减少毁林和森林退化引起的排放:一个综述视角的分析

减少因毁林和森林退化引起的温室气体排放(REDD)对控制和减缓全球气候变暖具有重要作用。UNFCCC第11次缔约国会议将REDD议题列入气候谈判议程, 希望REDD成为2012年后承诺期减缓气候变化的重要措施之一。文中在对国际社会关于REDD的谈判进展和指导原则等进行概述的基础上, 探讨了当前国际社会关注的REDD的焦点问题, 分析了这些焦点问题的现状及其可能的发展趋势, 并据此提出讨论和建议。     

埃塞俄比亚咖啡生产的历史、现状及前景

埃塞俄比亚是咖啡原产地,经实地调研、访问专家、查阅资料等多种方式考察了埃塞俄比亚的咖啡生产情况,扼要介绍了埃塞俄比亚咖啡生产的历史和现状．旨在为我国咖啡产业的发展提供参考.     

Economic dependence on forest resources: A case from Dendi District, Ethiopia

This paper examines variation in dependence on forest resources among rural households in Chilimo, Ethiopia, and the income-equalizing effects of such resources. Data were collected through a systematic questionnaire survey of 102 households, randomly selected from two peasant associations in the area. Forest income contributed 39% of the average household income, roughly equal to agriculture, which contributed 40%. Forest income was more important than all other income sources combined for the poorest 40% of households and contributed more to household income than agriculture for 65% of households. While forest income represents 59% of the total household income for the poorest quintile, the contribution drops to 34% for the wealthiest quintile. On the other hand, the rich households derive a larger absolute income from forest resources than the poor households. Forest resources have an important income-equalizing potential among the rural households. Reduced access to forest resources would greatly affect the welfare of the rural population and increase wealth differentiation among rural households in the study area.     

Impacts of participatory forest management on forest conditions: Evidences from Gebradima Forest,southwest Ethiopia

ABSTRACT

This study examines a participatory forest management program and its impacts on forest conditions in Gebradima Forest, southwest Ethiopia. Vegetation data were collected from both participatory forest management (PFM) and nonparticipatory forest management (non-PFM) forest blocks. A total of 54 plots (27 from each forest block) measuring 20 m × 20 m were employed to collect species composition and structural data. Results indicated that a total of 51 different woody plant species (49 at PFM and 43 at non-PFM blocks), representing 31 families were recorded, with 41 species were shared for both forest sites. Species diversity and evenness were higher in the forest with PFM (H´ = 3.29, E = .85) compared to the forest without PFM (H´ = 2.97, E = .79). The overall mean values of tree/shrub and seedling density per hectare, diameter class (≤ 20 cm) were also significantly (p < .05) higher in PFM forest than non-PFM forests. However, no significant variations were observed in sapling density per hectare and basal area between the two studied forest blocks. It can be concluded that PFM had a positive effect on forest conditions compared with a similar forest without PFM. Hence, it is important to scaling up PFM in neighboring forests.     

The Rotation Problem and Tropical Deforestation in Forest Economic Textbooks: A Comparative Review

In the past three decades, new trends have been influencing the field of forest economics. For example, the optimal rotation literature has focused increasingly on risk and uncertainty analysis and there has been a steady increase in the number of economic studies regarding tropical deforestation. In this article, it is investigated whether the emergence of these topics is reflected in relevant textbooks of the discipline. Moreover, some structural textbook attributes are analyzed and compared, namely the use of illustrative elements and pedagogical aids. Our results show that one can clearly recognize a steady development in the texts.     

Deforestation since independence: a quantitative assessment of four decades of land-cover change in Malawi

Land cover has changed rapidly across the tropics over the past century; however, detailed historical information describing the extent and possible drivers of such change is widely lacking. Here, we constructed a history of land-cover change at the district level in Malawi over a 37-year period from 1972 to 2009, the immediate post-colonial phase. Overall, there was a loss of 12 760?km2?(36%) of original forested area but also 11 161?km2?of new forest establishment, resulting in a relatively modest overall net loss of 1 599?km2?(5%). We correlated changes in deforestation and forest establishment with changes in socio-economic variables derived from spatially explicit data from the same time period. Deforestation was positively correlated with (in order of influence) changes in male school attendance, sex ratio, population density, hospital bed numbers, protected areas and dependency rate, but negatively correlated with changes in cattle density; forest establishment broadly showed the inverse relationships with the same variables. Although direct drivers of deforestation are well known for Malawi and much of Africa, the significance of socio-economic variables within this study can help to understand the underlying social pressures behind such drivers. In particular, development, population pressure and demographic factors are important predictors of deforestation rate within our study area.     

Drawbacks of decentralized natural resource management: experience from Chilimo Participatory Forest Management project, Ethiopia

This paper highlights the drawbacks of decentralized natural resource management in the rarely researched country, Ethiopia. We argue that, under the guise of decentralization policies, the central government extended its authority and also forced the high costs of its policy onto local people. In addition, local authorities have been dominated by local leaders who have changed rules to their own advantage. Moreover, the central government has failed to support local authorities. We also show the negative impacts of the shortcomings of decentralization on natural resource governance by local people, including lessened discharge of responsibilities for management and exclusion, as well as on people’s livelihoods, as in the polarization of benefits.     

Contribution of participatory forest management towards conservation and rehabilitation of dry Afromontane forests and its implications for carbon management in the tropical Southeastern Highlands of Ethiopia

Participatory forest management (PFM) has been applied as an approach to create a framework for collaborative forest management between local communities and government forestry agencies. This study was designed to assess the contribution of PFM approach in improving forest status in the Southeastern Highlands of Ethiopia. Landsat satellite imageries of four years were used to evaluate the trends and rate of deforestation before and after PFM interventions. Socio-economic data were collected from sample household surveys, key participants, focus group discussions, and field observations. The results showed that there was high rate of deforestation before PFM intervention as forestland has decreased by 19% (2531 ha) between 1990 and 2000. However, after the PFM intervention (2000–2016), the forest cover has increased by 247 ha (2.2%). During this period, net 1016 ha of shrub-lands were converted into forestland owing to significant forest regeneration. In addition, most sampled households (94% and 96% from lower and upper altitudes, respectively) perceived that PFM had significantly contributed to improve forest regeneration in their locality. This study revealed that PFM can serve as a stepping stone for carbon financing mechanisms to reduce greenhouses emission and enhance carbon sinks via forest resources.     

Drivers of Deforestation in the Lake Victoria Crescent,Uganda

We examined key drivers of deforestation in the Lake Victoria Crescent, Uganda from 1989 to 2009 through a case study approach with a multiple-case design. Nineteen focus groups with local community members and forest officials, archival analysis, and field observation revealed both proximate causes and underlying drivers of deforestation. Proximate causes of deforestation included agricultural expansion into forests, unsustainable extraction of wood forest products, and clearing of forests for nonagricultural uses. Underlying drivers of these proximate causes included policy and institutional factors, economic factors, population growth, technological changes, and changes in culture—each resulting in alienation of local people from forest resources. Alienation of local people, defined as a psychological dispossession of responsibility for forest resources, is posited as the most important underlying driver of deforestation. We discuss the importance of the involvement of local people in the management and maintenance of forests in the Lake Victoria Crescent.     

Regional Comparative Advantage,Location of Agriculture,and Deforestation in Brazil

ABSTRACT

This article highlights how deforestation is not only linked to economic processes within the Amazon, but also to economic forces in the rest of Brazil. In light of recent trends in Brazil's agricultural production inside and outside the Amazon, this article maintains that the growing importance of beef production in the Amazon relative to the rest of Brazil is likely to lead to further increases in deforestation. From 1991 to 2001 the Amazon's share of the Brazilian bovine herd increased from 15% to 25%—an average change of 1% per year. With the Brazilian herd size in 2003 estimated at 196 million head of cattle, the current rate of increase implies an increase of 1.96 million cattle per year in the Amazon. At Brazil's average stocking rate of 1.1 head of cattle per hectare, it means that an additional 18,000 km² of land are needed each year in the Amazon to account for this expansion. However, Brazil has abundant agricultural land outside the Amazon to meet increases in demand for beef. The difficulty lies in the comparative advantage of these other areas in producing soy and grains as opposed to livestock. I conclude that targeting resources toward specific agricultural development opportunities outside the Amazon—especially grain-fed beef— would be an effective way to reduce incentives to clear land in the Amazon.     

Socio-economic significance of reed forests in a rural community: A case study from the greater Sylhet Region of Bangladesh

The reed forests that are the subject of this study are scattered over five thanas of the Sunamganj and Sylhet Districts of the Sylhet Division of Bangladesh. Their total area is 23,590 ha and they have great ecological, economic, commercial and socio-economic importance due to the diversified resources they supply. However, the forests are commonly encroached on by local people who are perceived to be seriously depleting the resource. This paper deals with the socio-economic status of the people residing near these reed forests, and examines their dependency on the resources provided by the reed forests. A socio-economic survey, participatory rural appraisal and interviews were used to obtain baseline data of the reed forest resource and the local communities. The study reveals that the communities in the study region have higher income than other areas of Bangladesh. Most survey respondents have other occupations in addition to farming. The literacy rate is 28.8%. Among the illiterate, 68% engage in collecting reeds. Although the Forest Department has a management plan for sustainable use of the reed forests, encroachers receive backing from political leaders and local elites, so their eviction is difficult. In order to achieve long-term productivity and sustainability from the reed forests, this study recommends a strategy of developing an integrated joint management plan between the Forest Department and the local people.     

森林资源管护经营责任制的实践与体会

通过八面通林区实施森林资源管护经营责任制的实践 ,论述森林资源管护经营责任制的实施、延续、发展及推行责任区经济的意义 ,阐明发展责任区经济同实施森林资源管护经营责任制之间的关系 ,为改革的发展和完善起到抛砖引玉的作用。     

黄土高原子午岭森林破碎化对流域水文过程的影响

以子午岭南部的三水河流域为例,选择年径流深度、最大月径流量、侵蚀模数和河流平均含沙量等作为水文过程参数,基于流域降水和各水文参量的变化趋势分析降水变化和森林破碎化对水文过程的影响.利用1976年以来的4期土地利用变化数据,分析林地面积与水文过程各参量之间的关系,建立基于降水和林地面积两种因素的水文过程统计模拟模型.结果表明:1976年以来,由于森林破碎化,尤其是上游连片分布的森林景观斑块化,使流域年径流深度增加了62.85%,侵蚀模数增加了90.76%,最大月径流量和河流平均泥沙含量分别增大了58.36%和63.21%,其中林地面积的减少对年径流深度的贡献率为72.35%,对最大月径流量的贡献率为45.18%,对侵蚀模数和河流泥沙平均含量的贡献率分别为86.73%和79.61%.     

Reviewing natural resources law in the light of bioeconomy: Finnish forest regulations as a case study

Development of bioeconomy is high on political agendas around the world. As part of bioeconomy policies governments have initiated reviews of the contemporary laws in order to identify and remove potential barriers and address the shortcomings as well as develop new tools to facilitate transition to bioeconomy. This paper discusses the role of natural resources law in bioeconomy and considers the needs for developing legislation to better meet the future challenges. As a concrete case study the article evaluates regulations governing the use of forests in Finland from the perspective of bioeconomy. The paper shows that major deficiencies in regulations governing the use of forests in Finland in developing bioeconomy relate to ecological and social sustainability, resource efficiency, and conflict management. The article concludes that there is a need to increase integration, adaptability, transparency and public participation in Finnish forest regulation to facilitate the transition to and maintain sustainable bioeconomy.     

Soil erosion under a successional agroforestry sequence: a case study from Idukki District,Kerala, India

The Western Ghats of Kerala have been settled over the past 40 years by landless immigrants. Natural forests and cardamom (planted under forest canopy) have been widely replaced by small-holder cultivation. Settlers plant cassava and other annuals in the initial 3–5 years following clearing of the forest canopy. These crops are gradually replaced by black pepper, the dominant crop 5–15 years after clearing. Finally, other perennial crops, planted during the period when pepper was dominant, mature. A highly mixed “home garden” cropping phase is most common on sites 15–20 years after the forest canopy was removed. Soil erosion on sites cleared 1–3 years previously averaged 120 t/ha in the 1988 monsoon season. Over the same period, soil erosion under mature cardamom, pepper and mixed cultivation averaged 0.65, 3.5, and 1.45 t/ha respectively. Erosion levels appear to be related to cover at ground and intermediate (1–4 m) heights above the surface. Soil organic matter is high in the cardamom areas, declines rapidly when the forest canopy is cleared, remains low in pepper, and appears to rebuild to levels as more mixed agroforestry systems become established. Overall, there appears to be a succession in which high erosion and declining organic matter levels are temporary features associated with the conversion of sites from forests and cardamom to other phases.     

A case study of beef-cattle grazing in a Mediterranean-type woodland

A grazing trial was conducted over 10 years to determine the feasibility of using beef cattle to graze a Mediterranean oak scrub forest that for millennia had been grazed by mixed herds of domestic ruminants dominated by goats. After initial thinning of the woody vegetation, two large paddocks were stocked with cross-bred beef cows, one at a relatively heavy stocking rate (0.67 cows ha^–1) and the other at a lighter rate (0.48 cows ha^–1). During the summer and autumn, the herds were given free access to supplementary feed composed mainly of poultry litter. Despite the higher grazing pressure, mean weaning weight per cow in the heavily grazed paddock was similar to that in the moderately grazed paddock and required a similar investment of supplementary feed per kg of weaned liveweight. Consequently, weaned calf weight production per unit area was higher under the heavier grazing regimen. A shift in calving season from autumn to spring improved herd performance. In comparison with beef cattle husbandry on herbaceous range in the region, animal performance with autumn calving was inferior even though supplementation levels were similar; with spring calving, animal performance was similar on both range types, but much less supplementation was required on the herbaceous range. An open park-like landscape was maintained especially under heavy grazing where, after the initial thinning, the regrowth from the bases of the oak trees was browsed down to 0.5 m. Herbaceous cover increased steadily over the years under both heavy and moderate stocking rates, but more so in the heavily grazed paddock. Whereas a large degree of control of the woody scrub was attained by heavy cattle grazing, maintaining performance of moderately heavy cross-bred cows involved relatively intensive supplementary feeding. In addition, for sustained management of such systems, recurrent technological intervention was necessary to prevent excessive encroachment of the dwarf-shrub vegetation. However, it is evident that with further improvement in herd management, especially by development of hardier, better adapted animals, it is possible to improve feasibility of beef cattle husbandry under such Mediterranean woodland conditions.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Analysis of information used in the management of plant genetic resources: a case study from northwestern Mato Grosso,Brazil

Evaluation and monitoring are critical to agroforestry (AFS) project management, especially if they aim to contribute to use and conservation of biodiversity and plant genetic resources. A methodology to analyze information used in decision-making processes was developed and applied in a biodiversity conservation project in the Brazilian Amazon. Quality of information gathered at landscape, AFS, species (Bactris gasipaes Kunth, both wild and cultivated varieties) and genetic diversity levels in three dimensions was analyzed. The information at the landscape level was good, while that in the organizational-institutional and socio-economic dimensions was acceptable; information gaps were serious in the genetic-ecological dimension. Ecological and economic functionality assessment based on indicators built upon reported administrative actions suggests that information related to conservation played a greater role in decision-making and management than information associated with use and development. The application of the methodology proved instrumental for enhancing efficacy of decision-making within an adaptive management approach to plant genetic resources use and conservation.     

Balancing carbon dioxide: a case study of forest preservation,out-migration,and afforestation in the Pueblos Mancomunados of Oaxaca,Mexico

ABSTRACT

Carbon-based payments for ecosystem services solely consider afforestation and reforestation to assess sequestration. However, political ecology researchers demonstrate that tropical forests are complex socioecological systems where humans and institutions play an integral role in shaping landscapes. The current framing overlooks the net effect of traditional subsistence agriculturalists leaving behind low emission lifestyles, despite the likelihood of a significant increase in per capita emissions over time. In this case study, we use the history of forest use in the Pueblos Mancomunados—a commonwealth of indigenous communities in Oaxaca, Mexico—to explore sequestration through a socioecological systems lens. As negative emissions programs consider afforestation, we triangulated semistructured interviews, an unsupervised GIS classification of land cover, and a review of carbon dioxide emissions to consider out-migration, abandonment, and lifestyle change. We find that communities are struggling to maintain livelihoods as migration to urban centers and the United States continues. Meanwhile, spatial analysis revealed 800 ha of afforestation. Our analysis of out-migration scenarios and per capita emissions changes identified a tipping point in which no net-sequestration would occur from afforestation due to the changing lifestyles of the migrants and recommend improved local development to avoid this form of “leakage” when assessing global carbon stocks.     

Deforestation effects on biological and other important soil properties in an upland watershed of Bangladesh

Deforestation occurs at an alarming rate in upland watersheds of Bangladesh and has many detrimental effects on the environment. This study reports the effects of deforestation on soil biological properties along with some important physicochemical parameters of a southern upland watershed in Bangladesh. Soils were sampled at 4 paired sites, each pair representing a deforested site and a forested site, and having similar topographical characteristics. Significantly fewer(p≤0.001) fungi and bacteria, and lower microbial respiration, active microbial biomass, metabolic and microbial quotients were found in soils of the deforested sites. Soil physical properties such as moisture content, water holding capacity, and chemical properties such as organic matter, total N, available P and EC were also lower in deforested soils. Bulk density and pH were significantly higher in deforested soils. Available Ca and Mg were inconsistent between the two land uses at all the paired sites. Reduced abundance and biomass of soil mesofauna were recorded in deforested soils. However, soil anecic species were more abundant in deforested soils than epigeic and endogeic species, which were more abundant in forested soils than on deforested sites.     

Status and trends of the processed wood products trade in Ethiopia

ABSTRACT

Information on the trends of the processed wood products (PWP) trade in Ethiopia is lacking. Therefore, the objectives of this article are (a) to evaluate the trends of expenses from importing and incomes generated from exporting different PWP, (b) to assess the PWP trade balance, and (c) to forecast future ex-penses in importing PWP. To achieve the objectives, import and export data of PWP in the years of 2005–2013 were collected. The data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation. The trend of expenses was analyzed using Excel and future expenditures were forecasted by models for each PWP, independently. The result indicated that, Ethiopia spent on average, US$55.2 million/yr to import different PWP. The trend of expenses to import different PWP increased by 13% each year. There was a strong and positive correlation between the average yearly expenses to import different PWP with that of the population of the country in different years’ time (R² = .80) and also the GDP of the country in different years’ time (R² = .87). Overall, the results showed the self–insufficiency of the country in producing different PWP and the heavy expenditure to import wood products to fill the gap.