水分亏缺对小麦灌浆中后期穗部光合特性和~(14)C-同化物转运的影响

为探讨水分亏缺对小麦灌浆中后期穗部同化物转运的影响,利用14CO2同位素示踪技术,对于2个抗旱性不同小麦品种的盆栽试验,测定中度水分亏缺下小麦穗部光合特性及灌浆中后期碳同化物的转运。结果表明,花后20 d,中度水分亏缺下水地品种郑引1号旗叶和穗部净光合速率(Pn)分别下降50.2%和19.9%,旱地品种普冰143分别下降33.7%和12.8%,后者显著小于前者。14CO2示踪试验表明,花后15~20 d籽粒中14C-同化物快速积累,花后25 d达到最高值;灌浆中后期(花后15~20 d)穗部苞片中14C-同化物向外快速转运,灌浆末期(25 d)碳同化物已彻底转移。成熟期,中度水分亏缺下小麦籽粒中14C-同化物积累高于正常供水处理,且旱地品种普冰143积累量高于水地品种郑引1号。中度水分亏缺下,郑引1号产量下降36.7%,高于普冰143的23.2%。适度水分亏缺对旱地品种穗部净光合影响较小,并促进了灌浆中后期穗部苞片中碳同化物的向外转运,可能是维持旱作小麦稳产的生理基础。     

Starch Content and Granule Size Distribution in Grains of Wheat in Relation to Post-Anthesis Water Deficits

Post-anthesis soil moisture condition is closely associated with grain yield and quality in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). To investigate the effect of post-anthesis water deficit (WD) on starch content and granule size distribution, pot-experiments were conducted in 2006–2007 and 2007–2008 growing seasons, using five wheat cultivars with different amylose content. The result showed that the grain starch granules had a bimodal curve in the volume and surface area distribution, and a unimodal curve was found in number distribution. Post-anthesis WD reduced the B-granules (<10 μm in diameter) volume % and surface area % in Nuomai50206 and Gaocheng8901, increased the proportion in Weimai10, whereas the effect on those in Jinan17 and Shannong15 was not significant. Post-anthesis WD decreased the number % of <2 μm starch granules, significantly in all cultivars. The amylose content was negatively correlated with the volume of <10 μm and positively correlated to >15 μm starch granules, respectively, suggesting that small starch granules (<10 μm) are low in amylose content, whereas, big starch granules (>15 μm) are high. The results indicate that the grain starch granule size distributions of Jinan17 and Shannong15 with high amylose content were less affected by WD, than those of Nuomai50206 and Gaocheng8901 with low amylose content.     

不同时期水分调亏及不同调亏程度对冬小麦产量的影响

分盆栽对冬小麦在不同生长时期进行不同程度的调亏试验的结果表明,冬小麦从拔节至开花期间的轻度水分亏缺对其产量有显著影响,而灌浆和返青时间的轻度水分亏缺对产量无影响。各生育时期在不同调亏水平下的产量敏感指数（或敏感系数）不同。冬小麦经过一定的亏缺处理,复水后出现生长方面的补偿效应,因而产量降低幅度与耗水量减少幅度相比要小得多。气孔阻力和叶水势对土壤水分的变动有一阈值反应,只有当土壤含水量降至田间持水量     

Tall and Hard Fescue Responses to Periodic Soil Water Deficits

Tall (Festuca arundmacea Schreb.) and hard (Festuca ovina var. longifolia (L.) Koch) fescues are widely sown to stabilize disturbed soils in the cool–humid and transition climatic zones of the USA. Our objectives were to: a) quantify changes in the allocation of dry matter and growth of tall and hard fescue, forced to grow on stored soil water in sandy soil; and b) compare dry matter allocation over time between roots and shoots to evaluate the dynamics of root-associated drought avoidance mechanisms. A randomized complete block experiment with four replications and two factors (species and stress level) was conducted in a greenhouse. The main blocks consisted of two fescue species: tall fescue and hard fescue; sub-blocks contained stress levels: well-watered and stressed. Low, medium and severe stresses were imposed by withholding water in one set of pots. The types of fescue species grown significantly affected leaf area (LA), plant height (PH), water use (WU), root length (RL), longest root (LR), root area (RA), shoot (SDB) and root dry biomass (RDB), and root:shoot ratio (R/S). Stress level affected PH, WU, LR and RL at low stress; WU, LR and RA at medium stress; LA, PH, SDB, WU, RL, LR, RA and R/S at severe stress. Tall fescue had greater LA, PH, WU, RA, RL, LR, SDB, RDB and R/S than hard fescue under all treatments. Stress reduced LA, PH, SDB, WU, RA, RL, LR and R/S. Significant correlations were obtained for LA with RL, WU, LR, PH. RA, SDB, RDB; RL with WU, LR, PH. RA, SDB. RDB; WU with LR, PH, RA, SDB, RDB; LR with PH. RA, SDB, RDB; PH with RA, SDB, RDB; RA with SDB, RDB; and SDB with RDB. In conclusion, hard fescue had a shallower root system, shorter plant canopy, slower growth, and transpired less water to make it more drought tolerant. Tall fescue, with a deeper root system, longer plant canopy, faster growth, and greater water transpiration, is less drought tolerant at medium and severe stresses. Root attributes strongly correlated with shoot attributes and can be considered for breeding programs promoting drought tolerance.     

水分亏缺对小麦穗部光合特性及花前14C-同化物分配的影响

为明确干旱胁迫对小麦穗部花前同化物合成和转运的影响,选用旱地品种西农928和水分敏感品种郑引1号,通过¹⁴CO₂标记技术研究了水分亏缺下穗部光合特性及穗部花前同化物的转运和分配规律。水分亏缺条件下,西农928灌浆前期、中期的穗部净光合速率、颖壳中叶绿素含量及可溶性总糖含量略有下降,而郑引1号显著下降。成熟期西农928的水分利用效率上升1.7% (P>0.05),籽粒中¹⁴C-同化物分配率略降3.2% (P>0.05);而郑引1号水分利用效率下降16.9% (P<0.05),籽粒中花前¹⁴C-同化物分配率上升7.8% (P<0.05)。试验表明,水分亏缺对西农928穗部光合的影响有限; 适度水分亏缺促进了水分敏感品种郑引1号颖壳及内外稃中花前¹⁴C-同化物向籽粒的转运, 相对提高了其穗部花前光合同化物对籽粒灌浆的贡献率。     

普通小麦光合碳同化与产量性状杂种优势的关系

以按照NCII遗传交配设计配制的20个普通小麦杂交种及其亲本为材料,系统测定灌浆初期、中期和后期旗叶的6个光合碳同化相关性状,包括光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率和原初光能转化效率,并与产量性状杂种优势进行相关分析。结果显示,杂种优势值因组合、性状和发育时期不同而差异很大。偏相关分析表明,光合碳同化性状与穗长和有效穗数杂种优势之间没有相关性,但与其他产量性状杂种优势之间存在显著的相关关系,特别是在作物籽粒产量形成最为关键的灌浆中期,光合速率、胞间CO₂浓度、水分利用效率和原初光能转化效率与穗粒数、千粒重、单株产量和主茎穗产量等性状的杂种优势呈显著或极显著正相关,说明较高的光合能力及水分利用效率可能是小麦产量杂种优势形成的重要生理基础之一。     

外源NO供体对水分亏缺下玉米叶片碳同化关键酶及抗氧化系统的影响

为了探讨外源NO供体(硝普钠, SNP)对水分亏缺下玉米叶片碳同化关键酶及抗氧化系统的影响及其调控机制, 在20% PEG-6000模拟水分亏缺胁迫下, 研究了SNP对玉米品种驻玉309幼苗叶片光合碳同化核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化/加氧酶(Rubisco)和Rubisco活化酶(RCA)活性及其基因表达、抗氧化酶活性及其同工酶谱变化的影响。结果表明, 在水分亏缺胁迫下, SNP显著上调玉米叶片rbc L、rbc S、rca β基因的相对表达量, 尤其是叶片rbc S基因的相对表达量增加1.86倍, 叶片Rubisco、RCA活性分别提高32.7%和14.67%; 叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及其同工酶谱带的宽度和亮度显著增强, 而ROS积累量明显降低。说明在PEG水分亏缺胁迫下, SNP能显著提升玉米幼苗叶片光合碳同化能力及抗氧化酶活性, 降低ROS积累及其对细胞膜造成的损伤, 提高玉米的抗干旱性。     

滴灌甜菜对块根膨大期水分亏缺的补偿性响应

为探讨滴灌甜菜块根膨大期干旱胁迫及复水的生长补偿效应,设置70%(T1)、50%(T2)和30%(T3)田间持水量,调查块根膨大期缺水对滴灌甜菜产量、农艺性状以及理化指标的影响。结果表明,当土壤为30%田间持水量时,甜菜产量比70%和50%田间持水量分别提高51.7%和17.6%,产糖量分别提高48.7%和7.7%。与70%田间持水量相比,50%和30%田间持水量条件下,块根膨大期甜菜电导率、脯氨酸以及过氧化物酶活性均在复水1 d时显著增加。主成分分析表明,细胞膜透性、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质以及农艺特性共同调控块根膨大期甜菜抵御干旱胁迫,其中块根可溶性糖含量不能作为甜菜抗旱性鉴定的指标。因此,滴灌甜菜块根膨大期,当土壤含水量下降至田间持水量的30%时及时补充灌溉,不但不影响甜菜生长,还有利于增加块根含糖量。     

不同生育期干旱对冬小麦根冠生长发育的影响

用盆栽对冬小麦不同生育阶段进行不同程度水分调亏试验结果表明：拔节－孕穗期、抽穗－杨花期和灌浆－成熟3个阶段内土壤相对含水量（RW）上限为40％、50％、60％的水分亏缺均对作物的根冠发育产生了影响，拔节－孕穗期RW40％的水分亏缺处理使株高降低很多，低于不施肥的ck1，复水后也无法恢复。不同生育期的干旱均引起根冠干重的下降，根长则不同，水分亏缺有时会使根长增加，要看具体亏缺程度而定。根系不如冠部对干旱敏感，干旱促进营养物质向根的分配，减少了向冠部的运输，导致根冠比增大，另外，随生育期的推移，干旱对根冠比的影响减小。     

Response of Photosynthesis and Water Relations of Rice (Oryza sativa) to Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide in the Subhumid Zone of Sri Lanka

The objective of the present paper is to determine the response of the physiological parameters related to biomass production and plant water relations in a standard Sri Lankan rice (Oryza sativa) variety (BG‐300) to elevated CO₂ (i.e. 570 µmol/mol). During two seasons, rice crops were grown under three different experimental treatments; namely, at 570 µmol/mol (i.e. ‘elevated’) and 370 µmol/mol (‘ambient’) CO₂ within open top chambers, and at ambient CO₂ under open field conditions. Leaf net photosynthetic rate in the elevated treatment increased by 22–75 % in comparison to the ambient. However, the ratio between intercellular and ambient CO₂ concentrations remained constant across different CO₂ treatments and seasons. CO₂ enrichment decreased individual leaf stomatal conductance and transpiration rate per unit leaf area, and increased both leaf and canopy temperatures. However, the overall canopy stomatal conductance and daily total canopy transpiration rate of the elevated treatment were approximately the same as those achieved under ambient conditions. This was because of the significantly greater leaf area index and greater leaf–air vapour pressure deficit under CO₂ enrichment. The leaf chlorophyll content increased significantly under elevated CO₂; however, the efficiency (i.e. photochemical yield) of light energy capture by Photosystem II (i.e. F_v/F_m) in chlorophyll a did not show a significant and consistent variation with CO₂ enrichment.     

土壤含水量对牡丹光合特性的影响

以盆栽牡丹朱砂磊为试材,研究了5种土壤相对含水量(SRWC)对牡丹光合特性的影响。结果表明,随着土壤水分胁迫程度的增加,光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)逐渐下降,表观量子效率(AQY)、CO2羧化效率 (CE)、光饱和点降低;光补偿点及CO2补偿点升高。干旱胁迫下,光合速率的下降是气孔因素与非气孔因素双重作用的结果:轻度干旱胁迫下(土壤相对含水量55％-40％)气孔限制是光合速率下降的主要原因,而严重干旱胁迫下(土壤相对含水量20％)非气孔限制是光合速率下降的主要原因。牡丹光合作用的最适SRWC为70％左右。     

轻度盐碱地上小麦肥中不同添加物的效果初探

通过大田小区试验,研究肥料中添加不同量的腐殖酸物质、活性钙和微量元素因子配施后,对轻度盐碱地上冬小麦生长的影响。研究结果表明:在轻度盐碱地上,肥料中添加1水平微量元素因子可以普遍显著提高小麦的分蘖能力,而施用0和1水平活性钙因子对小麦分蘖也有一定促进作用;1水平腐殖酸和活性钙配施可以显著提高小麦的株高;添加腐殖酸因子可以提高小麦生长初期叶片叶绿素含量。肥料中添加腐植酸、活性钙和微量元素因子,能够显著提高小麦的生物量,而对小麦千粒重尚未产生显著影响。添加高用量的腐殖酸和微量元素因子均可以显著提高小麦产量,而活性钙因子以较低添加量时增产效果更好,本研究中则以2水平腐殖酸、0水平活性钙和1水平微量元素处理较无添加处理显著增产36%,经济效益最高,其次为2水平腐殖酸、1水平活性钙和1水平微量元素因子处理较无添加处理显著增产30.4%。因此,在本试验条件下,推荐小麦肥配方中添加2水平全水溶的腐植酸物质和1水平的微量元素因子,既保证了小麦的高产又维持了合理的肥料投入。     

Response of Wheat and Barley during Germination to Seed Osmopriming at Different Water Potential

Pre-sowing osmotic seed treatments were evaluated as a means of improving water uptake and germination performance of wheat ( Triticum durum L. cv. Hourani-27) and barley ( Hordeum vulgare L. cv. ACSAD 176) under four levels of water potential (0, –0.4, –0.8 and –1.2 MPa) created by using polyethylene glycol 8000. Seeds were osmoprimed in aerated solutions of 0.0, 0.2, 0.4 or 0.6 M KCl at 24 ± 2°C overnight and then rinsed and dried. Rate of water uptake by seeds was higher in osmoprimed than untreated seeds of both crops regardless of the water potential level. Decreasing water potential (more stress) adversely affected rate of water uptake in seeds of both crops. Seeds osmopriming increased germination percentage and decreased time to 50% germination at high water potentials (low stress), whereas the germination at low water potentials (more stress) was not affected by osmopriming treatments. The effect of osmopriming on rate of water uptake, germination percentage, and time to 50% germination was more pronounced in wheat than in barley. Reduction in the lag time of imbibition may be accounted for in part by some germination rate enhancement in the osmopriming treatments. Fresh weight and length of shoots (plumules) and roots (radicles) were enhanced in osmoprimed seeds in comparison to untreated seeds, in both crops at high water potentials (0 and – 0.4 MPa). As water potential in the medium decreased, these traits were inversely affected regardless of osmopriming treatment. Longer roots in wheat compared to barley were noted in the positive osmopriming treatments at high water potentials (0 and – 0.4). These results might indicate that wheat is more responsive than barley at relatively high water potentials to osmopriming through rapid penetrating root system.     

豌豆灌浆期叶片抗氧化系统对土壤水分变化的响应

为探求豌豆灌浆期叶片抗氧化系统对土壤水分变化的响应情况,采取盆栽土培人工控水试验方法,模拟了干旱胁迫及复水条件,测定了不同程度、不同历时的干旱胁迫和复水对豌豆灌浆期叶片保护酶-超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和细胞内溶物-可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量以及过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量、脂膜相对透性(RC)的影响,并对叶片抗氧化能力进行了综合评价。结果表明:干旱胁迫导致豌豆灌浆期叶片SOD活性和可溶性蛋白含量降低,POD、CAT活性和脯氨酸、可溶性糖、MDA含量以及膜脂相对透性(RC)增加,且随干旱胁迫程度加重和胁迫历时延长降(增)幅加大;复水可对干旱胁迫所引起的叶片保护酶、细胞内溶物以及过氧化产物、膜脂相对透性的变化产生部分补偿效应或等量补偿效应,且随复水时间的延长补偿作用增强;干旱胁迫增强了豌豆叶片的综合抗氧化能力,历时5 d的干旱胁迫处理复水后能够继续保持此趋势,但历时10 d的干旱胁迫处理复水达到10 d时抗氧化能力呈现降低趋势。因此,在豌豆灌浆期实行适度的"干湿交替"灌溉措施,有利于叶片保持较强的抗氧化能力,防止植株早衰,获得较高的经济产量。     

土壤水分胁迫对冬小麦耗水规律及产量的影响

在温定盆栽和池栽防雨旱棚条件下，研究了土壤水胁迫对冬小麦耗水规律及产量的影响，结果表明，随土壤水分胁迫加剧，干物质积累减少，子粒千物质来自贮藏同化物的比例上升，产量下降，产量构成三因子中穗粒数，亩穗数下降均极显著，而千粒重下降较少，随水分胁迫加剧，拔节前耗水量占总耗水量的比率增高，从播种到拔节期，耗水量占总耗水量的比例愈高，拔节后植株衰老死亡愈早，产量降低就愈大，中度水分胁迫下，虽然水分生产率和经     

水分胁迫对干热河谷乡土树种清香木的光合影响

为了研究水分胁迫对清香木光合特性的影响,根据土壤田间持水量设置不同的土壤水分含量梯度（W1~W6,土壤田间持水量分别为100%、80%、50%、30%、10%、5%）。以清香木为材料,利用Li-6400测量6个不同土壤水分含量梯度下清香木叶片的净光速率(Pn)、胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用率(WUE)。了解清香木对水分过多或过少胁迫的响应,旨在为云南干热河谷地区的植被恢复、清香木的培育种植提供一定的理论指导和技术参考。结果表明：（1）不同土壤水分含量梯度下清香木净光合速率Pn值显著差异,总体Pn呈现“降—升—降”的态势,日变化曲线呈“双峰”型,具明显的午休现象。Pn下降主要受到气孔限制和非气孔限制因素的影响。W1、W2受到气孔的限制,W3~W6受非气孔限制的因素影响,随着土壤含水量的下降,气孔限制向非气孔限制转变。（2）18:00以后,除了W3以外,其他Pn出现负值,呼吸作用大于光合作用,植物的光合生产力下降,植物死亡;W3则为水分适度的最佳选择,其田间持水量和土壤含水量分别在50%和33.6%左右。（3）气孔导度随着土壤含水量的减小而下降,土壤含水量在W3~W6时,气孔导度Gs日变化曲线无明显,基本呈现平缓状态。W1~W6的Gs值在8:00时最大,主要是空气湿度引起。（4）水分利用率WUE随着土壤含水量的下降而增加,适当的干旱胁迫有利于提高清香木光合生产力和水分利用率。     

土壤水分胁迫对冬小麦生长的后效影响

为揭示土壤水分胁迫对冬小麦生长的后效影响及其规律,利用盆栽试验对供试冬小麦设置13种供水处理,测定作物株高、叶面积、冠干重及产量,研究水分胁迫对上述生理指标的后效影响。结果表明,中度水分胁迫对株高的后效影响大于重度水分胁迫,在重度水分胁迫下,除C5-A外,当前影响均大于后效影响;前期中度水分胁迫对叶面积的后效影响大于当前影响,后期则相反,重度水分胁迫对叶面积的当前影响大于后效影响;水分胁迫对冠重的后效影响大于当前影响;水分胁迫对冬小麦穗数的后效影响基本上表现为正效应,而对每穗粒数、千粒重、产量及WUE的后效影响则全部为负效应,拔节至孕穗阶段中度水分胁迫抽穗期复水的处理产量最高,达到对照的62%。不同程度、不同历时、不同生育阶段的水分胁迫,对作物生长均有后效应,并导致小麦减产。     

不同冬小麦品种的离体叶片失水速率差异及对供水的反应

较低的离体叶片失水速率(RWL)与抗旱性有关已经得到很多研究者的认同.选取8个冬小麦品种为试材,设置干旱(0水)、节水(2水)和足水(4水)的水分条件,研究不同冬小麦品种对供水条件的反应和生育时期的RWL变化特征.结果表明:不同品种间的RWL差异不显著.RWL随着灌水次数的增加而增高.0水处理的衡7228 RWL最低,冀5579和石麦16也较低.2水处理的石麦16最低,石麦14和冀5579也较低.4水处理下,石新618 的RWL最低,石麦14和衡7228较低,综合3种灌水结果,石麦16、冀5579和石麦14抗旱节水性较好.RWL随着生育进程而变化,拔节期较低,逐渐增加,至抽穗期达到峰值,此后明显下降,直至成熟.前期控水对降低小麦离体叶片失水速率,提高抗旱节水性有利.     

不同倍性冬小麦根系生长对水分和密度的响应

为探讨不同倍性冬小麦根系生长对水分和密度的响应,利用3个倍性小麦材料（二倍体栽培一粒、四倍体栽培二粒、六倍体现代品种‘长武134’）通过在不同水分条件下进行密度试验,研究其拔节期和开花期的根系生长和水分消耗特征,结果表明,在拔节期密度的增加显著提高了小麦根系干物质累积量和根长总量,而竞争加剧使得高密度处理的根量优势到花期显著减弱;拔节期四倍体和六倍体的根重和根长均表现出高于二倍体的趋势,花期各倍性材料之间的根重无显著差异,但是高倍性材料仍保持显著的根长优势;干旱和高密度处理均减少了花期根系在表层的分布,增加了深层根系的分布量,利于深层水分的利用。最终得到结论,六倍体现代小麦根系在不同生育期的根系干物质分配更利于产量增长,而在水分亏缺地区构建合理的群体有益于根系下扎,从而促进土壤深层水分的利用,并提升产量。     

Leaf Area Index,Leaf Transpiration and Stomatal Conductance as Affected by Soil Water Deficit and VPD in Processing Tomato in Semi Arid Mediterranean Climate

In order to assess the effects of soil water availability and climatic conditions on leaf growth, leaf transpiration (E) and stomatal conductance (g_s) of processing tomato, under deficit irrigation regimes in the Mediterranean climate, open‐field experiments were carried out in two sites differing from soil and climatic characteristics, in Sicily, South Italy. A wide range of soil water availability from dry, deficit irrigation to full irrigation was examined. Leaf area greatly changed with soil water availability but not with the experimental site. The effect of soil drying on physiological indices was small over a certain range of soil water deficit (from 0 % to approximately 40 %). Within this range, vapour pressure deficit (VPD) strongly affected g_s. To this regard, the adoption of two experimental sites differing in climatic conditions (i.e. air temperature, RH, VPD) has been useful for a better understanding of the mechanisms, which regulate stomatal opening. Therefore, in Mediterranean environment, the combined effect of soil water availability (mostly upon leaf growth) and climatic conditions (mostly upon plant physiology) must be considered in models for biomass production in tomato crop.