 82% of apple tested samples, whereas they were 80 and 60% of pear tested samples, respectively. Additional RT-PCR testing carried out for a limited number of samples confirmed the high incidence of ACLSV ASPV, ASGV and the presence of ApMV. This is the first report on pome fruit viruses in Syria, indicating an unsatisfactory sanitary status of the industry. As a consequence, a certification program is recommended for producing locally healthy propagating material.     

区域生态环境状况综合评价——以甘肃省庆阳市为例

为了客观地掌握庆阳市生态环境状况、分析存在的问题,对政府制定合理的区域规划和经济发展战略提供科学依据,根据国家环保总局颁布实施的<生态环境状况评价技术规范(试行)>,运用生物丰度、植被覆盖、水网密度、土地退化和环境质量指数等五个指标,对庆阳市的生态环境状况进行评价与分析.结果表明:庆阳市总体生态环境状况良好,植被覆盖度...     

An evaluation of a virobacterial agglutination test for the detection of plant viruses

Agglutination of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria particles, conjugated with specific virus antibodies, has been used to identify a wide range of plant viruses in crude sap extracts. The test distinguishes between seven different potyviruses in homologous and heterologous reactions, but does not distinguish different strains of bean yellow mosaic virus. The sensitivity of the virobacterial agglutination (VBA) test compares favourably with virus detection in ISEM particle trapping and local lesion assay and is only slightly less sensitive than direct ELISA tests. The test is more sensitive and simpler to user than latex particle agglutination tests.     

Viruses and viroids of stone fruits in Syria

Field surveys were carried out in the main stone fruit-growing areas of Syria to evaluate the sanitary status of mother blocks, varietal collections and commercial orchards. The presence of virus and virus-like diseases was checked by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), sap transmission to herbaceous hosts, testing on the woody indicators Prunus persica cv. GF 305 and Prunus serrulata cv. Kwanzan and dot-blot hybridization tests. A total of 1337 samples was tested by ELISA (444 apricot, 283 peach, 246 cherry, 222 almond and 142 plum). The overall mean infection rate was 13%, and the percentage infection level of single species was: peach 24%, cherry 16%, almond 13.5%, apricot 6%, plum 5%. The following viruses and viroids were detected: PNRSV, PDV, ACLSV, PPV, ApMV, PLMVd and HSVd ¹ .     

多重PCR检测籽用西葫芦种子带毒及热处理脱毒效果分析

为了明确籽用西葫芦种子携带病毒的情况,以籽用西葫芦种子为材料,采用多重PCR技术检测种子带毒率。同时为了筛选出有效脱除病毒的方法,通过相对定量法分析了不同温度湿热和干热处理对种子携带病毒的钝化效果。结果表明,从7个籽用西葫芦品种种子幼苗中均可检测到CMV、ZYMV及WMV,其检出率分别为67.1%、50.0%和72.3%,多个病毒的复合检出率为66%。不同品种种子幼苗的病毒检出率有明显差异,其中‘粒丰9号’种子幼苗的病毒检出率最低,为60%,而‘京丰9号’,‘瑞丰9号’,‘绿丰9号’及‘金葫360’的病毒检出率均为100%。8种处理均能不同程度降低籽用西葫芦种子幼苗的带毒率,其中干热60、70、75℃,湿热75℃处理同时脱除WMV、CMV和ZYMV的效果最好。     

Phytophagous insect fauna of Onopordum spp. thistles in the south of Syria

Thistles from the genus Onopordum (Asteraceae) are of Mediterranean and Eurasian origin. They are very common in the south of Syria, in particular in Damascus and Al Suwayda, and are found in fallow fields, pastures, roadsides and neglected areas. In 2015–2017, several sites with large populations of Onopordum spp. were identified. Weekly surveys of some of the sites, mainly in the regions of Damascus and Al Suwayda, revealed a significant diversity of phytophagous insect species, some of which had a very high population density. A total of 29 insect species were detected, belonging to four orders and 21 families. The most abundant species were from the order Coleoptera. These were observed to be feeding on different plant parts of Onopordum spp. Purely endophagous species comprised 38% of the species observed on Onopordum spp., ectophagous species comprised 45% with 17% of species mixed ectophagous and endophagous. Species that only fed on Onopordum spp. represented 34% of all the species observed.     

小麦品种田间抗纹枯病性初步评价

采用相对抗病指数法对37份材料进行了田间抗纹枯性鉴定,结果表明,小麦品种（系）间抗感性差异十分明显,但未发现免疫和高抗材料,以最后一次（乳熟期）调查结果评价,曾经和正在湖北麦区推广的品种（系）中表现抗纹枯性相对较好材料较多,荆麦66、HX8541、鄂89－11、鄂恩1号、荆35、S048等品种被评价为中等耐病,占鉴定材料总数的16．2％;征集外省材料中,云2007、宁资21、南阳82505、郑831等被评价为中等耐病,占10．8％。     

Population structure and reproductive mode of Didymella fabae in Syria

Didymella fabae is a highly destructive fungal pathogen of faba bean (Vicia faba) that represents a significant yield‐limiting biotic constraint in all locations where the crop is grown. However, nothing is known about the population structure of this pathogen anywhere in the world. Population genetic analyses employing 18 sequence‐tagged microsatellite (STMS) markers covering eight genetic linkage groups and a PCR‐based mating type marker were used to elucidate the genetic structure and reproductive mode of the pathogen in three populations in Syria. High gene diversity within populations but low genetic differentiation among populations was observed and the entire collection of isolates was assigned to a single genetic population using a Bayesian clustering algorithm. Independent analyses were performed based on four unlinked sets of STMS markers to infer reproductive mode. A simulation approach was used to estimate which of the repeated multilocus genotypes were probably the result of asexual reproduction and should be clone‐corrected. A 1:1 ratio of mating types could not be rejected in any clone‐corrected population, probably due to small sample sizes. Likewise, frequency of clones and sample size, but not marker linkage, had strong effects on multilocus gametic disequilibrium. The null hypothesis of random mating was rejected in the majority of populations for both non‐clone‐corrected and clone‐corrected samples and with four sets of unlinked markers indicating a predominance of asexual reproduction in these populations. This represents the first detailed screening of clonal and genetic composition of D. fabae populations in Syria.     

夜蛾黑卵蜂对草地贪夜蛾田间防效的初步评价

夜蛾黑卵蜂Telenomus remus是草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda卵期的重要专性寄生蜂。本研究通过人工释放夜蛾黑卵蜂,利用释放回捕法于田间初步评价了夜蛾黑卵蜂对草地贪夜蛾卵的田间防效。结果显示,夜蛾黑卵蜂在田间对草地贪夜蛾卵块的寄生率达到100%,卵粒寄生率为84.39%,田间校正寄生率达83.54%。尽管试验全过程伴随有连续阴雨天气,但降雨对夜蛾黑卵蜂的田间防效未产生较大的负面影响。本研究是我国首例于田间应用夜蛾黑卵蜂防控草地贪夜蛾卵的报道,研究结果将为利用夜蛾黑卵蜂防控草地贪夜蛾提供重要参考。     

Scale insect species (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Syria

Scale insects in Syria were surveyed between 2009 and 2015. This study showed that Diaspididae and Coccidae were the most common families, comprising 5 and 8 species, respectively. The remaining families found comprised 1 species each. New records of Coccoidea fauna from Syria were Parlatoria blanchardi, Phoenicococcus marlatti, Coccus hesperidum, Coccus pseudomagnoliarum and Chionaspis etrusca.     

First record of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in Syria

The fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda is a lepidopteran pest that can damage and destroy a wide variety of crops. It is widely present in the Americans and has been invasive in Africa since 2016. Larvae of S. frugiperda were found for the first time in four rural farms on maize plants (Zea mays) located in Tafas town (Dara’a Governorate, in the south‐west of Syria) in November 2020. Infested maize showed the typical damage symptoms caused by S. frugiperda. Furthermore, morphological identification of larvae based on standard parameters of larvae confirmed the identity of the pest as fall armyworm. Considering the recent introduction of the pest into the EPPO region, it could be concluded that the pest probably entered Syria through natural spread (active flight and via wind currents) from Jordan, which borders Syria in the southern part and where the pest was found very recently.     

植物病毒与媒介昆虫互作促进其传播的研究进展

近年来植物病毒病频发,严重制约着农作物的产量与品质。绝大多数植物病毒依赖媒介昆虫进行传播,而传播的关键是病毒如何突破昆虫的肠屏障、唾液腺屏障和卵屏障等多个生物屏障。植物病毒一方面利用其外壳蛋白或非结构蛋白突破媒介昆虫的中肠屏障和唾液腺屏障;另一方面则与昆虫体内卵黄原蛋白、共生菌以及精子表面蛋白发生特异性互作,促进病毒跨越卵障碍,最终实现病毒在昆虫体内复制。此外,植物病毒还能通过侵染寄主植物影响其防御性状,间接改变媒介昆虫生理及其行为反应,促进病毒在植物间的传播。该研究对植物病毒突破昆虫生物屏障的分子机制,以及植物病毒-植物-媒介昆虫互作对于病毒传播的影响进行了综述,并对阻断病毒传播的方法进行展望。