网室内棉花不育系蜜蜂授粉试验研究

本研究在网室内利用蜜蜂为6个棉花不育系材料授粉，以人工授粉作为对照，研究蜜蜂授粉和人工授粉在农艺性状等指标上的差异。结果表明，蜜蜂授粉和人工授粉的单株结铃数和空果枝数有极显著差异；不同不育系的单株结铃数差异极显著，果枝数有显著差异。晋56-1A、晋56-3A、晋56-6A的单株结铃数在蜜蜂授粉和人工授粉间有显著性差异，晋56-2A和晋56-5A的单株结铃数在不同授粉方式下有极显著差异；晋56-4A和晋56-6A的空果枝数有极显著差异。室内考种表明，蜜蜂授粉的衣分范围为26.3%～39.6%，人工授粉的衣分为29.4%～35.3%，人工授粉衣分范围相对较小。人工授粉的单铃籽粒数、制种产量均比蜜蜂授粉大，铃重、籽指、发芽率相差不大。蜜蜂授粉制种产量达人工授粉的80%左右；而制种成本可节约50%以上。因此，选择强群势蜂群、适时有效的虫害管理等措施，可提高棉花不育系制种效率，对棉花“三系”的发展有重要的推动作用。     

棉花抗虫核不育系抗A3的培育及蜜蜂传粉制种研究

以自育的抗病核不育洞 A型两用系抗 A2 (含ms14 不育基因 )为母本 ,引进抗虫品系 ,通过杂交转育 ,结合病圃、网室和大田的选择 ,获得具有抗病、抗虫及综合性状优良的洞 A型抗虫不育系抗 A3。以抗 A3为母本 ,抗虫和非抗虫棉为父本 ,进行了人工放养意蜂和中蜂的传粉制种研究。结果表明 :意蜂传粉效果优于中蜂 ;父母本种植比例以 1∶ 4～ 6较合适 ;隔离区在 1 0 0 0 m以上 ,每公顷人工放养意蜂数在 2 .2 5万头左右可满足传粉需要     

大豆昆虫传粉研究初探

随着大豆杂种优势利用研究的不断深入,如何提高大豆不育系的异交结实率,是摆在我们面前一个极待解决的问题。本研究利用蜜蜂和苜蓿切叶蜂做为传粉昆虫,在网室内为大豆豆传粉。结果表明,不论是蜜蜂还是苜蓿切叶蜂,都是大豆传粉有效昆虫,利用它们传粉,都可使不育株的单株荚数,单株粒数得到显著提高,在网室内,苜蓿切叶蜂的传粉效果要好于蜜蜂。     

大豆骨干恢复系花和花粉数量的研究

制种产量低已成为制约杂交大豆产业化的瓶颈,父本恢复系花粉数量直接影响母本不育系的结实率,选育花粉数量多的恢复系对提高杂交大豆制种产量至关重要,花粉数量也是衡量一个恢复系授粉能力的一个指标。采用田间调查和显微镜镜检对已育成的12个骨干恢复系的开花持续时间、开花数量和花粉数量进行调查和统计。结果表明：不同基因型恢复系单株花的数量存在明显差异,12个恢复系的单株花数量为74．8～408．9个,单株花数量最多的是恢复系JLR104,最少的是恢复系JLR75,而大多数的恢复系单株花数量为120～160个;大豆每朵花的花粉数量没有明显差异,为3400～4900个。单株花的数量决定了花粉的数量。     

胶东半岛鲜食大豆种质资源产量及相关农艺性状分析

为筛选适合胶东半岛种植的鲜食大豆品种(系),本试验选取63个鲜食大豆品种(系)于2019—2021年进行田间种植，在鲜食期对13个产量相关农艺性状进行考查统计，并和鲜荚产量进行相关性和关联度分析。结果表明：参试品种(系)的各农艺性状变异系数在9.66%～86.53%之间；单株产量与节数、一粒荚数、标准荚数、单株荚数和标准荚长呈极显著正相关，与分枝数、空荚数和鲜重呈显著正相关，与株高、虫荚数、干重和标准荚宽呈不显著正相关。各性状与产量的关联度排行为单株荚数>单株荚重>鲜重>干重>有效分枝数>标准荚长>标准荚宽>主茎节数>标准荚数>株高>一粒荚数>空荚数>虫食荚数。对所有参试品种大豆(系)与理想品种(系)进行等权和加权关联分析，筛选出综合表现最优的7个品种，分别为辽鲜3号、晋豆39、南农29、辽08M13-1H、首豆38、引豆9701和南农95C-13,本研究为菜用大豆在胶东地区的推广和种植奠定了坚实的基础。     

云南德宏地区春砂仁传粉蜜蜂的研究

在德宏地区,对春砂仁产量的形成起主要作用的蜜蜂有彩带蜂、隧蜂、中华蜜蜂、熊蜂、小蜜蜂、排蜂。其中彩带蜂、熊蜂、排蜂的有效传粉率高,小蜜蜂、隧蜂、中华蜜蜂次之。它们的数量、分布受生态环境、气候条件、砂仁种植面积等的影响,呈动态变化。春砂仁的自然授粉由几种蜜蜂共同进行,蜂多,传粉机率则高。全天蜂次与采花次,采集高峰时间每小时平均蜂次与传粉率,均呈极显著正相关。应用直线回归方程,可推算春砂仁花期是否具备足够传粉动力。观察结果表明,传粉率达90％以上的指标,是每平方米面积内当天开花50～70朵,采集高峰时间每小时出现钻花采集的蜜蜂20～30次。云南野生中华蜜蜂适应性强,生态类型多,定向筛选、繁育传粉效果好的蜂群,则可望解决初花期或缺少传粉昆虫地区的春砂仁授粉问题。     

种植方式、疏叶及昆虫对杂交大豆制种产量的影响

为提高杂交大豆的制种产量,本文研究繁种中杂交大豆父母本种植方式、人工疏叶和传粉昆虫对制种产量的影响。结果表明,父母本同穴混合种植,能够提高昆虫的异交传粉几率,显著提高不育系的单株结荚数量,比传统的父母本1:1成行种植提高20.40%（蜜蜂传粉）和30.52%（苜蓿切叶蜂传粉）,其中苜蓿切叶蜂的传粉效率显著高于蜜蜂。在大豆开花期间疏父母本整株三出复叶中的两个小叶片,改变叶片的空间分布,可显著提高不育系的结荚率,使JLCMS9A和JLCMS4A两个不育系结荚率分别达到24.1%和65.3%,比对照提高了68.82%和54.01%。     

植物生长调节剂对大豆花荚脱落及产量的影响

为研究大豆花荚脱落情况,以大豆(Glycine mex)垦农4号为材料,在R1期叶面喷施3种不同植物生长调节剂,调查了大豆植株花数、荚数以及花荚脱落数.结果表明:氯化胆碱(Cc)明显的增加了大豆植株的花数及荚数.2-N,N-二乙氨基乙基己酸酯(DTA.6)和SOD.有效降低了花荚脱落数以及脱落率;其中DTA-6还显著增加了大豆株高和茎粗,提高了单株粒数、单株粒重以及单株重等产量构成因子,增产幅度为13.24%.可见叶面喷施Cc有效地促进了开花结荚,而在产量增幅上,DTA-6为最佳.     

套作模式下不同大豆品种(系)主要农艺性状与产量的关系

以24个大豆品种(系)为材料研究了在套作条件下,各品种(系)不同生育时期和主要农艺性状与产量之间的关系.经过相关分析,结果表明:产量与三节期互盛花期天数、盛荚期至鼓粒期天数均呈极显著的正相关;与盛花期至盛荚期天数呈不显著负相关;产量与主茎长度、茎粗、分枝数、单株荚数、单株粒数之间的相关性达到极显著水平.通径分析表明:单株荚数对产量贡献最大,其次是茎粗和百粒重.通过聚类分析,供试材料可分为4个组群,应选用类型Ⅳ为佳.     

河南大豆主要数量性状与产量的相关和通径分析

对河南省大豆的6个主要数量性状与产量进行相关分析,结果表明:生育期与产量达极显著正相关;百粒重、单株粒数与产量达显著正相关;株高、单株荚数、总分枝数与产量相关性不显著。通径分析结果表明:6个主要数量性状与产量的直接通径系数顺序依次为:生育期>百粒重>单株粒数>有效分枝>株高>单株荚数。大豆育种,应注重选育生育期适中、百粒重大、单株荚数、粒数、有效分枝多的大豆新品种。     

长沙地区中华蜜蜂抗寒性研究

中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana是中国本土蜜蜂品种,低温对其安全越冬影响很大。对中华蜜蜂越冬前、中、后期强群与弱群的过冷却点与冰点,强、弱蜂群的脂肪含量与水分含量进行了测定,结果表明:无论是越冬前、越冬中还是越冬后,中华蜜蜂强群比弱群的过冷却点与冰点都低,游离脂肪含量和自由水含量也要低。11月份强、弱群过冷却点与冰点存在极显著差异,1月份强、弱群过冷却点存在极显著差异,3月份强、弱群过冷却点不存在显著性差异。     

授粉昆虫——中华蜜蜂部分生物学特性研究

中华蜜蜂是我国农业生产上最重要的授粉昆虫,其授粉状况与农作物高产优质息息相关。以研究蜜蜂授粉为目的,对中华蜜蜂的部分生物学特性进行了初探,结果表明：蜂箱内温度与外界环境温度成正相关,蜂箱内温度总体波动较／．1、,基本介于33-36℃之间;中华蜜蜂（工蜂）平均卵期、未封盖幼虫期、封盖期分别为：3．11,5．96,10．66d,平均出房天数为19。73d;以上各发育阶段平均发育速率分别为：0．32,0．17．0．09,死亡率分别为：2．77％,7I．28％,15．7％。     

Evaluating and Comparing the Natural Cell Structure and Dimensions of Honey Bee Comb Cells of Chinese Bee,Apis cerana cerana (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and Italian Bee,Apis mellifera ligustica (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

The hexagonal structure of the honey bee comb cell has been the source of many studies attempting to understand its structure and function. In the storage area of the comb, only honey is stored and no brood is reared. We predicted that honey bees may construct different hexagonal cells for brood rearing and honey storage. We used quantitative analyses to evaluate the structure and function of the natural comb cell in the Chinese bee, Apis cerana cerana and the Italian bee, A. mellifera ligustica. We made cell molds using a crystal glue solution and measured the structure and inclination of cells. We found that the comb cells of A. c. cerana had both upward-sloping and downward-sloping cells; while the A. m. ligustica cells all tilted upwards. Interestingly, the cells did not conform to the regular hexagonal prism structure and showed irregular diameter sizes. In both species, comb cells also were differentiated into worker, drone and honey cells, differing in their diameter and depth. This study revealed unique differences in the structure and function of comb cells and showed that honey bees design their cells with precise engineering to increase storage capacity, and to create adequate growing room for their brood.     

高效氯氟氰菊酯和阿维菌素对中华蜜蜂CarE和GSTs的影响

羧酸酯酶(Carboxylesterase,Car E)和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(glutathione S-transferase,GSTs)是蜜蜂体内重要的生化标记酶。本研究探讨了高效氯氟氰菊酯lambda-cyhalothrin和阿维菌素abamectin亚致死剂量对中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana中肠Car E和谷GSTs活性的影响。结果表明,用阿维菌素和高效氯氟氰菊酯亚致死浓度LC5饲喂中华蜜蜂,明显诱导Car E活性增强;LC5浓度的阿维菌素诱导GSTs活性增强,而LC10~LC40的浓度抑制GSTs活性;高效氯氟氰菊酯LC5~LC40浓度对GSTs作用不明显;用LC10浓度的阿维菌素和高效氯氟氰菊酯处理中华蜜蜂72 h,Car E活性呈现先提高后降低的趋势,而对GSTs作用不明显。     

Comparative Analyses of Cu-Zn Superoxide Dismutase (SOD1) and Thioredoxin Reductase (TrxR) at the mRNA Level between Apis mellifera L. and Apis cerana F. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Under Stress Conditions

This study compared stress-induced expression of Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) genes in the European honeybee Apis mellifera L. and Asian honeybee Apis cerana F. Expression of both SOD1 and TrxR rapidly increased up to 5 h after exposure to cold (4°C) or heat (37°C) treatment and then gradually decreased, with a stronger effect induced by cold stress in A. mellifera compared with A. cerana. Injection of stress-inducing substances (methyl viologen, [MV] and H₂O₂) also increased SOD1 and TrxR expression in both A. mellifera and A. cerana, and this effect was more pronounced with MV than H₂O₂. Additionally, we heterologously expressed the A. mellifera and A. cerana SOD1 and TrxR proteins in an Escherichia coli expression system, and detection by SDS-PAGE, confirmed by Western blotting using anti-His tag antibodies, revealed bands at 16 and 60 kDa, respectively. Our results show that the expression patterns of SOD1 and TrxR differ between A. mellifera and A. cerana under conditions of low or high temperature as well as oxidative stress.     

网室内意蜂授粉三系杂交棉制种技术

从亲本种植、蜂群选择与管理、授粉训练、授粉期间农药使用注意事项及授粉后管理等方面，系统介绍了网室内利用意蜂授粉的三系杂交棉制种技术。     

Social Apoptosis in Varroa Mite Resistant Western Honey Bees (Apis mellifera)

Honey bees are eusocial animals that exhibit both individual and social immune responses, which influence colony health. This is especially well-studied regarding the mite Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman (Parasitiformes: Varroidae), a parasite of honey bee brood and disease vector. Varroa was introduced relatively recently to Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and is a major driver of the catastrophic die-off of honey bee colonies in the last decade. In contrast, the original host species, Apis cerana Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Apidae) is able to survive mite infestations with little effect on colony health and survival. This resilience is due in part to a newly identified social immune response expressed by developing worker brood. Varroa infested female A. cerana brood experience delayed development and eventually die in a process called ‘social apoptosis’. Here, an individual’s susceptibility to Varroa results in colony level resistance. We tested for the presence of the social apoptosis trait in two Varroa resistant stocks of A. mellifera (Pol-line and Russian) with different selection histories and compared them to a known Varroa-susceptible stock (Italian). We assessed the survival and development of worker brood reared in either highly or lightly infested host colonies, then receiving one of three treatments: uninfested, experimentally inoculated with a Varroa mite, or wounded to simulate Varroa damage. We found that response to treatment was only differentiated in brood reared in lightly infested host colonies, where experimentally infested Russian honey bees had decreased survival relative to the mite-susceptible Italian stock. This is the first evidence that social apoptosis can exist in Western honey bee populations.     

Classic Hoarding Cages Increase Gut Bacterial Abundance and Reduce the Individual Immune Response of Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Workers

Laboratory experiments have advanced our understanding of honey bee (Apis mellifera) responses to environmental factors, but removal from the hive environment may also impact physiology. To examine whether the laboratory environment alters the honey bee gut bacterial community and immune responses, we compared bacterial community structure (based on amplicon sequence variant relative abundance), total bacterial abundance, and immune enzyme (phenoloxidase and glucose oxidase) activity of cohort honey bee workers kept under laboratory and hive conditions. Workers housed in the laboratory showed differences in the relative abundance of their core gut taxa, an increase in total gut bacterial abundance, and reduced phenoloxidase activity, compared to bees housed in hives.     

Parallel Mechanism Composed of Abdominal Cuticles and Muscles Simulates the Complex and Diverse Movements of Honey Bee (Apis mellifera L.) Abdomen

The abdominal intersegmental structures allow insects, such as honey bees, dragonflies, butterflies, and drosophilae, to complete diverse behavioral movements. In order to reveal how the complex abdominal movements of these insects are produced, we use the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) as a typical insect to study the relationship between intersegmental structures and abdominal motions. Microstructure observational experiments are performed by using the stereoscope and the scanning electron microscope. We find that a parallel mechanism, composed of abdominal cuticle and muscles between the adjacent segments, produces the complex and diverse movements of the honey bee abdomen. These properties regulate multiple behavioral activities such as waggle dance and flight attitude adjustment. The experimental results demonstrate that it is the joint efforts of the muscles and membranes that connected the adjacent cuticles together. The honey bee abdomen can be waggled, expanded, contracted, and flexed with the actions of the muscles. From the view point of mechanics, a parallel mechanism is evolved from the intersegmental connection structures of the honey bee abdomen. Here, we conduct a kinematic analysis of the parallel mechanism to simulate the intersegmental abdominal motions.