玉米TCP家族基因的表达分析

植物所特有的TCP(Teosinte branched1/Cincinnata/Proliferating cell factor)转录因子在器官三维形态发育过程中发挥重要作用。对玉米、水稻、高粱、拟南芥和杨树中的131个TCP基因进行系统进化树构建,可分为5个分支,Class I包含两个分支A和B,Class II包含3个分支C、D和E,每个分支中都含有来自单子叶和双子叶植物中的TCP基因,说明TCP家族基因的扩增事件要早于植物单双子叶的分化。利用Genevestigator网站中的转录组数据库信息对玉米TCP家族基因在不同组织器官和不同发育时期的表达模式进行分析,结果表明,大部分TCP基因在不同组织器官和不同发育时期均有表达,尤其是在叶片发育和生殖器官发育过程。此外,TCP基因启动子区顺式作用元件的分析结果显示,植物激素响应类顺式作用元件最多,还有部分TCP基因含有生长发育和逆境胁迫相关的顺式作用元件。     

甘蓝型油菜GLK基因家族全基因组鉴定及耐盐抗旱功能分析

GLK(GOLDEN2-like)转录因子是GARP转录因子超家族的成员，可直接激活大量光合作用相关蛋白的靶基因，包括叶绿素生物合成、光捕获和电子传输相关的靶基因，在植物生理活动过程和非生物胁迫应激反应中发挥关键作用。为解析甘蓝型油菜GLK基因家族，探究其与油菜响应盐旱胁迫的相关功能，本研究在甘蓝型油菜全基因组水平上鉴定出159个BnaGLK基因，对其进行了基因结构特征、系统进化、启动子顺式作用元件、基因表达模式等分析。结果表明，159个BnaGLK基因不均匀地分布在19条染色体上。它们可被分为9个亚族，每个亚族中BnaGLK基因的外显子和内含子数量和结构都非常相似。启动子分析发现了多种激素和非生物胁迫响应相关的顺式调控元件，特别是干旱响应元件。选择在油菜叶片中高表达的8个BnaGLKs进行了盐旱胁迫下的表达模式分析。结果揭示BnaGLK基因在油菜非生物胁迫响应中发挥重要作用。本研究为进一步解析GLK基因家族在甘蓝型油菜中的生物学功能奠定了基础。     

甘薯IbGATA16基因的克隆与表达分析

GATA类转录因子在调控植物响应非生物胁迫中发挥重要作用。本研究从甘薯中克隆出1个IbGATA16基因，对其进行生物信息学分析，并对IbGATA16基因在甘薯干旱和盐胁迫处理中的表达模式进行分析。结果表明：甘薯IbGATA16基因CDS序列全长420bp，编码139个氨基酸，蛋白分子量为15.39kDa，等电点为9.97;IbGATA16基因组全长为582 bp，包含3个外显子和2个内含子；IbGATA16为不稳定的亲水性脂溶蛋白，亚细胞定位预测显示该蛋白定位于细胞核，具有C-X2-C-X17-C-X2-C结构域，属于典型的GATA类转录因子。IbGATA16基因上游1382bp的启动子序列存在多种顺式作用元件，如MYB、ABRE、GARE-motif等。多重序列比对和系统进化树分析结果显示，IbGATA16蛋白与三裂叶薯ItGATA16的亲缘关系最近，N端的锌指结构域序列高度一致，表明二者可能具有相似的功能。实时荧光定量结果表明，IbGATA16在甘薯根、茎、叶片等组织中均有表达，在叶中的表达量显著高于茎与根的表达量。IbGATA16对干旱和盐胁迫显著诱导表达，在干旱和盐胁迫处理0、...     

小麦多蛋白桥梁因子基因 TaMBF1c的克隆与表达分析

多蛋白桥梁因子(multiprotein bridging factor 1,MBF1)是一类广泛存在于植物中的转录共激活因子,在植物生长发育和逆境响应过程中发挥重要作用。为进一步了解该蛋白的功能,利用同源克隆法从小麦中获得 MBF1基因,根据其染色体位置分别命名为 TaMBF1c-A、 TaMBF1c-B和 TaMBF1c-D,通过生物信息学方法分析其蛋白序列特征、蛋白三级结构及顺式作用元件,并利用RT-qPCR技术分析其组织表达特异性以及干旱、热胁迫响应模式。序列分析表明,TaMBF1c-A、TaMBF1c-B和TaMBF1c-D分别含有456、471和465 bp的开放阅读框;三维结构预测发现,TaMBF1c-A、TaMBF1c-B和TaMBF1c-D在N端和C端分别含有MBF1结构域和4个α螺旋组成的helix-turn-helix结构域;系统进化分析结果表明, TaMBF1c基因与二粒小麦(Triticum dicoccum)的亲缘关系最近。顺式作用元件分析发现, TaMBF1c-A、 TaMBF1c-B和 TaMBF1c-D启动子区都含有干旱响应元件(MBS element/MYB element)和热响应元件(HSE element)。RT-qPCR分析显示, TaMBF1c-A和 TaMBF1c-B基因在叶片中特异性表达, TaMBF1c-D只在根部特异性表达;在干旱胁迫条件下, TaMBF1c在干旱敏感小麦品种中表达量较高,其表达量是 TaMBF1c在耐旱小麦品种中表达量的280倍, TaMBF1c在干旱信号途径中起负调控作用。在热胁迫条件下, TaMBF1c-A和 TaMBF1c-B在热敏感与耐热小麦品种中上调表达,而 TaMBF1c-D仅在热敏感小麦品种中上调表达,明显高于耐热小麦品种。     

大豆GmNCED5基因非生物胁迫响应及生物信息学分析

为探究大豆9-顺式-环氧类胡萝卜素双加氧酶(NCED)基因GmNCED5对非生物胁迫的响应及原理,为植物基因工程及大豆抗逆育种提供理论基础,本研究检测GmNCED5在非生物胁迫下的表达量,并对该基因及其启动子序列进行生物信息学分析.实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,干旱、高盐、高温、低温及外源脱落酸(ABA)处理均可以不同程...     

大豆OPR基因家族全基因组鉴定与表达分析

为了揭示大豆12-氧-植物二烯酸还原酶(12-oxo-phytodienoic acid reductase, OPR)家族成员GmOPRs在大豆生长发育中和非生物胁迫下发挥的作用,本研究运用生物信息学方法进行大豆OPR基因家族全基因组鉴定及表达分析。结果显示：大豆基因组中共有12个OPR家族基因成员,分布在8条不同染色体上。系统发育进化分析、基因结构分析和保守基序分析结果显示,GmOPRs可分为两个亚组,含有外显子4～5个,内含子3～5个,GmOPR蛋白之间保守基序分布相似。共线性分析鉴定表明共有4对基因存在共线关系,均为片段复制。GmOPRs启动子区域含有响应厌氧、干旱和低温等非生物胁迫以及JA、ABA等多种激素的顺式作用元件。不同的大豆品种及不同的组织中,GmOPRs的表达模式有差异。GmOPR1、GmOPR4和GmOPR9受干旱胁迫影响后表达量下降,GmOPR7、GmOPR8、GmOPR11和GmOPR12随着盐胁迫影响时间的增长表达量增加,表明GmOPRs基因通过多种表达模式响应干旱和盐胁迫。GmOPRs在系统发育进化和基因结构上比较保守,基因家族数量的扩增主要归因于片段重复...     

DREB转录因子在植物抗逆胁迫中的作用机理及应用研究进展

干旱、高盐和低温等非生物胁迫严重影响植物的生长发育和作物产量。转录因子在调节植物生长发育以及对外界环境胁迫的响应方面起着重要作用。DREB转录因子含有一个保守的AP2/EREBP结构域,参与外界环境胁迫的应答响应,通过结合DRE(Dehydration responsive element)顺式作用元件,调控下游胁迫相关基因的转录表达,改良植物的抗性。本文在前人研究的基础上,综述了DREB转录因子的结构特征、介导的信号传递途径、对非生物胁迫的响应以及转基因的研究进展,旨在为作物的抗逆育种提供理论依据。     

玉米PI4K基因家族的鉴定及生物信息学分析

磷脂酰肌醇4-激酶(Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase,PI4K)作为磷脂酰肌醇信号通路代谢中的关键酶,在植物的生长过程中发挥着重要作用。通过生物信息学的方法从玉米数据库中鉴定出13个ZmPI4K家族成员,通过系统进化、motif、基因结构、组织表达模式、顺式作用元件、诱导表达、互作蛋白对ZmPI4Ks成员进行分析。结果表明,玉米ZmPI4K家族分为3个亚家族γ、β、α;同属于一个亚家族成员的motif和基因结构相似。ZmPI4Ks各成员在不同组织均有表达,顺式作用元件和诱导表达结果显示,ZmPI4Ks可能参与植物的生长发育且响应环境或激素胁迫。互作蛋白预测结果暗示,ZmPI4Ks成员可能通过与脂质合成及转运相关蛋白互作来响应非生物胁迫。     

高温和干旱胁迫下茶树叶片内源激素含量变化及其相关基因的表达分析

高温干旱极端环境严重影响茶树生长发育，以及茶叶产量和品质，激素作为植物响应逆境胁迫的重要信号因子，其在茶树响应高温和干旱胁迫过程中的分子机理少有报道。以龙井长叶为材料，对高温和干旱胁迫下茶树叶片中内源激素含量的变化及其相关基因的表达水平进行了系统分析。结果表明，高温和干旱胁迫下茶树叶片中生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA₃)含量显著降低，玉米素核苷(ZR)含量略有升高，推测茶树通过减少促生类激素来延缓生长以适应胁迫影响；同时，大量IAA、GA₃、ZR生物合成和信号响应相关的基因显著差异表达，为解释激素含量变化及信号转导提供了分子基础。脱落酸(ABA)和茉莉酸(JA)作为逆境响应激素其含量在高温和干旱胁迫下均显著增加，这可能依赖于ZEP、NCED、SDR等ABA生物合成途径基因和LOX、OPR、ACX等JA生物合成途径基因的上调表达；另外，许多PYR/PYL、PP2C等ABA信号途径基因以及JAZ、MYC2等JA信号途径基因也显著差异表达，暗示了ABA和JA信号途径在茶树响应高温和干旱胁迫过程中的重要作用。研究结果为进一步探究茶树依赖内源激素的高温...     

玉米LRR-RLK基因家族鉴定和SIF亚家族表达模式分析

富含亮氨酸重复的类受体激酶(leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase,LRR-RLK)能够调节植物的生长发育、参与激素信号传导、抵御各种逆境胁迫,它是植物中已知最大的跨膜类受体蛋白激酶(receptor-like kinase,RLK)家族。SIF是LRR-RLK家族中的一个亚家族,该亚家族在拟南芥和棉花中被证明参与逆境胁迫。利用生物信息学方法对玉米B73基因组的LRR-RLK家族进行全基因组鉴定、系统进化、染色体定位和基因结构分析,基于LRR-RLK家族的分类结果,选择第Ⅰ亚家族SIF作为研究对象,分析该亚家族成员组织特异性表达以及对逆境胁迫的响应模式。结果表明,玉米LRR-RLK基因家族包含249个成员,这些LRR-RLK基因非均等地分布于玉米10条染色体上。系统进化分析可将其分为15类,各亚家族基因数量分布由1～51个不等。基于转录组数据的表达模式分析表明,玉米SIF亚家族基因在不同组织及逆境胁迫下的表达量不同,发现了多个可响应非生物胁迫(干旱胁迫、冷胁迫、热胁迫和盐胁迫)和生物胁迫(玉蜀黍平脐蠕孢、禾谷镰孢、瘤黑粉菌和蚜虫)的SIF基因。     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

先玉335、郑单958和京科968抗虫能力的比较研究

以先玉335、郑单958、京科968为材料,以玉米螟(Ostrinia furnacalis)、黏虫(Mythimna separata)和禾谷缢管蚜(Rhopalosiphum padi)为供试昆虫,探究玉米品系大喇叭口期对玉米螟和黏虫及抽雄期对禾谷缢管蚜抗性差异,测定其主要抗虫化合物丁布类物质的含量。结果发现,京科968对玉米螟及禾谷缢管蚜抗性均高于另外两个品系;对黏虫的抗性,郑单958和京科968高于先玉335。大喇叭口期京科968中丁布类物质含量最高,抽雄期郑单958和京科968中主要丁布成分含量均高于先玉335,上述组织中丁布合成相关基因在郑单958及京科968中的表达量也均高于先玉335。本研究揭示杂交玉米抗虫性与抗性相关化合物含量及其相关基因表达间存在正向相关关系,为抗虫玉米分子育种提供理论参考。     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Effect of a continuous hot water treatment of potato tubers on seed-borne fungal pathogens

Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive. Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk. Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d.     

Evaluation of fungicides to control Petri disease pathogens in the grapevine propagation process

The efficacy of fourteen selected fungicides against Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium aleophilum was evaluated in vitro by mycelial growth and conidial germination assays. Azoxystrobin, carbendazim and tebuconazole were the most effective fungicides against P. chlamydospora, while carbendazim and didecyldimethylammonium chloride were the most effective against P. aleophilum. An assay was also conducted with cubiet, hydroxyquinoline sulphate and didecyldimethylammonium chloride to determine their potential to prevent infections caused by these pathogens during the hydration stage in grapevine propagation. The results of this experiment demonstrated that P. chlamydospora and P. aleophilum were able to infect healthy cuttings during the hydration stage and showed that didecyldimethylammonium chloride was consistently the best treatment as a disinfectant soak for grapevine cuttings. Additionally, semi-commercial trials were conducted in two grapevine nurseries to evaluate the effectiveness of several strategies with carbendazim, flusilazole and hydroxyquinoline sulphate at different nursery stages. Soaking planting material in carbendazim during the hydration stage was the most effective treatment since neither P. chlamydospora nor P. aleophilum were isolated from planting material in either nursery.     

Screening for resistance to early blight (Alternaria solani) in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) using toxic metabolites produced by the fungus

Summary The phytotoxic components of the culture filtrate of the fungusAlternaria solani Sor, which causes early blight in potato, were used in this study to differentiate between resistant and susceptible genotypes selected to represent a range of reactions when screened in the field. Detached leaflet assays, using spores and toxic metabolites from the culture filtrate, were compared with field ratings and a whole-plant glasshouse test. Rank correlations between several detached leaflet tests were highly significant (P<0.01) but the correlations between these tests and the glasshouse and field tests were poor. The disease ratings obtained in the various tests were clustered into four groups and assigned to resistance classes. For many of the genotypes there was a good correspondence between resistance classes for all test methods. Divergent results between tests were associated with foliage maturity characteristics of the genotypes. Contribution no. 3879050 of the Lethbridge Research Station.     

B9601-Y2溶磷解钾固氮能力及促玉米生长效果研究

为了明确淀粉芽孢杆菌B9601-Y2(Y2)的促生长机制,通过摇瓶培养,检测其溶磷解钾固氮活性;通过盆栽试验,探索Y2对玉米生长量和溶磷解钾量的影响。结果表明,在第7天时,Y2固氮量为2.9 mg/L,解钾量为13.5μg/mL;在第4天时,溶磷量达732μg/mL。与空白对照相比,Y2发酵液能增加玉米株高28.29%,根长27.21%,叶宽18.56%,鲜重80.93%,干重66.67%;提高土壤中速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别为20.42%、111.01%和17.24%,提高植株氮、磷、钾含量45.46%、120.17%、68.45%。研究结果表明,Y2活化土壤中难溶性磷、钾和具有固氮能力,并能促进植株对氮、磷、钾营养的吸收利用。     

Evaluation of diploid potato clones for resistance to tuber soft rot induced by strains ofErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica,E. carotovora subsp.carotovora andE. chrysanthemi

Summary Tubers of clones from a diploid hybrid population ofSolanum phureja andS. stenotomum were screened for resistance to tuber soft rot caused by strains ofErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica (Eca),E. carotovora subsp.carotovora (Ecc) andE. chrysanthemi (Ech). Significant, positive correlations between resistance to the different strains and species were observed, indicating that screening for resistance to tuber soft rot could be accomplished by using just one of the three pathogens. Strains of Ecc and Ech were found to be much more virulent than strains of Eca. Inoculating with Ecc and Ech resulted in more distinct differences among susceptible, moderately resistant and resistant clones than inoculating with Eca.