小麦膳食纤维含量研究及优异资源筛选

为了解小麦膳食纤维含量的变异特点及分布规律,选用不同种植区的79份和175份小麦品种(系)分别研究了小麦总膳食纤维含量和总阿拉伯木聚糖、水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖、非水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖含量及其关系。结果表明,79份参试材料膳食纤维含量的变异系数为10.2%,175份参试材料的总阿拉伯木聚糖、水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖和非水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖含量的变异系数分别为12.06%、26.88%和14.62%;品种对4个目标指标均有极显著影响(P<0.01);麦区对总膳食纤维和水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖含量影响不显著,对总阿拉伯木聚糖和非水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖含量影响显著(P<0.05)。相关分析表明,非水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖含量与总膳食纤维含量、总阿拉伯木聚糖含量分别呈显著、极显著正相关,与水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖含量呈极显著负相关。筛选出9个高膳食纤维含量的小麦优质资源,推荐毕2008-1和丰德存1号(膳食纤维含量高于12.0%,面团稳定时间高于20 min)作为小麦品质育种的优良亲本材料。     

新疆小麦阿拉伯木聚糖阿魏酸酰基转移酶基因TaBahd-A1等位变异检测及其分布规律

阿魏酰阿拉伯木聚糖（feruloyl arabinoxylan,FAX）含量是影响小麦加工品质的重要因素,揭示其相关基因在小麦中的遗传变异规律,可为小麦分子育种提供一定参考。本研究利用阿拉伯木聚糖阿魏酸酰基转移酶 TaBahd-A1基因位点的3对功能标记AFTA2、AFTB2和AFTC8,对124份新疆小麦品种（系）进行 TaBahd-A1等位变异检测,并分析等位变异分布规律。结果表明,携带与低FAX含量相关的 TaBahd-A1b等位变异材料占比（57.2%）最大,其次是与高FAX含量相关的 TaBahd-A1c等位变异（29.1%）,与高FAX含量相关的 TaBahd-A1a等位变异占比（13.7%）最小;其中,98份新疆冬小麦品种（系）中,携带 TaBahd-A1a和 TaBahd-A1c基因型的材料共占比38.7%,携带 TaBahd-A1b基因型的材料占比61.3%;26份新疆春小麦材料中,携带 TaBahd-A1a和 TaBahd-A1c基因型的材料共占比57.6%,携带 TaBahd-A1b基因型的材料占比38.4%。在不同类型冬小麦品种（系）中,与高FAX含量相关的等位变异类型 TaBahd-A1a和 TaBahd-A1c的分布频率表现为引进品种（系）＞地方品种>自育品种（系）;与低FAX含量相关的等位变异类型 TaBahd-A1b的分布频率表现为自育品种（系）＞地方品种＞引进品种（系）。     

小麦籽粒蛋白质组分的变异及其与面粉品质的关系

为了探究小麦籽粒蛋白质组分的变异及其相对比例的变化对小麦籽粒品质的影响,在两个不同的小麦品质生态区,选用大面积推广的40个小麦品种(系)为材料,研究了小麦籽粒蛋白质各组分在基因型与环境间的变异,以及蛋白质组分与面粉品质的关系。结果表明,小麦籽粒蛋白质各组分含量在基因型间差异显著,而在环境间各组分含量的变异是一种非比例的增减,导致了籽粒蛋白质质量在环境间的显著差异。徐州点生态环境利于谷蛋白的合成,谷醇比显著大于南京点。在蛋白质各组分的关系中,清蛋白含量的增加降低了谷蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量,球蛋白含量的增加则降低了谷醇比,从而降低了沉淀值。蛋白质各组分含量及比例与面粉品质密切相关,是理想的品质微量评价指标。在高蛋白品种中,当谷醇比为1.3左右时,面粉面包烘烤品质较好。     

基因型和环境对小麦类胡萝卜素含量及其品质性状的影响

为了给小麦类胡萝卜素含量及其相关品质性状的改良提供参考,选用了15个小麦品种作为试验材料,分别在安徽省5个生态区进行区试,测定了小麦全麦粉的类胡萝卜素含量、脂肪氧化酶( LOX )活性、白度等性状。结果表明,15个小麦品种的类胡萝卜素含量及其他被测品质性状在基因型间和环境间的差异均达到极显著水平;类胡萝卜素、蛋白质、湿面筋和淀粉含量的环境变异大于基因型变异,而LOX活性、L值,a值、b值和白度等指标的基因型变异大于环境变异。基因型和环境对小麦品种的类胡萝卜素含量及其他品质性状均有重要影响,基因型与环境互作效应亦不可忽视。     

青稞籽粒阿拉伯木聚糖含量的遗传分析

为了解青稞籽粒阿拉伯木聚糖的遗传特性,以喜马拉雅8号和藏青320及二者构建的F_1和F_2群体为材料,使用主基因+多基因模型,对青稞籽粒总阿拉伯木聚糖含量、水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖含量、不溶性阿拉伯木聚糖含量及不溶性阿拉伯木聚糖/水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖比值进行了遗传分析。结果表明,青稞籽粒总阿拉伯木聚糖含量与不溶性阿拉伯木聚糖含量显著相关,而与水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖含量相关不显著。籽粒总阿拉伯木聚糖符合1对显性-加性主基因+多基因遗传模式。不溶性与水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖及不溶性与水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖之比均受2对主基因+多基因调控,只是主基因的作用方式存在着差异。控制水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖和不溶性阿拉伯木聚糖含量的主基因加性效应均为负值,可能为负调控因子。除调控水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖含量的主基因加性效应较小外,其余性状的主基因加性效应均较大。各性状的主基因遗传率都较高,为62.5%~88.49%。     

基因型与环境对小麦戊聚糖含量及RVA黏度的影响

为研究基因型与环境对小麦戊聚糖含量及RVA黏度的影响,选取10个小麦品种（系）和5个生态试验点,测定了小麦籽粒中的总戊聚糖(TP)、水溶性戊聚糖(WSP)、非水溶性戊聚糖含量(WIP)和RVA黏度等共10个性状,探讨了3种戊聚糖含量和7个RVA性状的影响因素及相互关系。结果表明,包括总戊聚糖、水溶性戊聚糖含量在内的10个性状均受到基因型、环境以及基因型与环境互作的影响。其中,基因型方差和环境方差在所有性状上均达到显著或极显著,基因型与环境互作方差在水溶性戊聚糖和7个RVA性状上达到极显著;戊聚糖含量的环境变异＞基因型变异＞基因型与环境互作变异,而RVA黏度性状的基因型变异均大于环境变异。水溶性戊聚糖含量与高峰黏度呈显著负相关。     

新疆小麦品种籽粒性状、磨粉品质及其关系的研究

为给新疆冬、春小麦品种籽粒性状与磨粉品质改良提供参考依据,以30个新疆冬小麦品种和36个新疆春小麦品种为试验材料,研究了新疆小麦品种籽粒性状、磨粉品质特性及其两者的关系。结果表明,新疆冬、春小麦品种籽粒性状基本相近,各有优劣,主要差异表现在硬度大小不同,冬小麦品种的硬度（47.1）小于春小麦品种（61.8）;冬小麦品种的出粉率和黄度分别高于和低于春小麦品种,说明冬小麦品种的磨粉品质优于春小麦品种。新疆本地育成冬小麦品种的籽粒硬度（51.8）小于春小麦品种（62.9）,出粉率高于春小麦品种,灰分、红度和黄度也高于春小麦品种。综合来看,新疆本地育成春小麦品种的籽粒性状略优于冬小麦品种,磨粉品质优于冬小麦品种。相关分析表明,新疆冬、春小麦籽粒硬度与破损淀粉率呈极显著正相关,与L*值呈极显著负相关;籽粒蛋白含量与面粉灰分呈显著正相关。说明籽粒硬度和籽粒蛋白含量与新疆小麦磨粉品质关系最为密切。总之,在新疆小麦籽粒性状与磨粉品质改良中,应以籽粒硬度和面粉色泽改良为重点,同时也要提高新疆小麦籽粒蛋白含量和出粉率。     

不同品质类型小麦阿拉伯木聚糖流变性质的研究

为了解阿拉伯木聚糖流变性质及其与小麦品质的关系,对不同品质类型的小麦（强筋、弱筋）阿拉伯木聚糖(简称WEAX)的零剪切黏度（η0）及酶促氧化胶凝能力等指标进行了研究。结果表明,不同品质类型小麦间WEAX溶液的黏度特性存在一定差异,零剪切黏度值（η0）变幅为0.20～56.50 Pa·s,大部分集中在0.20～2.43 Pa·s,个别品种（中优206、烟农19）数值偏差较大。在过氧化物酶体系(POX/H2O2)作用下,WEAX凝胶特性（G′、G″值）差异显著,强筋与弱筋小麦中均存在胶凝能力或强或弱的品种,说明WEAX的上述流变特性与小麦筋力（或硬度）无直接关系。     

小麦籽粒硬度及其Pinb-D1基因等位变异的STS标记检测

为了明确内蒙古春小麦和部分引进冬小麦的籽粒硬度及其等位变异类型,用SKCS 4100单籽粒谷物硬度仪和STS分子标记对17份冬小麦、87份春小麦品种扣38份春小麦高代品系的籽粒硬度及其Pinb-Dla,Pinb-D1b和Pinb-Dlc等位基因进行了分析.结果表明,在104份冬、春小麦品种中,籽粒硬度指数变幅为1±16～74±21,其中软质、混合和硬质麦频率分别为23.1%、49.0%和27.9%;Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a、Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b和Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1c基因型分憋为68份、27份和4份.在38份高代品系中,籽粒硬度指数变幅为O±18～49±17,软质和混合麦频率分别为68.4%和31.6%,Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a和Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b基因型分别为20份和18份.     

山西省小麦品种（系）蛋白质品质的差异

为了解年份、地域及基因型对山西小麦蛋白质品质的影响,分析了2005-2010年山西省参加南部和中部区试的冬小麦新品种（系）蛋白质品质指标的变化。结果表明,年际间、区试组间冬小麦品种（系）的蛋白质品质变异系数均表现为：沉淀值〉蛋白质含量〉湿/干面筋含量。旱地种植的小麦品种（系）各蛋白质品质参数平均值均高于水地种植的小麦。基因型、年份和种植地点对小麦蛋白质品质的作用力分析结果表明,三因素交互作用对小麦蛋白质品质影响最大,地点和基因型对小麦蛋白质品质的直接作用较小,年份对湿/干面筋含量影响较大,基因型、年份和种植地点两两交互效应大于单因素效应。     

天津玉米机械粒收初步研究

为明确天津玉米子粒脱水特征及影响机械粒收的主要因素,2015年和2018年在天津武清区开展春玉米和夏玉米田间试验,调查不同玉米品种的子粒含水率和机械粒收后的破碎率、杂质率及田间损失率。结果表明,春玉米收获时子粒含水率为16.4%～23.2%,破碎率为1.5%～3.2%,符合国家机械粒收标准。在本地区10月初播种冬小麦之前完全可以实现机械粒收。夏玉米在传统收获季子粒含水率为27.2%～42.2%,含水率过高导致的高破碎率是限制机械粒收的主要因素。当前种植的主要夏播品种无法满足玉米机械粒收的熟期与水分需求,需筛选早熟、脱水快的品种,或延迟冬小麦播种及采取冬小麦改种春小麦的种植制度调整,实现夏玉米机械粒收。     

Phenotypic plasticity of yield and agronomic traits in cereals and rapeseed at high latitudes

In the northernmost European environments of Finland, large variability in the yield and quality of crops is a critical source of uncertainty for growers and end-users of grain. The aims of this study were (i) to quantify and compare the plasticity, i.e., cultivar responsiveness to environment, in yield of spring oat, spring wheat, six-row barley, two-row barley, winter rye, winter wheat, turnip rape and oilseed rape, (ii) to explore the existence of hierarchies or positive correlations in the plasticity of agronomic, yield and quality traits and (iii) to probe for trends in yield plasticity associated with different eras of breeding for yield potential and agronomic traits. Plasticities of yield, agronomic and quality traits were derived as slopes of norms of reaction using MTT Agrifood Research Finland data sets combining long-term (1970-2008 for cereals and 1976-2008 for rapeseed) results from 15 to 26 locations. Plasticity of yield ranged typically between 0.8 and 1.2, was smallest for six-row barley (0.84-1.11) and largest for winter rye (0.72-1.36). We found two types of associations between plasticity of yield and yield under stressful or favourable conditions for cereals but none for rape. In spring wheat, oat and six-row barley, high yield plasticity was associated with crop responsiveness to favourable conditions rather than yield reductions under stressful conditions. Modern spring wheat cultivars had higher maximum grain yields compared to older ones at the same level of plasticity. In winter wheat and rye, high yield plasticity resulted from the combination of high yield in favourable conditions and low yield in stressful environments. Many associations between yield plasticity and other traits were identified in cereals: e.g., high yield plasticity was often associated with higher grain weight, more grains per square meter, later maturity (contrary to turnip rape), shorter plants, less lodging and lower grain protein content and in winter cereals with higher winter damage.     

江淮地区低温冻害对不同类型小麦幼茎细胞结构的影响

为了解冻害对不同基因型稻茬小麦苗期幼茎细胞结构的影响,选用皖麦50(半冬性品种)、皖麦48(弱春性品种)和郑麦9023(春性品种)为材料,在低温条件下连续用显微镜观测幼茎分蘖节薄壁细胞质壁分离变化情况。结果表明,在低温天气发生的初期,三个品种只发生了轻微的质壁分离,回暖后可恢复。当0℃以下低温持续10d以上时,质壁分离现象加重,皖麦48和郑麦9023分蘖节薄壁细胞原生质体出现不规则收缩,导管和筛管破裂,细胞失水收缩率最高达到30%左右,明显高于皖麦50。不同品种细胞失水收缩最大值均出现在连续低温之后,与最低温度出现时间不一致。     

不同生育时期叶面喷施奇善宝对冬小麦产量及品质的效应

为了解海洋寡糖复合制剂奇善宝在小麦上的应用效果,2011-2013年以小麦品种中麦349为材料,研究了返青、拔节和孕穗期叶面喷施奇善宝对冬小麦产量及品质的影响。结果表明,叶面喷施奇善宝使冬小麦增产2.9%~11.3%,效果明显,增产的主因是显著增加了穗粒数和千粒重。喷施奇善宝对冬小麦部分品质性状影响显著,其中使籽粒容重、硬度、蛋白质含量和面粉湿面筋含量分别较对照提高0.1%~0.8%、1.0%~5.3%、0.3%~3.3%和0.4%~5.1%,使面团稳定时间和延展性分别下降3.5%~5.8%和2.3%~5.2%。增产效果以返青期和拔节期喷施最佳,返青期喷施对改善品质效果最佳。     

Influence of competition,irrigation levels and nitrogen fertilization on protein content and protein yield of three spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars

Protein content and protein yield of three spring wheat cultivars differing in morphological and physiological growth characters were found to be influenced by intercultivar competition, irrigation levels and nitrogen fertilization. The protein content of the tall cultivar C 306 and the protein yield of the dwarf cultivar HD 2160 were more than the other cultivars. Binary mixed stands were not superior to the better component cultivar. Intercultivar competition increased the protein content of dwarf and semi-dwarf cultivars, but decreased the protein content of tall cultivar. On the other hand, protein yield of the dwarf cultivar decreased and that of tall cultivar increased when grown in mixed stands. Protein yield of semi-dwarf cultivar increased when grown with dwarf cultivar, but decreased when grown with tall cultivar. Two or three irrigations increased the protein content and protein yield of all the three cultivars and their mixed stands over one irrigation. Protein content and protein yield of the cultivars and their mixed stands were higher when 150 kg N/ha was applied than when 80 kg N/ha was applied.     

Effect of wheat dietary fibres on bread dough development and rheological properties

Several fractions of wheat fibres were isolated from starchy endosperm, aleurone layer and bran, and characterized for their hydration properties and arabinoxylans (AX) content. The influence of their addition, up to 10%, to standard flour was studied through mixing tests, and rheological tests at small and large deformations. The effect of insoluble AX on dough development was accounted for by their capacity to retain water, whatever their origin and percentage of addition. The addition of insoluble AX increased the viscoelastic plateau modulus. The addition of soluble and insoluble AX to the dough did not modify the overall dough flow behaviour in shear, characterized by a Newtonian plateau at low shear rates followed by shear-thinning behaviour at larger shear rates. This behaviour could be fitted by the Cross model. The addition of water soluble AX modified the Newtonian viscosity value. Conversely, the addition of insoluble ones increased dough consistency, probably through a filler-like effect in the dough matrix.     

河北省小麦品质生态区划研究

为了给河北省小麦优质生产提供依据,以县级行政区为基本单元,结合河北省的实际情况,参考《中国小麦品质区划方案》所制定的依据和原则,借鉴其他省份的区划经验,把河北省划分为5个小麦品质生态区:Ⅰ,冀北强筋、中筋春性小麦生态区;Ⅱ,冀东强筋冬性小麦生态区;Ⅲ,冀中北强筋冬性小麦生态区;Ⅳ,冀中南强筋半冬性小麦生态区;V,冀南强筋、中筋半冬性小麦生态区.     

一些小麦品种的淀粉特性分析

为了筛选出淀粉品质优良的面条小麦品种,分析了200份国内小麦品种(系)和6份澳大利亚小麦品种的淀粉特性及Waxy蛋白亚基组成.与国外优质面条小麦相比,国内小麦的淀粉品质总体上有一定差距,但主要淀粉特性的变异范围比较广,如直链淀粉含量变幅为17.79%～27.14%,膨胀势为3.77～10.45g/g,峰值粘度为491.50～4 497.00 cP,低谷粘度为74.00～3 042.00 cP,崩解值为584.50～1 986.50 cP.国内小麦品种(系)中有15份缺失Wx-B1蛋白亚基,其直链淀粉含量、峰值粘度和崩解值的平均值优于正常类型品种(系),如花培18-5直链淀粉含量低于19%,峰值粘度高于4000 cP,崩解值高于1 500 cP.河南省小麦品种(系)的淀粉特性优于其他省市.     

The effects of extrusion on the content and properties of dietary fibre components in various barley cultivars

Wholemeal flour from five Czech spring barley materials was processed in a single-screw extruder at 130 °C, addition of 20% water and a screw speed of 220 rpm. Two barleys (AF Cesar, AF Lucius) were hulless cultivars with a standard starch composition, while three barleys (KM 2624, KM 2460-1, KM 2460-2) were hulled waxy lines. The effect of extrusion on content of different dietary fibre fractions was determined. Also the changes of the molar mass of β-glucan were studied. Regardless of the barley genotype (standard starch or waxy), the extrusion had no significant effect on arabinoxylan content. A significantly higher beta-glucan and soluble dietary fibre content in barley cultivars with standard starch composition was observed after extrusion. The content of insoluble dietary fibre decreased significantly in all extruded flours. The molar mass of water-extractable beta-glucan increased independently of the barley variety after extrusion. But the increase in beta-glucan extractability due to extrusion was not observed.     

北京地区玉米子粒脱水特性与适宜收获期研究

在北京地区采用9个供试品种设置春播和夏播试验,分析不同品种的子粒脱水动态,构建各品种子粒脱水模型,进而预测各品种适宜收获期。结果发现,北京地区至10月1日小麦正常播种期,郑单958、先玉335等9个春播玉米品种子粒含水率均能下降至25%以下,实现田间机械直收子粒,且春玉米播种具备较宽的窗口期。夏玉米6月15日常规播期种植条件下,至10月1日仅有早熟、脱水快的品种丰垦139和迪卡517子粒含水率可以勉强降至25%,其余7个供试品种子粒含水率下降至25%的时间分布于10月11日至11月1日,夏播玉米实现机械粒收会影响冬小麦的播种。因此,在北京地区,改冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟制为春小麦-夏玉米(晚收)或春玉米-冬小麦-夏玉米(晚收)两年三熟制,选择适合玉米粒收的品种,可以实现春玉米和夏玉米的田间机械粒收,提高玉米种植效益。