扎龙国家自然湿地生态环境需水量研究

湿地生态环境需水是指维持湿地生态系统生态平衡和正常发展、保障湿地系统生态水文功能和相关环境功能正常发挥所需的水量,以扎龙国家自然湿地为例,选取植被需水量、土壤需水量、生物栖息地环境需水量及污染物净化需水量为主要指标,估算了扎龙湿地生态环境需水量。按照湿地管理的需要,划分扎龙湿地生态环境需水量为5个级别,其中最小生态环境需水量为24 588×108m3,中等需水量为40 879×108m3,最大需水量为71 934×108m3。     

基于遥感方法的黄河三角洲生态需水量研究

生态环境需水量是当前水资源管理等学科研究的重点和难点。对于河流生态环境需水量已形成比较系统的理论和计算方法,但对于其它生态系统则没有固定的计算模式,生态需水量项目也因具体环境而异。依据黄河三角洲自然保护区生态系统特点,其需水量项目主要有植物需水量、湿地蒸散量、土壤需水量、野生生物栖息地需水量、补给地下水需水量和防止岸线侵蚀及河口生态环境需水量等。遥感技术在区域资源环境研究方面具有极大优越性,本文利用遥感技术重点对黄河三角洲湿地生态系统需水量中的蒸散量进行了计算,其它需水量项目则用一般方法进行了计算。计算结果表明黄河三角洲自然保护区最小生态需水量为19.21亿m3,最大生态需水量为42.14亿m3。为维持自然保护区生态环境不再恶化,每年需补给的最小生态水量为12.3亿m3。     

民勤地区供水和生态需水量分析

当今世界水环境污染和水资源短缺问题日益突出。如何进行水资源优化配置,将人类活动控制在生态、资源、环境允许范围内,核心问题是生态需水量的确定。通过对国内外生态需水量研究现状的分析,阐述了生态需水量的概念:在现状和未来时空间尺度上,一定的生态环境标准条件下,为维持流域或区域特定的天然生态环境功能必须保障蓄存和消耗的最小水量。对目前采取的各种生态需水量计算方法进行了总结,计算了民勤生态需水量。结果表明,为了使民勤生态系统不再恶化,每年需要补给2.406×108~2.414×108m3的水。如果考虑民勤地区人的生活用水和农业灌溉用水4.263×108~5.458×108m3,民勤地区的总需水量应为6.669~7.872亿m3。     

内陆河下游民勤绿洲主要防风固沙植被生态需水量研究

通过大型蒸渗仪和植物径流测定系统对民勤绿洲5种主要防风固沙植物单株生态需水进行了测定,并结合G IS和野外调查,确定不同植被类型的面积、生态需水定额和生态需水量;通过天然降水与生态需水的耦合,分析了不同植被类型生态需水的时空变化规律。研究表明,5种植物年平均单株最大生态需水定额分别为:沙枣1597.4 mm、新疆杨806.77 mm、梭梭534.05 mm、柽柳426.76 mm、白刺318.83 mm;5种植被年最大生态需水总量为2.29×108m3;实际生态需水量分别为:新疆杨0.29×108m3、沙枣0.69×108m3、梭梭0.44×108m3、柽柳0.05×108m3、白刺0.02×108m3,总实际生态需水量1.49×108m3,减去0.35×108m3有效天然降水用于植被生态需水,另需1.14×108m3的生态需水,占民勤绿洲总用水量的14.92%;降水高峰期与植被生态需水的高峰期一致,主要集中于6,7,8,9四个月,分别占全年的74.1%和77.25%;有效降水对杨树、沙枣、梭梭、柽柳和白刺生态需水的贡献率分别为8.59%,10.29%,43.25%,58.4%和196%。     

黄淮海地区林地最小生态需水量研究

以黄淮海地区为例 ,对林地最小生态需水量的理论和方法进行探讨 ,研究内容主要包括 :(1 )从林地生态系统水量平衡关系出发 ,分析林地生态需水的各种表现形式 ,并对林地生态需水量概念进行界定 ;(2 )提出林地最小生态需水量的计算方法 ,对其中的土壤最小含水定额和最小蒸散定额进行理论探讨 ;(3)按照区域生态环境保护目标的要求 ,对黄淮海地区的林地合理面积进行规划 ;(4 )根据规划结果 ,在 GIS支持下计算研究区的林地最小生态需水量。研究表明 ,黄淮海地区的林地合理面积为 7.80万 km2 ,占总面积的 1 8.85 % ,其每年所需的最小水量为 6 0 7亿 m3 ,其中 ,林地蒸散需水大约为 4 83亿 m3 ,土壤含水需要 1 2 5亿 m     

流域生态需水的理论及计算研究进展

生态需水是生态水文学的重要研究内容之一.该文分析了生态需水国内外研究进展,在辨识生态需水及其相关概念的基础上,该文认为广义的生态需水是在一定生态目标下,维持相应时空范围内生态系统水分平衡所需要的总水量,而狭义的生态需水是一定的生态目标下,为维持生态系统正常生态与环境功能所需要补充的径流性水资源量.生态需水研究涉及陆地和水域生态系统,该文重点探讨了河流、湿地湖泊等水域生态系统以及陆地植被(包含农田)生态需水理论研究现状,综述了个生态系统生态需水主要计算方法.生态需水研究应加强基础理论研究、生态需水量化方法以及耦合方法研究,尤其是不同生态系统目标下生态需水量的分析还需进一步探讨.     

内蒙古鄂托克旗天然草地植被生态需水量研究

开展天然草地植被生态需水量研究,对维持草地系统生态健康和可持续发展意义重大。该研究以干旱风沙草原区鄂托克旗为研究对象,基于联合国粮农组织推荐的Penman-Monteith公式及美国农业部土壤保持局推荐的有效降水量计算方法,对各草地类型的生态需水量和生态缺水量进行计算,并对不同类型天然草地生态需水和降雨资源之间的平衡关系进行分析。结果表明:全旗全年生态需水量在丰水年为2.94×10~9m~3、平水年为3.07×10~9 m~3、枯水年为3.10×10~9m~3;全旗生态缺水量在丰水年为2.72×10~8m~3、平水年为5.00×10~8m~3、枯水年为1.15×10~9m~3。草地中生态需水量由大到小依次为温性荒漠草原类、温性草原化荒漠类、低地草甸类、温性荒漠类、温性草原类。在整个生长季中,鄂托克旗各草地类型生态需水在3、6、10月为盈余状态,其余月份均为严重亏缺状态。鄂托克旗草地生态系统整体处于水分亏缺状态,尤其是惠农站代表区,在枯水年水分亏缺指数超过50%。低地草甸类草地缺水程度较严重,建议在该类型草地分布范围内发展人工草地,温性草原化荒漠类草地缺水程度较轻,建议在鄂托克旗适当发展。研究结果可为区域草地水资源高效利用和退化草原系统恢复重建提供理论依据。     

黄土丘陵小流域植被生态用水评价

以黄土丘陵区安家沟小流域为例,计算了植被最小需水量,评价了不同植被类型的生态用水量。研究结果表明:(1)土壤含水量、蒸散量均与植被类型和降雨量密切相关。对于相同年份,乔灌林地的土壤含水量和蒸散量都显著地大于农地;对于相同的植被类型,干旱年份(2 0 0 2年)的土壤含水量和蒸散量都显著小于湿润年份(2 0 0 3年)。(2 )从月尺度来说,不论是干旱年还是湿润年,植被生态用水在生长季节旺季均低于其最小生态需水量;从年尺度来说,干旱年份所有植被生态用水均低于其最小生态需水量,但湿润年份所有植被(除小麦外)生态用水都可以达到其最小生态需水量;以多年平均降雨量为标准,马铃薯和沙棘可以达到其最小生态需水标准,其它4种植被类型都不能达到其最小生态需水标准。本文建议:对于半干旱黄土丘陵地区,植被恢复不宜以乔灌林为主,并注意斑块形状和种植密度;在植被恢复的过程中,可以采用人工方法,促进自然恢复,以加快植被恢复的过程     

干旱内陆河流域平原区生态环境需水分析——以新疆自治区台兰河流域为例

从干旱区台兰河流域存在的环境问题出发,在确定流域平原区生态环境需水类型的基础上,构建了台兰河流域平原区生态环境需水定量模型,估算了流域平原区生态环境的规模。计算结果表明,台兰河平原区最大生态环境需水量为4.146×108m3,最小生态环境需水量为2.372×108m3,最适生态环境需水量为2.983×108m3,分别占台兰河平原区水资源总量(8.121×108m3)的51.05%,29.21%和36.73%。在不考虑河流输沙需水量的情况下,台兰河河流生态环境需水量平均为1.440×108m3。在考虑输沙需水量的情况下,河流生态环境需水量平均为2.604×108m3。明确了在确定流域生态环境需水量时,必须考虑研究区环境状况和生态保护目标,从而在不同区域和用水部门间进行调配,并针对流域不同的生态系统状况和对应生态系统类型确定了面向生态的水资源合理配置方案。     

塔里木流域“四源一干”生态需水量的估算

塔里木流域“四源一干”气候干旱 ,降水量少 ,蒸发强烈 ,生态环境十分脆弱 ,春旱、夏洪、盐碱、风沙是流域普遍存在的自然灾害。塔里木流域的水资源利用与生态环境问题引起了国内外的广泛关注 ,根据对地下水、土壤水、植物生长与生态环境状况之间的定量关系研究 ,界定合理的生态水位 ,并应用植被耗水及定额法估算塔河流域、叶尔羌河流域、和田河流域及开都河—孔雀河流域 4源流区的生态需水量分别为 16 .18× 10 8m3,14.796×10 8m3,7.985 3× 10 8m3及 10 .4998× 10 8m3,干流区在 2 0 0 5年、2 0 10年及 2 0 30年 3个目标年的生态需水量分别为 31.85 9× 10 8m3,36 .2 72 3× 10 8m3及 41.0 35 5× 10 8m3。在国家实施西部大开发战略的进程中 ,探讨塔里木流域生态可持续的需水理论与模式 ,在目前及未来的区域社会经济发展中具有重大意义。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.