兔出血症病兔肝脏酶组织化学变化的研究

用组织化学染色法对感染兔出血症(RHD)不同病期(潜伏期、高热期、濒死期和死亡期)病兔的肝脏碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、三磷酸腺苷酶(ATPase)、琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)和乳酸酸脱氢酶(LDH)的活性变化进行了动态观察.结果表明:肝脏AKP、ACP和LDH活性在潜伏期至高热期增强,以后各期均减弱;ATPase和SDH在病程各期均明显减弱,从而推论,肝细胞的坏死与ACP活性增强、溶酶体活跃有关,黄疸的发生与ATPase活性减弱及肝细胞线粒体受损有关;病兔的肝脏代谢以无氧酵解为主.     

兔出血症病兔肝脏酶组织化学变化的研究

用组织化学染色法对感染兔出症不同病期病兔的肝脏碱性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶、三磷酸腺苷酶、琥珀酸脱氢酶和乳酸酸脱氢酶的活性变化进行了观察。结果表明：肝脏ＡＫＰ、ＡＣＰ和ＬＤＨ活性在潜伏期至高热期增强，以后各期均减弱；ＡＴＰａｓｅ和ＳＤＨ在病程各期均明显减弱，从而推论，肝细胞的坏死与ＡＣＰ活性增强、溶酶体活跃有关，黄疸的发生与ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性减弱及肝细胞线粒体受损有关，病兔的肝脏代谢以无氧酵解为主。     

西藏牦牛血液酶活性与产奶量的相关性研究

本研究测定了 2 8头西藏牦牛血液中乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH)、碱性磷酸酶 (AKP)、酸性磷酸酶 (ACP)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、淀粉酶 (Amy)、超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)等 6种酶活性 ,并与产奶量进行了相关性分析。结果发现 ,西藏牦牛产奶量与LDH、AKP、CAT、Amy和SOD活性均呈正相关 ;与ACP活性呈负相关 ;其中 ,西藏牦牛产奶量与LDH活性呈极显著正相关 (R2 =0 .2 94 )。     

阿苯达唑和奥芬达唑对猪体内囊尾蚴作用酶组织化学观察

目的　采用酶组织化学技术半定量观察阿苯达唑和奥芬达唑对猪体内囊尾蚴发育过程中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)、三磷酸腺苷酶(ATPase)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、6-磷酸葡萄糖酶(G6Pase)、黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)、脂酶(FE)活性变化的影响。方法　以用药组与不用药对照组猪体内囊尾蚴周围肌组织冰冻切片测各种酶的活性。结果　表明阿苯达唑和奥芬达唑作用后,各种酶活性均出现显著性升高,随后逐渐降低。结论　揭示药物作用后,由于虫体能量代谢障碍,导致物质分解代谢和物质转运代谢代偿性增强,随后由于代谢体系被破坏而酶活性逐渐降低。     

季节和胎次对白牦牛乳中酶活性的影响研究

利用吸光光度法测定了不同季节和胎次的天祝白牦牛乳中酶的活性.结果表明：在5月份,碱性磷酸酶（AKP）和乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性显著低于1月份和8月份,酸性磷酸酶（ACP）和黄嘌呤氧化酶（XOD）活性在1月份、5月份和8月份之间不具有差异显著性（P＞0.05）.AKP在第一胎活性最大,第二、三、四和五胎均显著低于第一胎,但此几胎间差异不显著（P＞0.05）;前三胎LDH活力较强,显著高于第四、五胎（P＜0.05）;ACP和XOD不因胎次发生显著变化.说明季节所导致的牧草营养状况与AKP和LDH活性成正相关,但不影响ACP和XOD的活性;AKP第一胎活力最大,之后较平稳,LDH的活性前三胎较强,之后显著下降,胎次的变化不影响体内ACP和XOD的活性,可能是由于ACP和XOD在体内较稳定.     

光照对鸡肝、胰酶组织化学的影响

将72只14日龄“星布罗”肉用仔鸡随机分为实验组和对照组.实验组接受强度为151x的1L:3D的间歇性白炽灯光照,对照组为自然光照,两组的饲喂条件相同.结果表明,实验组体重略高于对照组,而肉料比略低.肝、胰的ATPase、ACP、LDH和胰脏的SDH的活性都有增强.提示光照后,肝、胰细胞的能量代谢、物质消化、无氧酵解和胰细胞的有氧代谢均有增强.而肝、胰细胞的AKP、5-Nase和肝的SDH活性无明显变化.     

不同地区牦牛乳中水解酶活性比较研究

为了比较青海天峻、甘肃甘南、天祝牦牛乳中水解酶活性,试验选取三个牧区共150头牦牛进行乳酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、淀粉酶(AMS)活性检测比较分析。结果表明:青海高原牦牛乳ACP、AKP活性显著高于天祝白牦牛乳和甘南牦牛乳(P0.05),三个品种牦牛乳的AMS活性差异不显著(P0.05);相同品种、不同牧区的天祝白牦牛乳水解酶活性变化无规律;随着胎次的增加,ACP、AKP、AMS活性均无显著变化(P0.05)。说明ACP、AKP活性与地区海拔有关,海拔越高,牦牛乳ACP活性越高,但AKP活性越低;AMS活性与地区海拔、品种变化关系不显著(P0.05);胎次对牦牛乳酶活性影响不显著(P0.05)。     

低氧胁迫对鲫生理状态的影响

为研究低氧胁迫对鲫生理状态的影响,选取90尾鲫进行低氧胁迫试验。结果显示,低氧胁迫12 h后,鲫血液中血红蛋白(HB)浓度、血糖(GLU)浓度、Na-K-ATP酶(NKA)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活力均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。肝脏中ALP和ACP,鳃中ALP和ACP,心脏中LDH、ALP和ACP活力均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。肝脏中LDH、鳃中LDH、脑中LDH、ALP和ACP酶活力升高,但与对照组差异不显著(P0.05)。恢复正常溶氧12 h后,血液中HB浓度、GLU浓度、NKA、LDH、ALP和ACP酶活力仍显著高于对照组(P0.05)。肝脏中ALP和ACP、鳃中ALP和ACP及心脏中LDH仍显著高于对照组(P0.05)。研究表明,低氧胁迫能使鲫血红蛋白和血糖浓度升高,并影响血液、肝脏、鳃、心脏和脑中能量代谢与转化的相关酶活力。这些指标对研究鲫的低氧适应机制具有重要意义,可以为相关研究提供基础资料。     

小尾寒羊和青海本地杂种绵羊3项血清酶活性的测定

对引入青海乐都17只小尾寒羊和24只本地杂种绵羊血清中淀粉酶(AMY)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)的活性进行了测定。结果:两组羊AMY为(140.63±17.24)和(124.26±14.62)U/L,LDH为(703.7±84.6)和(821.9±136.8)U/L,AKP为(312.0±20.2)和(348.8±23.7)U/L。2组羊的3项血清酶活性均无显著差异(P>0.05)。     

大骨鸡血液生化遗传标记的测定

本研究以大骨鸡为试验材料，采用光度比色、电泳等方法测定了目前公认的几种血液生化遗传标记，如谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)，全血葡萄糖—6—磷酸脱氢酶(G—6—PD)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)等，结果表明大骨鸡LDH没有多态性，AKP具有多态性，血清蛋白具有一定的特异性，在性别间GPT、AKP具有明显差异，全血G—6—PD活性很高。     

雏鸡核黄素缺乏症的外周神经酶细胞化学

为进一步探讨核黄素缺乏时外周神经变化的发生机理,对琥珀酸脱氢酶、酸性磷酸酶、腺苷三磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶进行了酶细胞化学研究。结果表明,核黄素不足的鸡,雪旺氏细胞和轴突中琥珀酸脱氢酶活性下降,酸性磷酸酶活性明显升高,定位于雪旺氏细胞膜上的腺苷三磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活性均下降。通过对琥珀酸脱氢酶、腺苷三磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶活性变化的动态观察,证明轻症鸡自愈的现象以及雪旺氏细胞中琥珀酸脱氢酶活性下降可能是形成脱髓鞘、外周神经水肿、导致雪旺氏细胞膜上的腺苷三磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活性下降的原因之一,而增生的雪旺氏细胞中琥珀酸脱氢酶活性增强则可能是修复损伤的一种代偿。腺苷三磷酸酶活性下降与神经水肿密切相关。     

Plasma and tissue enzyme activities in the cat

The levels of activity of sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and its isoenzymes, α-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase (α-HBDH) and creatine kinase (CK) were determined in various tissues of six clinically normal cats. The plasma half times (T_1/2) of several hepatic enzymes were also measured in three clinically normal cats.     

Changes of serum enzyme activities in cows with milk fat depression

Serum activities of sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured before, during, and after milk fat depression in 9 cows fed a high-concentrate ration during 2 experiments. In 7 of the 9 cows, increases in serum SDH and LDH activities were observed during milk fat depression. The gamma-GT activity showed only moderate changes, whereas the ALP activity remained unchanged. During recovery from milk fat depression, decreases of SDH, LDH, and gamma-GT activities were found in nearly all cows. Association of this phenomenon with changes found in beef cattle, such as ruminal lesions and liver abscesses, are discussed.     

An epidemiological study of the spread of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus amongst previously non-exposed rabbit populations in the North Island of New Zealand

Aim: To monitor the initial releases of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) into previously unexposed rabbit populations in the North Island of New Zealand.

Methods: The study programme consisted of pre-release spotlight counts of rabbits on the study farms, pre-release serological samples to check for prior exposure to RHDV, a farmer-completed questionnaire and post-release spotlight counts to measure any change in rabbit numbers following the release of RHDV. In total, 23 sites within the lower North Island where RHDV was released during the period November 1997 to June 1998, were monitored. The most common release method involved the spreading of chopped carrot bait laced with a solution of virus-infected material obtained from dead rabbits.

Results: Eighty percent of farmers thought that the disease had spread away from the release sites to areas where virus had not been liberated, although only 27% reported finding dead rabbits more than 300 m away from release locations. Seventy-three percent of farmers were satisfied with the overall effectiveness of rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) as a means of reducing rabbit numbers, but 56% indicated they would modify the way they released the virus in the future. Average pre-release night spotlight counts per property ranged from 2.2 rabbits/km to 36.9 rabbits/km, the median being 12.8 rabbits/km. The time interval from initial release to when the first dead rabbit was seen which the farmer believed to have died from RHD varied from 3 to 21 days, the mean being 7.4 days and the median 7 days. The median change in night spotlight counts per site at 3 weeks after release, expressed as a percentage relative to pre-release counts, was -15.5% (range + 18.9% to -76.9%) and at 6 weeks was -49.7% (range 0% to -76.9%). The time of the estimated peak of the disease epidemic ranged from 1 to 7 weeks after release of RHDV, the mean being 3.1 and the median 3 weeks.

Conclusion: Rabbit haemorrhagic disease reduced rabbit numbers on the majority of farms where the virus was released, and appears to be an effective measure for controlling rabbit populations in New Zealand.     

Enzyme activity in cell cultures infected with herpesvirus suis]

The activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and lactage dehydrogenase (LDH) was studied in chick-embryo fibroblast cultures after inoculation of the virulent strain "A2" and the avirulent strain "MK" of herpesvirus suum. Strain "A2" reduced SDH activity, and so did strain MK, but here the decrease of enzyme activity was slower, and it did not become evident until the 24th hour. LDH activity fluctuated after "A2" infection but was generally increased, while there was no change in LDH activity, compared with uninfected control cells, after "MK" infection. When interaction of cell and virus took place in the presence of 5-iodo-2-desoxyuridine (IUDR), strain "A2" produced little change in the enzymes, but "MK" infection was accompanied by a definite fall in SDH and a slight increase in LDH. The presence of IUDR inhibited the proliferation of the virulent strain but had no apparent effect on proliferation of the attenuated strain "MK". Investigation of the enzyme activity of cells infected with Aujeszky's disease virus has revealed new biological properties of the virus, which might serve to distinguish between different strains of the virus.     

猪流行性腹泻的病理学研究——人工感染乳猪的空肠上皮电镜组化研究

观察了人工感染流行性腹泻病毒乳猪的空肠上皮内碱性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶、琥珀酸脱氢酶和5′—核苷酸酶的动态学变化。结果,肠上皮内碱性磷酸酶对病毒侵袭的反应最敏感,染毒18h后,乳猪肠上皮微绒毛排列整,碱性磷酸酶反应明显降低;45h后,断裂脱落的微绒毛内可见到较弱的酶反应;染毒18h后,肠上皮内的酸性磷酸酶的活性增强。酶反应见于整个溶酶体,溶酶体数量增多、体积变大,多位于细胞的游离缘和扩张的内质网附近,此种内质网中可见到病毒。染毒45h后,肠上皮的溶酶体内可见到亚细胞碎片。染毒13～45h后,肠上皮内线粒体扩张呈不整圆形、内嵴破损,但其外膜的琥珀酸脱氢酶的反应却增强。肠上皮内5′—核苷酸酶的活性以感染18h为高。以上四种肠上皮内酶反应,在感染96h后活性均明显降低或消失。     

A cross-sectional study of risk factors affecting the outcome of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus releases in New South Wales

OBJECTIVE: To determine what factors governed the extent of outbreaks of rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) following releases in New South Wales. DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional study. PROCEDURE: Information from the data set of official releases was subjected to two preliminary analyses. More comprehensive information on a subsample of official RHD releases, sites and animals was gathered by telephone survey of Rural Lands Protection Board staff and farmers. Data were analysed using multivariate techniques to determine which factors were associated with rabbit mortality within one month of RHDV release, within several months of release and in affecting the proportion of the population killed. RESULTS: A strong association was found between the presence of heavy flea infestation (odds ratio 2.7), breeding in rabbits and outbreaks of RHD. For each week following breeding there was an 8% decline in the odds of an outbreak. Low temperatures also promoted outbreaks. Less important effects included the prior presence of RHD at the release site, which reduced the likelihood and severity of outbreaks. The presence of cattle and proximity to the nearest water body were associated with increased severity and likelihood of outbreaks respectively. CONCLUSION: Both breeding of rabbits and associated high flea numbers may act together or independently in promoting outbreaks of RHD. Stresses involved with rabbit reproduction and low environmental temperatures also appear to influence the likelihood of outbreaks. The effects of proximity to cattle and water suggests that both flies and mosquitoes may have a minor role in local transmission.     

Distribution of tissue enzymes in three species of pinnipeds.

In domestic animal medicine, changes in serum enzyme levels are routinely used as diagnostic tools to detect liver disease. Hepatic disease occurs in pinnipeds, but limited data are available on the tissue distribution of serum enzymes in marine mammals. The objectives of this study were to determine the tissue distribution of seven serum enzymes in three pinniped species. Enzymes evaluated were alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) in tissues from California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) (n = 5), harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) (n = 5), and northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) (n = 5) that stranded and then died at a rehabilitation center. Samples were evaluated in duplicate from liver, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, kidney, adrenal, spleen, pancreas, lung, lymph node, and intestine. Patterns of tissue enzyme distribution were similar in all species, with SDH activity highest in liver and kidney, CK activity highest in skeletal and cardiac muscle, ALP activity highest in adrenal, and GGT activity highest in the kidney. Aspartate aminotransferase and LDH activities were less specific, with high activity in multiple tissues. Tissue ALT activity was high in the liver of all species, but was also high in cardiac muscle (California sea lions), skeletal muscle (harbor seals), and kidney (elephant seals). These results suggest that concurrent analysis of SDH, ALT, and CK would provide high specificity and sensitivity for the detection of hepatic lesions, and allow differentiation of liver from skeletal muscle lesions in pinniped species.     

Liver Enzymes and Ultrastructure in Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease (RHD)

Rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) is caused by a calicivirus infection that kills most adult rabbits 24–72 h after viral inoculation. Two liver enzymes (AST, aspartate aminotransferase, and ALT, alanine aminotransferase) were monitored in blood samples of calicivirus-infected rabbits during the short course of RHD. Values of AST were used to differentiate three stages of hepatocellular degeneration in RHD: mild (up to 20-fold increase in AST), moderate (150–200-fold elevation of AST) and severe (more than 1000-fold elevation in AST). Liver samples of rabbits from these three biochemical stages of hepatocellular degeneration of RHD were studied by transmission electron microscopy to define the fine structure of the hepatocytes. In the mild hepatocellular degeneration there was proliferation (microvesiculation) of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and swelling of mitochondria into spheroid bodies with loss of cristae. In moderate hepatocellular degeneration, vacuolization of cytoplasm and mitochondrial damage continued to be present, and there was also formation of autophagic vesicles. In the severe hepatocellular degeneration of RHD, the altered mitochondria also showed loss of density of their matrix; rupture of cytoplasmic vacuoles led to the formation of large vesicles. Marked depletion of liver glycogen was also found in this late stage of RHD. These data offer a correlation between biochemical and cytological features of the liver during the hepatocellular degeneration of RHD.