茶红素化学及生物学活性研究进展

茶红素是一类异质的酸性酚性色素的总称,其主要前体物为儿茶素和茶黄素类。它与红茶的色泽、汤色、浓度和强度等品质密切相关。由于茶红素的异质性,其溶解性和色谱学性质相差较大,化学结构还不清楚。目前茶红素主要制备方法仍然是经典的有机溶剂分级提取法。尽管茶红素单体的分离纯化尚未见诸报道,但自上世纪九十年代以来,研究者在体外实验和动物学研究中发现,茶红素与儿茶素、茶黄素相比,存在一些相似的生物学活性,如抗氧化、抗癌、抗肿瘤、抗突变、抗炎、抗白血病、预防肥胖,甚至有抗神经毒素作用。茶红素作为红茶中含量最为丰富的多酚类物质,可能对人体健康有着积极的作用。     

普洱茶发酵机制的探讨(下)

(续上期)红茶发酵中茶色素的形成主要是以儿茶素的二聚物和低聚合物为主体。红茶色素的成份主要的是茶红素和茶黄素。茶红素是主体组份,其含量占茶色素总量的百分之八十以上,是一类酚性氧化聚合的的异质类群,从中已检出儿茶素二聚物、低聚合物和少量高聚合体。茶红素的形成过程,主要是儿茶素在多酚氧化酶催化下氧化形成邻醌,邻醌再聚合成联苯酚醌,联苯酚醌经歧化作用产生了茶黄素和双黄烷醇,茶黄素与双黄烷醇再由过氧化酶的催化下氧化形成茶红茶。但是,在缺氧的状态下,过氧化酶也可以将儿茶素直接氧化聚合成茶红素,只是必需要有水份。英国著…     

茶黄素形成机理及其开发应用研究进展

茶黄素、茶红素是红茶发酵过程中形成的两类主要色素物质,其中茶黄素主要指由茶多酚、儿茶素类及其衍生物氧化缩合而来的且溶于乙酸乙酯呈橙黄色的物质;茶黄素经酶促氧化或非酶促氧化易进一步形成茶红素。在红茶成品茶中,茶黄素的含量不到0.3％,而茶红素     

发酵过程的控制及调节发酵产物保证茶叶品质的工艺技术

红茶加工中发酵阶段的基本反应是鲜叶中六种儿茶素的酶促氧化。由儿茶素参生的邻醌是非常活泼的,由此而产生一系列复杂的化学反应导致决定茶汤色、味特征的色素的形成.发酵期间产生的茶叶色素主要有两种,即茶黄素(TF)和茶红素(TR).儿茶素转化成茶黄素和茶红素如图1所示。     

红茶色素及其分光光度法

红茶色素是从红茶茶汤中萃取分离的一类色素物质,是多酚类及其衍生物氧化聚合缩合产物,主要在发酵过程中形成的,是影响红茶品质最为重要的因素。Roberts E.A.H.等(1957)将红茶茶汤中溶于乙酸乙酯呈橙黄色的物质称为茶黄素,不溶于乙酸乙酯呈褐红色的物质称茶红素。随着生化技术的进步与应用,红茶色素化学有重大进展,尤其是茶黄素化学研究的成就使茶黄素的提取、分离、纯化和在制茶中的形成机制及其与红茶品质的关系等均已明晰。茶黄素是一类苯并(?)酚酮的衍生物,主要组分有茶黄素、茶黄素单没食子酸酯和茶黄素双没食子酸酯。茶红素化     

红碎茶揉切机理的剖析

红碎茶加工是一个以酶性氧化为中心的系统工程。其目的是获得最优的茶叶品质。于是,茶叶酶性氧化如何发生、发展以及与揉切之间的关系,是一个值得剖析的问题。一、“强烈快速”揉切的理论基础茶叶中的多酚类物质是红碎茶品质的物质基础。多酚类的主要成分是儿茶素。罗勃茨(Roberts)的研究认为,对红茶发酵起主导作用的儿茶素是没食子儿茶素及其没食子酸酯。儿茶素在多酚氧化酶和氧的作用下,生成茶黄素(TF),茶黄素会偶联氧化成茶红素(TR),茶红素能进一步氧化或跟其它化合物发生聚合,形成茶褐素(TB)。罗勃茨(Roberts)研究认     

湖南红茶特征滋味化学成分研究

为全面了解湖南红茶特征滋味化学成分,本研究选取了湖南红茶代表性样品和典型外省样品,采用电子舌及高效液相色谱法等技术对红茶样品滋味进行评定及化学成分检测,并通过主成分分析（PCA）、正交偏最小二乘判别分析（OPLS-DA）可视化模式识别方法比较了不同嫩度等级和不同滋味类型湖南红茶化学成分的特征差异。结果表明：（1）糖组分总量、葡萄糖、麦芽糖、茶多酚、茶褐素、氨基酸组分总量、鲜味氨基酸、茶氨酸、茶黄素等含量可作为区分湖南红茶和外省红茶的主要滋味成分,其中糖组分总量、葡萄糖、麦芽糖、茶黄素等含量湖南红茶显著高于外省红茶。（2）一级湖南红茶茶汤中滋味化合物含量普遍较低,除氨基酸、茶褐素外,其他主要滋味成分均显著低于二级茶样;二级湖南红茶茶汤中滋味化合物在水浸出物、茶多酚、咖啡碱、氨基酸、茶黄素、茶红素等含量上表现突出;三级湖南红茶以儿茶素组分总量、糖类化合物、茶黄素、茶红素等成分含量相对较高,以茶多酚、氨基酸、茶褐素等成分含量相对较低。（3）“甘鲜味”茶汤中咖啡碱、儿茶素组分总量、非酯型儿茶素、EGC、茶黄素显著低于“略苦（浓）”茶汤。该研究结果可为湖南红茶产品的分类鉴别和滋味品质评价提供参考。     

理化条件对茶鲜叶儿茶素离体氧化的影响(续)

发酵期间,红茶多酚类的形成可以认为是两种反应综合的结果。多酚氧化酶的初期酶促反应,导致儿茶素为有关的邻—醌氧化。在此后的反应中,邻醌缩合生成茶黄素,此外经大量未确定的化学反应形成一系列属于近称为茶红素a的色素化合物成分,对这组色素成分总称为茶红素。形成1摩尔茶黄素需要1摩尔没食子儿茶素(表没食子儿茶素没食子酸脂或表没食子儿茶素)与1摩尔简单儿茶素(表儿茶素或表儿茶素没食子酸脂)的氧化缩合,因此,要在任何儿茶素混合液中形成最大量的茶黄素,就必须使这两类儿茶素的浓度相等。实际上,这种理想的情况从没有实现过,因为自然地出现在茶树新梢中的简单儿茶     

红茶及其功能成分降脂减肥研究进展

肥胖问题已经成为21世纪全球重要的公共卫生问题.红茶及其功能成分茶多酚以及儿茶素氧化聚合产物(如茶黄素、茶红素和茶褐素)等能够通过调节脂质代谢、改善血脂异常和氧化应激以及调节肠道菌群等多种途径来发挥降脂减肥作用.本文综述了近年来红茶及其功能成分的降脂减肥功效及其调节机制,旨在为今后红茶及其功能性成分的研究与利用等提供参...     

发酵方式对红茶品质的影响

采用新品种榕春早、茗科1号鲜叶为原料,进行超声波辅助发酵的红茶工艺试验,分析红茶品质的变化,比较茶多酚、氨基酸、酚氨比值、儿茶素组分、茶黄素、茶红素、茶褐素等差异,初步得出超声波辅助发酵对鲜爽度有一定增进作用。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).