茶多酚改善慢性不可预知应激小鼠抑郁症状的作用

研究茶多酚对慢性不可预知应激抑郁模型中小鼠的抗抑郁作用及机制。建立慢性不可预知性刺激小鼠抑郁模型,通过小鼠旷场实验、强迫游泳实验和悬尾实验中对茶多酚的抗抑郁作用进行研究;并采用分光光度法检测小鼠脑组织中丙二醛(MDA)的水平及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性,同时测定小鼠脑组织中5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT)以及去甲肾上腺素(Norepinephrine,NE)的含量。给予茶多酚低高2个剂量组小鼠在旷场实验中的爬行格数与直立次数较模型组显著增加(#P<0.05,△P<0.001);小鼠在强迫游泳实验和悬尾实验中的不动时间较模型组明显减少(#P<0.05,△P<0.001;#P<0.05,△P<0.05),显示造模成功;此外,茶多酚可显著抑制脑组织中MDA的含量增加,并上调SOD和GSH-Px的活性,明显提升小鼠脑组织中5-HT和NE的含量。茶多酚对慢性不可预知应激引起的小鼠抑郁具有改善作用,其机制可能与上调脑部5-HT和NE的含量以及抑制脑组织氧化应激有关。     

L-茶氨酸改善慢性应激大鼠抑郁行为作用研究

研究L-茶氨酸对慢性不可预见性温和应激模型大鼠的抗抑郁作用及其机制。建立慢性不可预见性温和应激（CUMS）抑郁大鼠模型,通过糖水偏好实验,旷场实验,明暗箱实验评估L-茶氨酸的抗抑郁作用效果;为了阐释其相关机理,本研究通过酶联免疫法测定了各组大鼠海马和皮层组织中5-羟色胺（5-HT）、去甲肾上腺素（NA）、促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）和皮质酮（CORT）的含量,同时也检测了大鼠血清和海马组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）的活性。结果表明,与空白对照组相比,模型组大鼠糖水偏好度、横穿格数和直立次数、进入明箱中的大鼠数量以及停留的时间极显著降低,显示大鼠抑郁模型构建成功;而与模型组相比,灌胃低高两个剂量L-茶氨酸的大鼠抑郁症状有不同程度改善,尤其高剂量都达到显著水平。同时,L-茶氨酸能显著提升大鼠海马和皮层中5-HT、NA的含量,降低ACTH,CORT的含量,上调大鼠血清和皮层中SOD和GSH-Px的活性,进一步表明了其抗抑郁的功效,其机制可能主要与促进单胺类递质分泌有关。     

参红片对慢性疲劳模型大鼠行为学及5-HT含量影响的实验研究

目的观察参红片对慢性疲劳模型大鼠行为学及5-HT含量的影响。方法采用大鼠冷水负重游泳的方法复制大鼠慢性疲劳综合征(CFS)模型,观察大鼠行为学变化及检测大鼠血清及脑组织中5-HT含量的变化。结果:参红片可明显改善模型大鼠的疲劳状态,减少模型大鼠血清中5-HT含量,增加模型大鼠脑组织中5-HT含量。结论参红片对慢性疲劳模型大鼠有明显的抗疲劳功效。     

雌马酚对慢性睡眠干扰所致小鼠抑郁样行为的改善作用

为探究雌马酚对慢性睡眠干扰所致小鼠抑郁样行为的改善作用,根据体重将60只ICR雄性小鼠随机分为空白对照组、慢性睡眠干扰模型组、雌马酚低剂量组(10 mg·kg^-1)、雌马酚中剂量组(20 mg·kg^-1)和雌马酚高剂量组(40 mg·kg^-1)。睡眠干扰造模15 d后,依次进行空场实验、悬尾实验和强迫游泳实验3种动物行为学实验,对小鼠海马组织中的超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素-1β水平和小鼠血清中的皮质酮水平进行测定。结果显示：雌马酚给药组小鼠在悬尾和强迫游泳实验中的不动时间显著减少,海马组织中的SOD、CAT水平提高,海马组织中的IL-1β、TNF-α和血清中的皮质酮含量降低。该结果表明雌马酚可以显著改善慢性睡眠干扰所致的小鼠抑郁样行为,且该改善作用可能与雌马酚可提高小鼠抗氧化能力、下调脑内促炎因子水平、调节下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴功能有关。     

枣仁茯苓玉竹膏改善阴虚型失眠作用研究

目的 通过戊巴比妥钠阈下催眠剂量试验和复制阴虚型失眠动物模型,探讨枣仁茯苓玉竹膏对阴虚型失眠的改善作用.方法 戊巴比妥钠阈下催眠剂量试验,计算每组小鼠的入睡率.用甲状腺素复制阴虚型失眠大鼠模型.监测各组大鼠体质量、饮水量、进食量、肛温;旷场实验检测行为学变化;ELISA检测血清中5-HT、DA、NE、γ-GABA、Gl...     

茶多酚生物学活性的研究

用 ESR 法、化学发光法和分光光度法3种实验模型测定,证明茶多酚消除活性氧自由基的效率达92%—98%,明显优于维生素 C 和维生素 E。动物实验结果表明,口喂或腹腔注射给药,茶多酚能提高小白鼠的全血 GSH-Px 活力(P<0.01)和肝中 SOD 的活力(P<0.05),降低肝和血清中 LPO 的含量(P<0.01),延缓心肌 LF 的形成(P<0.01)。大白鼠在~(60)Co-γ射线照射前后口喂茶多酚,其全血中的 GSH-Px、SOD 均有提高(P<0.01),血浆和肝脏中的 LPO 含量和心肌中 LF的含量接近或优于阳性(牛磺酸)对照组。用~3H-TdR 掺入法测定茶多酚对 SR-Ⅰ癌细胞 DNA 合成的抑制率,结果达98%。荷瘤小鼠口喂茶多酚后,能明显抑制 S180或 EAC 肿瘤的增长,并能增加荷瘤小鼠的胸腺重量和胸腺细胞数,3个剂量的茶多酚胸腺指数比对照组分别提高58.5%、43.9%和34.0%。上述结果表明:茶多酚具有抗衰老、抗辐射、抗氧化、消除自由基、防治肿瘤及增加机体免疫力等多种生物学功能。     

茶多酚对大豆胰蛋白酶抑制因子诱导氧化应激的抑制作用

为研究茶多酚对大豆胰蛋白酶抑制因子(STI)诱导的小鼠氧化应激的抑制作用,设3个处理,每组12只清洁级雄性小鼠,第1组为正常对照组,饲喂基础日粮;第2组为模型组(STI组),饲喂添加STI的日粮,第3组为茶多酚组(TP组),饲喂添加STI和茶多酚的日粮。21 d后处死小鼠,测定其氧化及抗氧化指标的变化。结果表明:STI组小鼠由于STI诱导了氧化应激,造成胰腺和血清中的MDA含量均显著升高(P0.05);而添加茶多酚的TP组,其胰腺中MDA含量较STI组显著降低(P0.05),胰腺和血清中T-SOD、T-AOC、CAT、GSH和GSH-Px值较STI组均有不同程度的升高。研究表明,茶多酚有效抑制了STI诱导的氧化应激,削弱了自由基的氧化作用,并有效增强了机体的抗氧化能力。     

三七葡萄籽软胶囊抗氧化功能实验研究

目的研究三七葡萄籽软胶囊对小鼠抗氧化的功能。方法选取25g～30g小鼠,按MDA水平分组,随机分为1个模型对照组和3个受试物剂量组,受试物3个剂量组小鼠分别经口给予受试样品1000.0mg/kg BW,333.3mg/kg BW,166.7mg/kg BW,模型对照组给予等体积橄榄油,同时继续腹腔给予100mg/kg D-半乳糖,连续给予30天。测定小鼠脂质氧化产物,丙二醛(MDA)含量,蛋白质氧化产物,蛋白质羰基含量,抗氧化物质,还原性谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,抗氧化酶,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力。结果与模型对照组相比,小鼠体重无显著性差异(P0.05);MDA含量显著降低(P0.01);蛋白质羰基含量显著减低(P0.01,P0.05,P0.01)。GSH含量无明显差异;GSH-Px活力显著性提高(P0.05或P0.01)。结论三七葡萄籽软胶囊对D-半乳糖损伤模型小鼠具有抗氧化作用。     

艾纳香油对晒伤小鼠皮肤氧化应激及DNA损伤的影响

观察艾纳香油对UVB照射后Blab/C小鼠晒伤皮肤氧化应激及DNA损伤的影响。通过建立4组小鼠晒伤模型,在5个不同时间相点测定小鼠皮肤晒伤组织厚度和含水量,利用可见光分光光度法测各组皮肤组织中超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OHdG)的含量。结果表明：艾纳香油可明显加快晒伤创面处结痂脱落,抑制晒伤皮肤组织增厚(P＜0.05),减少晒伤组织皮肤含水量的丧失(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);在整个治疗过程,能明显提高小鼠血清SOD活性(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),降低皮肤MDA含量(P＜0.05),升高皮肤GSH的水平(P＜0.05),降低皮肤8-OHdG含量(P＜0.01)。艾纳香油可抵抗UVB晒伤后小鼠表皮增厚,减少光产物表达,并通过清除氧自由基,提高抗氧化酶活性而发挥抗氧化作用。     

茶多酚复合柠檬酸和氯化钙对秘鲁鱿鱼丝贮藏品质的影响

研究评价了加工工艺中0.15％茶多酚及0.05％茶多酚复合5 mmol/L柠檬酸和5 mmol/L氯化钙处理对秘鲁鱿鱼丝25℃贮藏过程中理化和感官特性的影响.结果显示,鱿鱼丝在贮藏中水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、pH和还原力均显著下降(P＜0.05).鱿鱼丝L*显著降低,C*明显增加(P＜0.05),表明贮藏过程中发生明显的褐变反应.鱿鱼丝中乳糖不断分解成半乳糖和葡萄糖(P＜0.05),氧化三甲胺(Trimetlyamineoxde,TMAO)降解成二甲胺(Dimethyamine,DMA)和甲醛(P＜0.05),特别是在贮藏的90 d.而茶多酚及复合柠檬酸和氯化钙处理能显著减少水分损失,抑制乳糖分解和TMAO降解,延缓脂肪氧化和TVB-N积累(P＜0.05).因此,茶多酚和柠檬酸复合添加剂对改善鱿鱼丝贮藏过程中的品质效果良好.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.