畜禽饲料粉碎细度的确定方法

<正>畜禽饲料的粉碎细度应视养殖种类而异。鸡的饲料不宜过细,因鸡喜食粒料或破碎的谷物料,可以粗细搭配使用。稻谷、碎米可直接以粒状加入搅拌机,小麦、大麦的粉碎细度在2.5 mm以下为宜,玉米、糙米和豆饼应加工成粉状料。当产蛋鸡产软壳蛋需要补钙时,喂颗粒钙较理想,即把石灰石、贝壳等磨成高粱粒大小的颗粒,在每天晚上喂最后一遍料时再加喂。由于颗粒钙在鸡体内停留的时间较长,有利于鸡体的吸收利用,故补钙效果好。     

畜禽饲料粉碎细度的确定方法

<正>畜禽饲料的粉碎细度应视养殖种类而异。鸡饲料不宜过细,因鸡喜食粒料或破碎的谷物料,可以粗细搭配使用。稻谷、碎米可直接以粒状加入搅拌机,小麦、大麦的粉碎细度在2.5 mm以下为宜,玉米、糙米和豆饼应加工成粉状料。当产蛋鸡产软壳蛋需要补钙时,喂颗粒钙较理想,即把石灰石、贝壳等磨成高粱粒大小的颗粒,在每天晚上喂最后一遍料时加喂。由于颗粒钙在鸡体内停留的     

饲料颗粒大小对蛋鸡的重要性

鸡主要通过饲料颗粒大小挑食。因此,要确保鸡采食充足,就必须将饲料加工成最适宜的大小。这要求饲料厂特别注意。 粉碎可克服混合不均、大小不一致和组分易分离的缺陷。但饲料磨得太细有时会极大减少鸡的饲料消耗。低饲料消耗可通过制粒加以避免。颗粒饲料使饲养更容易、更快,并增加动物采食量和生长速度加快(表1)。     

饲料加工质量评价指标及其控制技术

根据《饲料和饲料添加剂管理条例》第二条规定,我国的饲料产品包括单一饲料、饲料添加剂预混合饲料、浓缩饲料、配合饲料和精料补充料,除单一饲料外,其它都是将多种饲料原料(成分)按照规定的加工1粉碎粒度粉碎粒度的大小,直接影响到动物的消化吸收、粉碎成本、后续加工工序和产     

国家质检总局公布饲料加工机械、饲料抽检结果

国家质检总局最近抽查了京、冀、沪、苏、浙5省市主要生产企业的27种饲料加工机械产品质量,抽样合格率为88.9%。部分不合格产品其主要质量问题是混合均匀度低、自然残留率高和吨料电耗超标。另悉,在饲料监督抽查中,国家质检总局抽检了山东、上海、四川和河南4个饲料主产区生产的80种产品,抽样合格率为97.5%。其中,猪配合饲料全部合格,鸡配合饲料合格率为93.8%。据介绍,猪、鸡饲料产量一般占总产量的8成以上。抽检中不合格肉鸡饲料其主要质量问题是粗蛋白质含量不达标,可能造成禽类生长缓慢。国家质检总局公布饲料加工机械、饲料抽检结果…     

我国部分饲料产品混合均匀度状况

混合均匀度是反映饲料加工质量的重要指标之一。根据国家标准，配合饲料，浓缩料≤10％，预混料≤7％。本实验室对我国部分饲料厂家生产的饲料混合均匀度进行测定，发现鸡配合饲料超标率达33．33％，猪配合饲料超标率达42．1％，而猪浓缩料，预混料及鱼料状况较好。     

仔猪饲料中的植物蛋白因加工而产生的变化

温度不是饲料加工过程中需要考虑的唯一因素,湿度、加工时间和颗粒大小都会有变化,并最终都会影响饲料的营养价值。随着更多的植物蛋白添加到猪日粮中,这一问题越发严重,准确地说,在大豆的应用中就有此问题。     

饲料配方的加工保真

饲料生产的核心技术,一是原料品控技术,二是配方技术,三是加工工艺。三者互相影响,相辅相承。由于资源短缺带来的原料掺假掺杂日趋隐秘化,同时颗粒料、膨化料、熟化料生产趋势化,现在的饲料产品的生产加工与80年代初、中期的简单加工相比已有了很大不同,其显著特点是饲料的生产加工的科技含量越来越高,同时难度也有所加大。在饲料产品的销售过程中,我们可以看到,一旦用户反应产品质量不好,大多数人的第一个反应是配方不好,而在饲料行业内,我们又可以经常听到配方技术人员的抱怨,只要原料好,产品就会好。为什么同样的一个生产…     

颗粒配合饲料在奶山羊饲养中的应用

随着奶山羊舍饲数量的增加以及动物营养研究的进步,奶山羊养殖由传统的粗料加精料,逐步发展到全混合日粮（TMR）,目前又进一步发展到颗粒配合饲料。颗粒配合饲料采用独特的调制加工方式,饲喂后可以稳定瘤胃内环境,减少养殖户对其他高成本粗饲料的使用,提高养殖效益,且对提高奶山羊的产奶量、繁殖性能、畜体健康有积极影响。     

猪胃溃疡发生原因

1猪胃溃疡发生原因1.1日粮因素饲料的加工工艺和饲粮因素与胃溃疡的发生发展是密切相关的。许多用来提高饲料利用率和降低饲料成本的技术措施却引起了胃溃疡病例的增加。1.1.1日粮加工(1)日粮加工颗粒大小:饲料颗粒大小与猪胃溃疡的发病率密切相关。得到认可的饲料细度为700 um,许多人都认为,低于此细度,饲料粉得越细,胃溃疡的发生率越高。其机理是小颗粒组成的饲料可导致胃内容状物更大的流动性,并使相互混合的机率增加,加快了与胃酸等消化液的混合,使胃食管区、贲门腺区和幽门的pH值梯度消失,使胃酸和胃蛋白酶与食道区和贲门腺体区敏感而…     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …