腾格里沙漠南缘3种优势植物种子出苗对土壤类型和沙埋的响应

沙米（Agriophyllum squarrosum）、沙蒿（Artemisia sphaerocephala）和油蒿（Artemisia ordosica）分别是腾格里沙漠南缘不同植被演替阶段的3个优势物种,2009年5～6月在大田盆栽条件下,设计了2种土壤类型和0 cm,1 cm,2 cm,3 cm,4 cm,6 ...     

石羊河中游河岸沙蒿种群的空间格局和关联性分析

以石羊河中游荒漠河岸植被优势种群沙蒿(Artemisia arenaria)为研究对象,采用点格局分析法,对垂直于河道不同距离梯度上沙蒿种群的空间格局和空间关联性进行了分析。结果表明：① 随着垂直于河道方向距离的递增,沙蒿种群由增长型逐渐演变为衰退型;② 垂直于河道不同距离梯度上沙蒿种群的格局特征为,在相对小的尺度上聚集分布特征明显,随尺度的增加聚集性减弱并逐渐表现出随机分布的格局特征,但距离河道近的沙蒿种群聚集强度大于距离河道远的种群;不同距离梯度上,沙蒿种群均表现出幼体聚集分布,成体随机分布的格局特征;③ 垂直于河道不同距离梯度上沙蒿种群不同龄级之间的关联性表现出异质性。距离河道近的沙蒿种群中,形体差异大的植株之间具有正关联性,反映了互利的生态关系;距离河道较远的沙蒿种群中,形体差异小的植株之间具有负关联性,反映了互斥的生态关系;其他龄级植株之间没有表现出明显的关联性。     

蛇麻黄和沙蒿两种典型灌丛对藻类分布的影响

为了解生物结皮中藻类植物与维管植物的关系,通过野外采样和室内固体培养法,研究了古尔班通古特沙漠中蛇麻黄和沙蒿灌丛对藻类分布的影响。结果表明：在两种灌丛内外,藻类种类组成主要表现在优势物种和优势度的变化。藻类物种多样性在两种灌丛内外有一定的差异,蛇麻黄灌丛内藻类物种数及多样性指数显著低于灌丛外（P＜0.05）,而沙蒿内藻类物种数显著高于灌丛外,多样性指数无明显差异。在群落结构中,蛇麻黄灌丛内蓝藻和丝状藻类物种数及优势度显著低于灌丛外（P＜0.05）,但单细胞和球形种类的优势度变化趋势相反且变化极显著（P＜0.01）。沙蒿灌丛内蓝藻、单细胞和球形种类的物种数显著高于灌丛外;蓝藻和丝状藻类的优势度由灌丛内至灌丛外显著升高（P＜0.01）,而绿藻、单细胞和球形种类则相反。在两种灌丛内外,藻类不同类群优势度的变化主要由一些关键物种引起,藻类在这两种灌丛中的不同分布特征可能是由于调节机制不同所致。     

采煤沉陷区模拟土壤侵蚀胁迫对黑沙蒿生理生长特性的影响

为揭示半干旱采煤沉陷区水土保持植物的逆境生存策略，以2～3 a生黑沙蒿（Artemisia ordosica）为试验材料，对其根部进行原位根系断裂试验模拟土壤侵蚀胁迫，设置重度胁迫（P1）、中度胁迫（P2）、轻度胁迫（P3）及对照（CK）四个处理，研究黑沙蒿生长指标、光合特性及生理应激反应对胁迫的响应变化。结果表明：（1）土壤侵蚀胁迫显著抑制黑沙蒿生长速率，侵蚀破坏程度越大，生长抑制越显著，重度胁迫后黑沙蒿株高、冠幅、枝条长度、枝条直径增速较对照组平均下降36.91%、43.90%、69.76%、66.76%。（2）土壤侵蚀胁迫对黑沙蒿光合作用形成明显的负面作用，且侵蚀破坏程度越大，负反馈越强烈，重度胁迫后黑沙蒿叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间二氧化碳浓度、蒸腾速率、叶绿素含量较对照组分别降低39.86%、59.26%、7.82%、51.55%、12.33%。（3）侵蚀破坏发生70 d内，黑沙蒿叶片SOD活性、POD活性和CAT活性与对照组相比呈先升高后降低随后趋于平稳趋势，MDA含量在一定范围内波动，冗余分析表明SOD活性对黑沙蒿光合特性的影响最为显著。综合分析说明，采煤沉陷区土壤侵蚀...     

黑沙蒿生态生物学特性及群落地理分布规律相关性研究

黑沙蒿 ( Artemisia ordosica Krasch.)是我国北方温带荒漠和草原地带沙漠化的主要标志型半灌木植被黑沙蒿群落的建群种。其分布范围跨越了典型草原、荒漠化草原和草原化荒漠三个自然带。除具有中等饲用价值外 ,耐沙埋、抗风蚀、扎根深、分枝多、结实率高等生态生物学特性使其在农牧过渡带成为固定流沙的先锋植物。本文着重研究黑沙蒿的繁殖生态生物学特性及群落功能特征 ,最终揭示其地理分布规律。对合理开发、科学利用和管理黑沙蒿这一宝贵的沙地植物资源具有重要指导作用。     

土壤水分对毛乌素沙地油蒿群落演替的影响

采用空间代替时间的方法,对毛乌素沙地三种不同演替阶段的油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)群落(半固定沙地油蒿群落、具生物结皮的油蒿群落、油蒿+本氏针茅群落)的群落特征及生物量、叶片气体交换过程、不同土层(0-10cm、10-20cm、20-40cm、40-60cm、60-80cm)土壤含水量、根系垂直分布等进行测定.结果表明:油蒿群落演替是油蒿与草本植物竞争、生物结皮发育、土壤发育以及土壤水分垂直变化等生物非生物因素综合作用的结果.随着油蒿群落演替的发展,群落物种数、草本层盖度和生物量、群落总盖度逐渐增加,而油蒿个体数、油蒿盖度、油蒿叶生物量以及生物土壤结皮盖度则先增加后减少,油蒿根系有向下分布的趋势,0-10cm土层逐渐以草本植物根系占优势.土壤水分是毛乌素沙地油蒿群落演替的主要驱动力,通过影响油蒿叶片气孔导度和净光合速率,以及根系垂直分布影响油蒿在群落中的竞争力.不同演替阶段油蒿群落土壤水分低值区不同,半固定沙地油蒿群落0-10cm和20-40cm土壤含水量最低,具生物结皮的油蒿群落10-20cm土壤含水量最低,而油蒿+本氏针茅群落60-80cm土壤含水量最低.     

三种沙生灌木叶片含氮量的季节变化及其水分响应

沙生灌木叶片含氮量的季节变化及其对土壤水分的响应对理解植物资源利用、胁迫适应以及生态系统氮水过程耦合具有重要意义。文中研究了宁夏盐池油蒿(Artemisia ordosica),沙柳(Salix psammophila)和杨柴(Hedysarum mongolicum)叶片含氮量的季节动态及其与土壤水分的关系。结果表明:杨柴叶片含氮量显著高于油蒿和沙柳。在展叶期三种植物叶片含氮量均随时间下降;在叶变色期和落叶期叶片含氮量再次呈现下降趋势。在完全展叶期,三种植物叶片含氮量均不随时间发生趋势性变化,但随10cm土壤含水量的升高而增加,而不随深层(30,70cm)土壤含水量变化。此外,叶片含氮量对水分响应的敏感性存在种间差异,油蒿较其它两种植物更为敏感。在整个生长季,0-30cm土壤含氮量随10cm土壤含水量的升高而增加,表明土壤水分是通过改变土壤含氮量而间接影响植物叶片氮动态的。     

几种植物提取物光活化他感生长抑制作用研究

用1％浓度的黄皮种子、万寿菊根甲醇提取物和猪毛蒿精油处理稗草、含羞草、小麦、油菜和水稻催芽露白的种子，经光照与非光照处理，测定对5种受试植物的生长抑制活性。结果表明，黄皮、万寿菊和猪毛蒿的提取物对受试的5种植物表现出一定的光活化抑制生长活性。黄皮提取物对5种受试植物的根长抑制率均在50％左右，对小麦和油菜茎长抑制率达50％以上，对稗草、水稻、含羞草茎长抑制率较低，均在30％以下。万寿菊提取物对稗草和含羞草具有显著的光活化抑制生长活性。光照处理后的根、茎伸长抑制活性比非光照处理高出6倍。1％浓度的猪毛蒿精油无论是光照处理或非光照处理，对5种受试植物根、茎的伸长抑制率均在90％以上，显示出强烈的异株克生现象。     

毛乌素沙地油蒿群落毛细根分布特点及与土壤水分的关系

采用根钻法对三块不同密度油蒿群落样地的细根分布进行了调查研究,以2mm为粗、细根的划分标准,同时使用土壤水分速测仪测量土壤的容积含水率,研究结果表明:不同密度群落样地细根垂直分布规律基本一致,群落细根分布深度为1m左右,且随土壤深度的增加细根生物量逐渐减少,细根根量最大值出现在表层,在0~20 cm范围内集中分布,约占总根量的一半左右。群落密度不同,细根根量各异。土壤水分对植物细根根量的影响程度要高于群落密度对其的影响。土壤水分的含量和分布决定植物细根根量的大小和分布。     

不同盖度沙蒿群丛防风作用研究

以天然沙蒿群丛为研究对象,初始盖度为60%,人工降低其盖度为50%,40%和30%,用多剖面自计式遥测风速仪连续观测记录沙蒿林内距离地面0.1 m,0.5 m,1.0 m,2.0 m,3.0 m,4.0 m,5.0 m和6.0 m高度处的风速变化。当沙蒿群丛盖度由30%增加到60%,风速廓线变化不明显,风速廓线方程、空气动力学粗糙度、边界层位移厚度和边界层动量损失厚度的值较为接近,没有随盖度呈现出规律性的变化,在这个盖度变化范围内,沙蒿群丛降低风速的作用相似。     

树莓根际AM真菌分布和定殖

2004年7~12月在关中盆地西部,每月分别从0~10、10~20、20~30和30~40 cm 4个土层采集树莓根际土样,系统研究树莓根际AM真菌时空分布和土壤因子之间的相关性。结果表明,树莓能与AM真菌形成良好的共生关系。AM真菌的最高定殖率并不伴随有最大孢子密度,最高定殖率发生在9月,达86%,而最大孢子密度出现在11月,平均密度为14个/g土。土壤碱解氮与孢子密度呈极显著负相关,土壤有机质与孢子密度呈显著负相关,土壤pH与菌丝定殖率呈显著负相关,与泡囊定殖率呈极显著负相关。在检测和评估土壤生态状况和植物形成菌根的能力等方面,宿主植物根际AM真菌的孢子密度和AM真菌不同结构的定殖程度是十分有用的指标。     

关中西部葛藤(Puerraria)根区AM真菌分布与定殖

分析陕西武功的药葛、粉葛和菜葛3个葛藤品种（Puerraria lobata）根区AM真菌的空间分布和定殖情况,以了解AM真菌分布和定殖与土壤因子间的相关性。结果表明：AM真菌定殖和空间分布与宿主种类和土壤深度密切相关。同一植物,品种不同AM真菌定殖率也不同,菜葛的总定殖率,泡囊和菌丝定殖率分别高达98．85％,82．79％,95．96％,均高于粉葛与药葛。丛枝定殖率粉葛显著高于药葛;孢子密度药葛高达7．95个/g土,显著高于菜葛和粉葛。AM真菌孢子密度和菌丝,丛枝及总定殖率均在0～10cm土层达到最大值,而其泡囊定殖率最大值则出现在10-20cm土层。葛藤根际土壤有机质与丛枝定殖率呈显著正相关。土壤pH值与总定殖率呈极显著负相关,与菌丝定殖率呈显著负相关。土样中AM真菌多为球囊霉属（Glomus）种类。也有少数无梗囊霉属（Acaulospora）和盾巨孢囊霉属（Scutellospora）种类,详细情况有待于进一步鉴定。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal association in Asteraceae plants growing in the arid lands of Saudi Arabia

The present research was undertaken to explor the possibility of arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM) association with Asteraceae plants in the arid lands of Saudi Arabia(Al-Ghat, Buraydah, Thumamah and Huraymila). AM fungal colonization in the roots, spore numbers in the rhizosphere soil, fungal species diversity and correlation between AM properties and soil properties were determined. The highest colonization was in Conyza bonariensis(65%) from Al-Ghat, Anthemis cotula(52%) from Buraydah and C. bonariensis(53%) from Thumamah. The lowest was in Vernonia schimperi(41%) from Al-Ghat, Pulicaria undulata(25%) from Buraydah, Acanthospermum hispidum(34%) from Thumamah, Asteriscus graveolens(22%) and V. schimperi(22%) from Huraymila. Vesicular and arbuscular colonization were also presented in all plant species examined. The number of spores were 112–207 in Al-Ghat, 113–133 in Buraydah, 87–148 in Thumamah and 107–158 in Huraymila. Funneliformis mosseae, Glomus etunicatum, G. fasciculatum and G. aggregatum were identified. Relative frequency of AM fungal species varied widely and was irrespective of location and plant species. Diversity index varied with the rhizosphere soils of different plant species at various locations. Soil properties varied with locations and no distinct correlations were observed among the soil properties, root colonization and the number of spores. The results of the present study specified the association of AM fungi in different plants of Asteraceae and its significance in the ecological functioning of annual plants in the punitive environments of the rangelands in Saudi Arabia.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community structure and diversity are affected by host plant species and soil depth in the Mu Us Desert,northwest China

The vertical diversity and distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi were investigated in the Mu Us Desert, northwest China. Soils were sampled to 50?cm in depth in the rhizospheres of Hedysarum laeve, Artemisia ordosica, and Psammochloa villosa and 44 AM fungal species belonging to 10 genera were isolated. Several of these species have peculiar morphological features, which are distinct from other habitats. AM fungal diversity and distribution differed significantly among the three host plants and the five soil layers. Spore density, species richness, and the Shannon-Wiener index of AM fungi were 0.55–4.3 spores g^?1 soil, 7–36 and 1.78–2.89, respectively. Spore density and species richness had a significant positive correlation with soil total phosphorus content (0.0377–0.1129?mg?g^?1), and a negative correlation with soil pH (7.19–7.64). Nonmetric multidimensional scaling, PerMANOVA, and structural equation model analysis demonstrated that host plant species and soil depth significantly and directly influenced the structure of AM fungal communities. We concluded that diversity and distribution of AM fungi might be influenced by plant species, soil depth patterns, and soil nutrient availability in desert ecosystems. This research into AM fungal communities may lead to the development of AM fungi treatment for the mitigation of soil erosion and desertification using mycorrhizal plants, such as H. laeve, A. ordosica, and P. villosa.     

Dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with desert ephemeral plants in Gurbantunggut Desert

Previous studies documented that most desert plants can be colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi,however,little is known about how the dynamics of AM fungi are related to ephemerals in desert ecosystems.The dynamics of AM fungi with desert ephemerals were examined to determine the effects of host plant life stages on the development of AM fungi.Mean colonization of ephemeral annual plants was 45% lower than that of ephemeral perennial plants.The colonizations were much higher in the early part of the growing season than in later parts,peaking at flowering times.The phenology of AM fungi in root systems varied among different ephemerals.The density of AM fungal spores increased with the development of ephemeral annual plants,reached its maximum at flowering times,and then plateaued about 20 days after the aboveground senescence.A significant positive correlation was found between AM fungi spore density and biomass of ephemeral annual plants.The life cycles of AM fungi associated with desert ephemerals were very short,being about 60-70 days.Soil temperature and water content had no direct influence on the development of AM fungal spores.We concluded that the development of AM fungi was in response to desert ephemeral phenology and life history strategy.     

The potential role of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in the bioprotection of plants against soil-borne pathogens in organic and/or other sustainable farming systems

Sustainable farming systems strive to minimise the use of synthetic pesticides and to optimise the use of alternative management strategies to control soil-borne pathogens. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are ubiquitous in nature and constitute an integral component of terrestrial ecosystems, forming symbiotic associations with plant root systems of over 80% of all terrestrial plant species, including many agronomically important species. AM fungi are particularly important in organic and/or sustainable farming systems that rely on biological processes rather than agrochemicals to control plant diseases. Of particular importance is the bioprotection conferred to plants against many soil-borne pathogens such as species of Aphanomyces, Cylindrocladium, Fusarium, Macrophomina, Phytophthora, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinium, Verticillium and Thielaviopsis and various nematodes by AM fungal colonisation of the plant root. However, the exact mechanisms by which AM fungal colonisation confers the protective effect are not completely understood, but a greater understanding of these beneficial interactions is necessary for the exploitation of AM fungi within organic and/or sustainable farming systems. In this review, we aim to discuss the potential mechanisms by which AM fungi may contribute to bioprotection against plant soil-borne pathogens. Bioprotection within AM fungal-colonised plants is the outcome of complex interactions between plants, pathogens and AM fungi. The use of molecular tools in the study of these multifaceted interactions may aid the optimisation of the bioprotective responses and their utility within sustainable farming systems.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization of Glycyrrhiza glabra roots enhances plant biomass,phosphorus uptake and concentration of root secondary metabolites

Arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)fungi penetrate the cortical cells of the roots of vascular plants,and are widely distributed in soil.The formation of these symbiotic bodies accelerates the absorption and utilization of mineral elements,enhances plant resistance to stress,boosts the growth of plants,and increases the survival rate of transplanted seedlings.We studied the effects of various arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi on the growth and development of licorice(Glycyrrhiza glabra).Several species of AM,such as Glomus mosseae,Glomus intraradices,and a mixture of fungi(G.mosseae,G.intraradices,G.cladoideum,G.microagregatum,G.caledonium and G.etunicatum)were used in our study.Licorice growth rates were determined by measuring the colonization rate of the plants by the fungi,plant dry biomass,phosphorus concentration and concentration of secondary metabolites.We established two cloned strains of licorice,clone 3(C3)and clone 6(C6)to exclude the effect of genotypic variations.Our results showed that the AM fungi could in fact increase the leaf and root biomass,as well as the phosphorus concentration in each clone.Furthermore,AM fungi significantly increased the yield of certain secondary metabolites in clone 3.Our study clearly demonstrated that AM fungi play an important role in the enhancement of growth and development of licorice plants.There was also a significant improvement in the secondary metabolite content and yield of medicinal compounds from the roots.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improved plant growth and nutrient acquisition of desert ephemeral Plantago minuta under variable soil water conditions

Desert ephemeral plants play an important role in desert ecosystem.Soil water availability is considered as the major restrictive factor limiting the growth of ephemeral plants.Moreover,arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AM fungi) are widely reported to improve the growth of desert ephemerals.The present study aimed to test the hypothesis of that AM fungi could alleviate drought stress of desert ephemeral Plantago minuta,and AM fungal functions reduced with the improvement of soil water content.A pot experiment was carried out with three levels of soil water contents(4.5%,9.0%,and 15.8%(w/w)),and three AM inoculation treatments(Glomus mosseae,Glomus etunicatum and non-inoculation).The results indicate that mycorrhizal colonization rate decreased with the increase of soil water availability.Inoculation improved plant growth and N,P and K acquisition in both shoots and roots regardless water treatments.When comparing the two fungi,plants inoculated with G.mosseae performed better than those inoculated with G.etunicatum in terms of plant growth and nutrient acquisition.These results showed that ameliorative soil water did not suppress arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal functions in improving growth and nutrient acquisition of desert ephemeral Plantago minuta.     

AM真菌对红花生长及其有效成分的影响

丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizas,AM)真菌是土壤生态系统中广泛分布的优秀微生物资源,是具有重要经济价值的药用植物。本文基于人工培育条件下对中药材红花(Carthamus tinctorius)分别进行摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)、根内球囊霉(Glomus intraradices)和混合菌(G. mosseae,Glomus etunicatum,Glomus microagregatum,Glomus caledonium,Glomus cladoideum和G. intraradices) 3种AM真菌接种处理,并以接种等量灭活菌种作为对照组处理。采用高效液相色谱法测定不同采摘时期红花绒中羟基红花黄色素A和山奈素含量的变化。结果表明:与对照组相比,AM真菌接种处理显著促进了红花生物量的积累,且AM真菌混合接种效果显著高于AM真菌单接种;在次生代谢产物合成方面,AM真菌接种处理以及不同采摘期的红花中羟基红花黄色素A和山奈素的含量差异不显著。表明AM真菌虽能促进红花的生长,但不影响羟基红花黄色素A和山奈素的合成。     

桑树青枯病与根际土壤肥力及微生物群落结构特征的研究

本文比较分析了桑树青枯病发病和健康植株根际土壤肥力以及微生物（细菌和真菌）群落结构特征差异，旨在挖掘和利用丰富微生物资源的有益功能，为构建桑树青枯病生物防治技术体系奠定基础。结果表明，桑树青枯病发病植株根际土壤中指示土壤肥力与健康状况的生物学性状指标β-葡糖苷酶和磷酸酶的活性显著降低，微生物生物量碳、磷显著下降；细菌门分类水平上，发病植株根际土壤中酸杆菌门、放线菌门和疣微菌门等优势细菌相对丰度降低，变形菌门、绿弯菌门、粘球菌门、厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门等优势细菌相对丰度增加；细菌属分类水平上，发病植株根际土壤富集了硝化螺菌属和放线菌属等特有细菌属，缺失了诸如链霉菌属等具有分泌抗生素功能的优势细菌属。真菌门分类水平上，发病植株根际土壤中子囊菌门和担子菌门真菌相对丰度增加，unclassified_k_Fungi和霉菌门真菌相对丰度降低；真菌属分类水平上，发病植株根际土壤富集了地霉菌属、腐质霉属和丝孢菌属等腐生真菌，缺失了被孢霉属、枝顶孢属和曲霉属等具有产抑菌化合物功能的优势真菌。研究表明，桑树青枯病与根际土壤β-葡糖苷酶、磷酸酶活性，微生物生物量碳、磷以及微生物群落结构都具有一定的相关性。链霉菌属细菌以及被孢霉属、枝顶孢属和曲霉属真菌有望作为生物防控青枯病的有效备选菌属。