动物健康体系建设与公共卫生一体化

动物健康体系最初在澳大利亚和加拿大等国建立,在动物疾病防控方面起到了十分重要的作用。本文对澳大利亚已建立的动物健康体系和我国兽医医疗体制进行对比,分析在我国建立更合理的官方兽医制度和动物健康体系以加快兽医与人医公共卫生一体化进程的对策。     

动物健康体系建设与公共卫生一体化构建研究

动物健康体系最初在澳大利亚和加拿大等国建立,在动物疾病防控方面起到了十分重要的作用.本文对澳大利亚已建立的动物健康体系和我国兽医医疗体制进行对比,分析在我国建立更合理的官方兽医制度和动物健康体系以加快兽医与人医公共卫生一体化进程的对策.     

澳大利亚采用动物健康维护体系应对兽疫

澳大利亚有一套完整的动物健康维护体系 ,从根本上保障了该国动物健康状况良好 ,并成为兽疫防控最根本的机制。1　兽疫监测系统化　澳大利亚从上个世纪 6 0年代起开始实行牲畜追踪体系 ,每头出栏的牲畜都要携带一种有 8位数字的标签。标签将贯穿畜牧生产和流通的全过程 ,寄养场、饲养场和中间商都将对牲畜标签进行登记 ,向国家动物标识资料中心报告。国家再通过“全国动物健康信息系统”随时收集全国动物健康资料 ,并通过分析确定国家的兽疫监控能力。2　高水准的兽医培训　为保证兽医水平达到国际标准 ,澳大利亚实行了“兽医认证计划” ,先…     

澳大利亚动物疫病防控体系简介

澳大利亚动物疫病净化工作有许多值得借鉴之处。本文就澳大利亚畜牧业基本情况、兽医服务体系、动物标识和疫病追溯体系和动物疫病应急管理体系等方面进行了介绍,列举了7个方面的可借鉴之处,包括联邦政府和各州政府动物疫病防控分工明确、各级兽医服务专业化程度高、行业协会在动物疫病控制中地位显著、动物标识体系完善、动物疫病控制规划详尽、疫病净化政策坚持不懈和兽医流行病学技术应用纯熟等,以期对我国动物疫病防控体系建设工作有所启发。     

发达国家动物防疫工作的6个支持体系

本文综合美国、加拿大、澳大利亚及欧盟一些成员国的动物防疫体系 ,结合《国际动物卫生法典》有关规定 ,阐述了发达国家动物防疫工作的 6个支持体系 ,即 :完善的兽医诊断实验室体系、有效的动物疫病监测体系、超前的动物流行病学分析系统、快速的动物疫病紧急反应系统、健全的法律法规体系和协调统一的兽医管理体系。上述 6个体系互相支持、互相依赖 ,共同保障着动物和公共卫生 ,推动着动物防疫工作不断向高层次发展。　　　从国家角度而言 ,动物防疫工作是指某个国家为防止和控制动物疫病发生 ,保障动物和人类健康而采取的官方活动。从工作…     

加强兽医卫生体系建设 保障动物源性食品安全——第二届兽医卫生暨动物源性食品安全高峰论坛召开

为进一步建设和完善兽医卫生体系,保障动物源性食品安全,中国兽医协会与中国动物疫病预防控制中心于2012年6月5～6日,在黑龙江省牡丹江市联合召开了第二届兽医卫生暨动物源性食品安全高峰论坛,论坛由中国.国际兽医合作(IVCC)协办。论坛围绕"兽医卫生体系建设"这一主题,客观分析了我国兽医卫生体系建设的现状,认识到兽医卫生已经从传统的保护动物健康,扩展到保障食品安全和人类健康、关注气候变化和环境保护等多个领域,工作对象也从动物扩展到人类和自然,应树立"一个健康、一个医学"的理念,并提出了加强兽医卫生体系建设的具体措施以及相关建议。中国兽医协会会长贾幼陵、农业部兽医局局长张仲秋、中国动物疫病预防控制中心主任才学鹏、黑龙江省畜牧兽医局局长祖伟、OIE亚太区资深代表     

完善我国动物防疫体系建设的几点建议

目前我国的防疫体系建设在近几年中取得快的发展,整个体系逐渐建立和完善,但是也存在众多问题,要求我们兽医工作者群策群力进一步完善动物防疫体系,使我国的动物防疫体系逐步完善和健全。1建立完善动物防疫工作新机制动物防疫工作是一项涉及千家万户利益和广大人民群众健康安全的系统工程,只有政府才能承担起组织领导动物防疫的重大责任。当前,各级政府要按照“依法行政”的总要求,积极转换政府职能,在法律法规的宣传教育和执法监督检查上多下功夫,特别是要大力强化养殖业主自觉防疫、依法防疫意识,支持执法部门依法强制免疫、强制检疫和监…     

澳大利亚进口陆生动物检疫法治体系建设研究

基于特殊的地理环境和畜牧产业的优势发展地位,澳大利亚对进境动物疫病检疫性防控高度重视,构建了以《生物安全法》《进口食品管制法》为主要法律,以系列动物卫生制度为支撑的澳大利亚进境动物检疫法治体系,建立并应用了进口生物风险分析、动物福利政策、进口安全条件管理系统、可追溯体系、进境动物许可等制度。本文创新性的阐述了澳大利亚进口陆生动物检疫法治体系建设情况和实施状况,分析了其科学、严格的进境动物管控措施,通过入境申报、口岸检疫、隔离检疫,合格放行等流程监管,以保障生态安全和动物健康。上述内容提示我国应对澳大利亚完善的动物检疫法治体系,严格的风险分析和准入许可,先进的BICON系统应用,有效的可追溯和良好的信息沟通等进行借鉴学习,以期为建立具有中国特色的进境陆生动物检疫法治体系提供信息支持。     

管窥芬兰兽医管理体制

芬兰作为欧盟的成员国,在动物福利、动物疫病的检测、预防控制、暴发动物疫病时的应急处理、农兽药残的控制等方面均具有完善的相应法规制度体系和农兽药残的监控体系,具有健全的动物防疫检疫机构和专业的兽医卫生队伍。笔者对芬兰兽医管理体制进行剖析研究,希望能对进一步推进我国兽医管理体制及动物检验检疫制度体系建设有所借鉴。     

建立村级兽医卫生室的思考

近年来,宜昌市夷陵区畜牧业取得突破性发展,全区形成了东猪西羊中牛禽的经济格局,畜牧产业已成为区域经济发展的支柱产业,但是,重大动物疫病依然是制约畜牧业发展的重要因素,全区每年发生各种动物疫病数十种,对畜牧业发展和人体健康构成严重威胁.结合农村散养户数多,分布面广,防疫难度大的实际情况,笔者建议建立村级兽医卫生室,夯实基层基础,对促进农村动物防疫工作开展具有重要作用.村级兽医卫生室就是建立以行政村为单位,以执业兽医为主体、集动物疫病防疫、治疗和疫情测报为一体的基层动物防疫组织,它是兽医体制的基石,也是农村公共卫生工作和动物防疫体系的重要组成部分,与医疗卫生体系相辅相成、相互促进.     

The challenges of implementing an integrated One Health surveillance system in Australia

As 75 per cent of emerging infectious diseases are of animal origin, a One Health approach that integrates the health of humans, animals and the environment could provide an earlier opportunity for zoonotic disease detection and prevention. In Australia, human, animal and ecological health are managed by separate sectors with limited communication. This study aims to explore how professionals in these fields perceive a One Health approach to zoonotic disease surveillance, aiming to identify the challenges to the implementation of an integrated system in Australia. Using a qualitative research method, ten semistructured interviews were conducted with academic experts to gain insight into the possibility of developing an integrated surveillance system in Australia. A thematic analysis of the data was undertaken. Findings showed the absence of a clear definition and subsequent vision for the future of One Health act as a barrier to interdisciplinary collaboration, and that siloed approaches by different sectors restrict the ability for professionals to work collaboratively across disciplines. An understanding of disease transmission was considered by participants to be a necessary requirement for a successful One Health approach. Finally, participants considered political will an essential requirement for the integration of surveillance systems. This study demonstrates that for a One Health approach to be implemented in an Australian setting, those working in the fields of human, animal and ecological health must agree on several aspects. The establishment of a formal governance body with representatives from each sector could assist in overcoming long‐standing barriers of privacy and distrust. Further, developing interdisciplinary training in One Health concepts for medical, environmental and veterinary students may encourage cross‐disciplinary collaboration. Finally, demonstrating to policymakers the economic benefit of improved and timely detection of zoonoses may help in facilitating a structured One Health approach to disease surveillance in Australia.     

在“同一个健康”框架下,加强兽医与人医合作,有效监测和应对人畜共患病和新发传染病

新发传染病主要是人畜共患病,是世界经济和公共健康的沉重负担。这就要求加强检测、鉴别和监视传染病的能力方面投入。高致病禽流感H5N1、新甲型流感("猪流感")H1N1、非典型性肺炎、西尼罗河病毒、地方流行性狂犬病、布鲁氏菌病以及发展中国家暴发的其它人畜共患病及近期猪抗甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌,是人类、动物及其环境相互作用的典型范例。面临中国动物和人类常见的新发传染病坚持"同一个健康"战略,这就要求业已存在的兽医和人医及公共卫生机构的通力合作。人的疾病控制系统与动物疾病控制系统虽然都已经建立,但人畜共患病的暴发表明兽医机构和人医机构密切合作的重要性。在保证环境健康的同时,通过动物疾病和人类疾病监测系统的密切合作,中国就一定能够控制人畜共患病。以这种方式进行疾病预防、监测与应对,各层面及各动物生产部门间有效的兽医推广是加强和保持健康生态环境中人和动物健康的有效办法。中国还需大量努力才能达到从制度上保证预防和消灭疾病。透明而准确的人与动物疾病监督通常会产生经济且可持续的预防疾病方法。加拿大在兽医、公共健康、食品安全和人畜共患病预防方面所发挥的作用就是与中国农业部合作,促进必要的、可持续的兽医监督网络的建设。     

非洲猪瘟疫情背景下兽医公共卫生学课程的教学策略

兽医公共卫生学是利用一切与人类和动物健康问题有关的理论知识、实践活动和物资资源,为人类健康事业服务的一门综合性应用学科,在动物性食品安全、动物疫病及人兽共患病方面发挥着重要的防线作用。针对当前我国发生的非洲猪瘟疫情,在阐述兽医公共卫生学重要性的基础上,分析了兽医公共卫生学课程的教学策略,以期打破对兽医专业认识的局限性,强化理解兽医公共卫生的意义,提升兽医公共卫生学的课程价值,并为优化教学内容、提高教学质量提供指导。     

欧盟动物卫生风险分析体系概况及对我国的启示

2007年颁布的《中华人民共和国动物防疫法》确立了在我国实施动物卫生风险分析制度,但这一制度如何具体操作目前还没有详细的规定。因此,如何健全动物卫生风险分析体系就成为了动物卫生行业面临的重大课题。本文从构建我国动物卫生风险分析机制整体框架入手,通过借鉴欧盟的经验和做法,全面介绍其在动物卫生风险分析制度建设、机构设置以及运作管理等三个方面开展的工作,并提出完善我国动物卫生风险分析体系的政策建议,以期加快构建符合我国国情的动物卫生风险分析制度。     

Stabilizing Dog Populations and Improving Animal and Public Health Through a Participatory Approach in Indigenous Communities

Free‐roaming dog populations are a global concern for animal and human health including transmission of infectious disease (e.g. rabies, distemper and parasites), dog bite injuries/mortalities, animal welfare and adverse effects on wildlife. In Saskatchewan (SK), Canada, veterinary care is difficult to access in the remote and sparsely inhabited northern half of the province, where the population is predominately Indigenous. Even where veterinary clinics are readily available, there are important barriers such as cost, lack of transportation, unique cultural perspectives on dog husbandry and perceived need for veterinary care. We report the effects of introducing a community action plan designed to improve animal and human health, increase animal health literacy and benefit community well‐being in two Indigenous communities where a dog‐related child fatality recently occurred. Initial door‐to‐door dog demographic surveys indicated that most dogs were sexually intact (92% of 382 dogs), and few had ever been vaccinated (6%) or dewormed (6%). Approximately three animal‐related injuries requiring medical care were reported in the communities per 1000 persons per year (95% CL: 1.6–6.6), and approximately 86% of 145 environmentally collected dog faecal samples contained parasites, far above levels reported in other urban or rural settings in SK. Following two subsidized spay/neuter clinics and active rehoming of dogs, parasite levels in dog faeces decreased significantly (P < 0.001), and important changes were observed in the dog demographic profile. This project demonstrates the importance of engaging people using familiar, local resources and taking a community specific approach. As well, it highlights the value of integrated, cross‐jurisdictional cooperation, utilizing the resources of university researchers, veterinary personnel, public health, environmental health and community‐based advocates to work together to solve complex issues in One Health. On‐going surveillance on dog bites, parasite levels and dog demographics are needed to measure the long‐term sustainability of benefits to dog, human and wildlife health.     

Veterinary public health: past success, new opportunities

Animal diseases are known to be the origin of many human diseases, and there are many examples from ancient civilizations of plagues that arose from animals, domesticated and wild. Records of attempts to control zoonoses are almost as old. The early focus on food-borne illness evolved into veterinary medicine's support of public health efforts. Key historical events, disease outbreaks, and individuals responsible for their control are reviewed and serve as a foundation for understanding the current and future efforts in veterinary public health. Animal medicine and veterinary public health have been intertwined since humans first began ministrations to their families and animals. In the United States, the veterinary medical profession has effectively eliminated those major problems of animal health that had serious public health ramifications. These lessons and experiences can serve as a model for other countries. Our past must also be a reminder that the battle for human and animal health is ongoing. New agents emerge to threaten human and animal populations. With knowledge of the past, coupled with new technologies and techniques, we must be vigilant and carry on.     

Aspects of future animal health: the Animal Health Foresight Project

Against a background of social, political, and environmental change, the challenge to provide the most appropriate education for future veterinarians is daunting. A consideration of the multiple roles of veterinarians in our future society indicates that a different perspective is essential for progress to be made. One example of an approach to reach such a perspective is the Animal Health Foresight Project, which was jointly sponsored in 2005 by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency and the US Department of Agriculture. A new paradigm emerged from this study. This article explores the conclusions of this project and their potential implications for the future of animal health and for veterinary medical education. Outcomes of the Foresight Project led to the development of a new paradigm. The implications for and the possible influence on future animal health and on veterinary medical education are contemplated.     

One Health,veterinarians and the nexus between disease and food security

Achieving ecologically sustainable food systems for people and animals is one of the greatest challenges facing our world today. Four interdisciplinary approaches that promote a holistic, systems approach to disease prevention and food security are introduced. Current domestic and international initiatives that link disease prevention with food and nutrition security are presented, with an emphasis on animal‐source food and examples from Australia, Tanzania and Timor‐Leste. Veterinarians are uniquely placed to use their training in comparative physiology in support of the production of sustainable, nutritious, ethical and safe food delivered with minimal waste to promote human, animal and environmental health.     

Clients’ perceptions of delivery of veterinary services in peri-urban Ghana

A study was designed aimed at comparing the assessment of performance of animal health care delivery systems in peri-urban Ghana by livestock and poultry keepers in 4 locations. 889 respondents were interviewed using a questionnaire. A higher proportion of respondents in Location 1 met their needs for animal health by themselves, while in Location 3 these needs were met mainly by veterinarians. The mean distances to veterinary clinics, veterinary technicians or to purchase medicine were significantly higher in Location 1. Higher proportions in 3 locations perceived effectiveness of service delivery to be good. However, equity was poor in all 4 locations. Higher proportions in Locations 2, 3 and 4 said services were unaffordable. Client needs were perceived to have been met by higher proportions in Locations 3 and 4 but not in Locations 1 and 2. Staff attitude and technical competence were good in all 4 locations. The study concluded that the differences reported in the quality of service indicators in the 4 locations were not critical enough to recommend location-specific delivery systems.