粗茎鳞毛蕨萃取物的体外抑菌及抗氧化活性分析

为研究粗茎鳞毛蕨萃取物的体外抑菌及抗氧化活性,选用不同极性溶剂(石油醚,乙酸乙酯,正丁醇)对粗茎鳞毛蕨乙醇粗提物进行分级萃取,并测定各相萃取物中总酚、总黄酮含量。分别采用滤纸片法、微量肉汤稀释法测定其对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和大肠杆菌的抑菌活性,同时采用三种体外抗氧化体系即DPPH自由基清除能力、羟自由基清除能力以及还原能力对其体外抗氧化活性进行综合评价。实验结果表明,乙酸乙酯相萃取物的总酚、总黄酮含量最高,分别为(122.63±2.64)mg/g、(98.46±1.73)mg/g。粗茎鳞毛蕨不同溶剂萃取物均具有一定的抑菌活性,其中正丁醇相萃取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和大肠杆菌的抑菌直径分别为(11.75±1.36)mm、(10.50±0.68)mm、(8.37±0.81)mm;最小抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为12.50 mg/mL、25.00 mg/mL、25.00 mg/mL。粗茎鳞毛蕨不同溶剂萃取物的抗氧化能力均随浓度的增加而增大,呈一定的量效关系,其中乙酸乙酯相抗氧化能力最强,对DPPH自由基、羟自由基清除率以及还原能力的IC50值分别0.14 mg/mL、0.33 mg/mL、0.05 mg/mL。综上所述,粗茎鳞毛蕨萃取物具有开发成为天然抑菌剂及抗氧化剂的潜力,本研究将为粗茎鳞毛蕨的进一步开发利用提供理论依据。     

南瓜籽植物甾醇的抗氧化性及抑菌性研究

以南瓜籽为试材,测定了南瓜籽植物甾醇对自由基(DPPH.和OH.)的清除作用、对猪油氧化的抑制作用及抑菌活性。结果表明,南瓜籽植物甾醇可有效清除自由基,且对自由基的清除效果随浓度的增大而增强。质量浓度为3 mg/mL时,对DPPH.清除率为46.2%,IC50=3.715 mg/mL;对OH.清除率可达72.6%,IC50=1.560 mg/mL。对猪油的氧化具有一定的抑制作用,而且与柠檬酸、VC和VE有协同抗氧化作用,其中与VE的协同增效效果最好。对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌均有很好的抑制作用,当质量浓度达到3.0 mg/mL时可以完全抑制供试菌的生长。     

水杨酸对食品中常见污染细菌的抑制作用研究

以不同浓度的水杨酸溶液分别对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和大肠杆菌进行处理,探讨不同浓度水杨酸溶液对这三种细菌的抑菌效果以及抑菌率。结果表明：水杨酸对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和大肠杆菌具有明显的抑制作用;而且其抑制作用呈现浓度效应,即随着水杨酸浓度的增大,抑菌效果越来越明显,水杨酸对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用最强,对枯草芽孢杆菌的抑制作用稍差,对大肠杆菌的抑制作用相对最弱。     

山楂粗黄酮抗氧化能力及抑菌活性研究

采用超声提取山楂粗黄酮,并测定了山楂粗黄酮对DPPH清除能力、总还原能力和β-胡萝卜素的漂白能力,结果表明,山楂粗黄酮具有良好的抗氧化活性,并且其抗氧化能力呈现出明显的剂量依赖关系,可作为一种新型的天然抗氧化剂。选取大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、黑曲霉、米曲霉等5种菌种对山楂粗黄酮进行体外抑菌试验,结果表明,山楂粗黄酮对细菌有较强的抑制作用,而对于霉菌则效果不明显。山楂粗黄酮对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌的最低抑菌质量浓度分别为3.125,1.562 5,3.125 mg/mL,最低致死质量浓度分别为6.25,3.125,6.25 mg/mL。因此,山楂粗黄酮可以作为一种理想的抑菌添加剂使用。     

烟苗生长发育对芸苔素内酯与微生物菌剂配施的响应

为探讨芸苔素内酯与枯草芽孢杆菌配施对烟苗生长发育的影响,以湘烟5号为材料,采用漂浮育苗,在烟苗4叶1心时喷施不同浓度配比的芸苔素内酯与枯草芽孢杆菌菌剂,分析8叶1心烟苗的干物质积累量、根系活力、叶绿素含量和相关酶活性。结果表明,芸苔素内酯和枯草芽孢杆菌配施下,烟苗干物质积累量、根系活力、叶绿素含量及硝酸还原酶活性均优于对照。0.004%芸苔素内酯与0.25和7.50g枯草芽孢杆菌配施处理下,烟苗全株干重（4.59g/株）、根系活力[90.31μg/(g·h)FW]、最大叶叶绿素含量（0.5018mg/g FW）及硝酸还原酶活性（0.99U/g FW）均最高,且显著（P<0.05）高于对照;而超氧化物歧化酶（56.5U/g FW）和过氧化物酶（2714.7U/g FW）活性及丙二醛含量（8.8mg/g FW）均最低,且显著（P<0.05）低于对照。表明烟苗喷施芸苔素内酯和枯草芽孢杆菌有利于提高烟苗素质,培育壮苗。     

冬凌草叶提取物对不同菌种生长抑制作用研究

为研究冬凌草叶提取物对不同菌种生长的抑制作用,采用乙醇回流法提取冬凌草叶抗菌活性物质,研究其对不同菌种生长的抑制作用.将空白药敏片放置于质量浓度为0.161 g/mL的冬凌草叶提取物溶液中24 h,以大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、沙门氏菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、葵肠杆菌为研究对象,用冬凌草叶提取物处理含菌平...     

灵芝多糖抑菌活性初探

通过热水提取法提取灵芝多糖,得到灵芝粗多糖,并以3种植物病原菌(胡萝卜欧氏菌、指状青霉、灰葡萄孢)和5种食品有害菌(蜡状芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌、黑曲霉和黑根霉)为供试菌,采用纸片琼脂法来测定灵芝粗多糖对供试菌的抑菌强度。结果表明,灵芝粗多糖对植物病原菌中的胡萝卜欧氏菌有较强的抑制作用;对指状青霉菌有一定的抑制作用,但抑制作用较弱;对灰葡萄孢几乎没有抑制作用;对食品有害菌中的枯草芽孢杆和蜡状芽孢杆菌有很强的抑制作用;对大肠杆菌和黑曲霉抑制作用相对较弱;对黑根霉几乎没有抑制作用。总体来看,灵芝多糖对细菌的抑菌活性强于真菌。     

枯草芽孢杆菌对铀的富集及机理研究

为了研究枯草芽孢杆菌在培养条件下对铀的富集能力及机理,为该菌在铀污染治理中的应用提供理论基础。通过探究铀的初始浓度、培养时间、接种量各因素对枯草芽孢杆菌富集铀特性的影响,并且利用红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱(EDS)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和探究菌体富集铀的部位以探讨菌体富集铀的机理。结果表明,当接菌量为6%,培养时间为48 h时,枯草芽孢杆菌对UO_2~(2+)的富集达到平衡。UO_2~(2+)初始浓度为25~100 mg/L时,枯草芽孢杆菌可正常生长,并且对铀具有富集能力。枯草芽孢杆菌对铀的主要富集部位为细胞壁,约占菌体总吸附量的89%。SEM、EDS表明菌体与铀作用后,细胞表面粗糙,铀沉积在细胞表面及周围。FTIR图谱中出现了UO_2~(2+)的特征吸收峰,羟基、胺基、羧基及菌体蛋白质等活性位点参与枯草芽孢杆菌对铀的富集作用。XPS表明菌体吸附的铀多以U(VI)形式存在。说明在一定浓度范围内,枯草芽孢杆菌在培养条件下对铀有良好的富集效果。     

槟榔中槟榔碱体外抑菌活性的研究

采用超声波提取法、乙醇回流提取法、超临界CO2萃取法获得了槟榔碱,以大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、变形杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、白色念珠菌、炭疽芽孢杆菌、黑曲霉、青霉等8种菌作为供试菌,通过抗菌实验探讨槟榔碱的体外抗菌作用。实验结果表明,3种方法提取的槟榔碱对变形杆菌、白色念珠菌、炭疽芽孢杆菌有很好的抑制作用。超声波提取物的最低抑菌质量浓度(MIC)为2.6mg/mL;乙醇回流提取物的最低抑菌质量浓度(MIC)为1.4mg/mL;超临界CO2萃取物的最低抑菌质量浓度(MIC)为0.8mg/mL。对黑曲霉、青霉没有抑制作用。3种方法提取的槟榔碱的抑菌活性大小依次为:超临界CO2萃取法>乙醇回流提取法>超声波提取法。     

枯草芽孢杆菌对禽舍分离致病菌的抑菌作用研究

[目的] 研究枯草芽孢杆菌对禽舍分离致病菌的抑菌作用。[方法]采用常规方法对禽舍中采集的微生物进行分离、培养,并采用生化试验及动物试验等方法鉴定菌种及毒性,同时借助平板抑制试验检测枯草芽孢杆菌分离菌株的抑菌作用。[结果]：本研究分离的枯草芽孢杆菌菌株对致病性大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、肠球菌属细菌均没有抑制作用,但其对变形菌属细菌、金黄色葡萄球菌却表现出不同程度的抑制作用。[结论]说明用枯草芽孢杆菌来抑制畜禽舍环境中的一些常见致病菌存在一定的潜力。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.