第三讲 人机工程学

关于什么是人机工程学（Ergonomics）这一问题，世界各国有许多不同论述。著名的美国人机工程学和应用心理学家A．查帕尼斯（A．chopanis）的定义是：人机工程学是非机械设计中，考虑如何使人获得操作简便而又准确的一门学科。还有学者认为，人机工程学是综合各门有关人的科学成果的基础上研究人的劳动活动的科学。人机工程学强调人与机器的协调以提高人的劳动效率、     

高句丽语自然物的语音和语义研究

高句丽语言是高句丽民族的语言。随着其政权的消亡,其语言也逐渐消亡。现在对高句丽语的研究只能借助其地名、人名和官名。并且需要借助汉字,同时要借助汉语的上古音和中古音对当时的标注高句丽语的汉字进行语音还原。同时还要借助周边的民族及国家的语言同高句丽语进行比较才能够对高句丽语进行识别。高句丽语最主要的就是名词,而名词中的自然物又是记载比较详细的。将这些自然物继续分成数个小类,以便对该语言进行详尽地考察。     

在强调听、说、读、写的同时应如何看待英语语法学习的作用

一、英语语法和听、说、读、写之间的关系 在英语学习方法上,一直存在着两种不同的观点:一种认为现代英语的学习只须重视听、说、读、写就可把英语学好。没有必要过多地学习语法。甚至于有的教师在英语课上也只着重教单词读音及一般的课文大意而置一般重要语法规则于不顾。受这种观点的影响,许多学生认为不学语法没关系。他们还认为我们学母语也不是先学语法,而是直接在自己的语言环境中通过听、说、读、写练会的。这种观点否定语法的作用。他们只强调一味地死背单词和课文。结果是学习了长时期的英语,表达起来往往感觉似是而非,不知所措。这是因为他     

用户维权热线10问

农机用户申诉产品质量问题,拨打热线电话是一条快捷的途径. 当用户和消费者认为自身权利和合法利益因产品质量问题受到侵害而提出维权要求,这就是产品质量申诉.申诉是一种法律语言,实际上就是我们平时所说的产品质量投诉.     

用户维权热线6问

农机用户申诉产品质量问题，拨打热线电话是一条快捷的途径。当用户和消费者认为自身权利和合法利益因产品质量问题受到侵害而提出维权要求，这就是产品质量申诉。申诉是一种法律语言，实际上就是我们平时所说的产品质量投诉。     

没量心

相传三国时期,蜀国军师诸葛亮在四征曹军振兴汉室时,为解决军粮运输问题而设计制造了“木牛流马”,这在汉中引起了很大震动。 有一个名叫诈的人为窃取“木牛流     

加强口语训练提高交际能力

在学习语言的过程中,人们主要是通过听、说、读、写四种基本能力来完成的,人们通过“听”和“读”来接受语言,这是一种接受性语言能力,而通过“说”和“写”来表达思想则是表达性语言能力。而在说和写这两种能力中“说”就显得更具有交流快     

尽游南阳武侯祠

<正>南阳,又称"南都",是中国历史文化名城,名胜古迹众多,值得游览的地方自然很多。但是,游遍大美南阳,尽游当数武侯祠。武侯祠,又名诸葛庵,位于南阳市西南的卧龙岗上,为纪念三国时著名政治家、思想家、军事家诸葛亮而修建。据查,武侯祠不仅南阳一处,成都武侯祠更名扬天下。之所以南阳     

“空壳社”的现状、原因及对策探析——以湖北省为例

我国农民专业合作社事业近年来发展势头迅猛,数量高速增长,质量不断提高,服务体系不断完善。但是在合作社态势良好的背后,是否存在"虚胖"呢?一批学者认为我国合作社更多是规不规范的问题,典型的如"空壳社"。而有些学者从最严格的原则出发,认为只有20%的合作社才是真合作社。本文以湖北省为例,围绕该问题展开讨论,分析"空壳社"现状,得出了"空壳社"产生的四种原因并提出解决策略。     

读者来信

编辑部: 贵刊1979年10卷3期刊登了高行方同志对10卷1期中周用权、王修斌两同志的“机耕船犁耕时总体动力学的理论分析”一文的商讨意见,并加了编者按语,我认为这是一个很好的学术风尚,希望贵刊能成为提高我国农机学术理论水平的百花园地,为此也把自己的看法提出来参加讨论。 机耕船是我国首创的新型水田动力,从出现到目前虽已有近20年历史,但推广使用时间不长,迄今尚无通过国家一级鉴定试验的定型产品,像拖拉机那样进行大量生产,因此从理论上对以往实践加以总结,并提出需要进一步试验验证的课题,逐步使这一理论系统完善是十分必要的。周用权、王修斌两同志的文章在这方面作了很多工作,将起到一定的促进作     

化探样品中微量元素Ag、W、Mo、Sn、Bi、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Co、Cr的水平撒料光谱定量分析

针对化探样品批量大,元素多,检出限低等特点,采用水平电极撒料法,对化探样中多种微量元素进行了光谱定量分析.将样品与缓冲剂1:1混匀,采用W-100光栅摄谱仪(光栅刻线1200条/毫米,二级光谱)进行水平撒样摄谱,谱板经暗室处理后,在东德GFE760μ测微光度计上用P标尺测光,以△P-logc绘制工作曲线,查出含量.本法采用了特制的撒样漏斗,改善了下料的均匀性,提高了分析精度;以Ge和Pd作内标消除工作条件变化对谱线强度的影响;同时还试选了SiO2:C:Na2SO4＝61:30:9的混合物作缓冲剂,提高了弧烧的稳定性,获得了较高的再现性.本文还采用了一种单元素线减光器对Ag3382.9进行减光,使Ag的测定上限由5×10-6提高到30×10-6.本法操作简便快速,成本较低,一次可测定Ag、W、Mo、Sn、Bi、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Co、Cr等多种元素,检出限为Ag 0.03×10-6,W 0.5×10-6,Mo0.05×10-6,Sn 0.4×10-6,Pb 1×10-6,Zn 3×10-6,Cu 0.5×10-6,Bi 0.1×10-6,Ni 0.3×10-6,Co 0.3×10-6,Cr 1×10-6,基本上达到了化探普查找矿定量分析的要求.     

2010年世界健康食品展望

当前,中国粮油企业的生存与发展已与世界粮油经济的发展息息相关。无论是粮油企业全面亏损的2004年,还是粮油价格大起大落的2008年,世界其他各国粮油政策和价格的变化均对中国的粮油产业发展造成了很大的影响。全面了解国际粮油发展新动向、掌握世界粮油食品发展新方向,从宏观上为企业找到准确定位,是每位粮油企业家、每位粮油人都必须具备的。正所谓知己知彼,百战不殆,希望以下这些国际前沿信息能为您带来收获。     

王水消解法同时测定土壤中Cu,Zn,Ni,Cr,Pb,Cd的方法研究

为了快速、准确地检测土壤中多种重金属元素,建立一种王水消解同时测定土壤中Cu,Zn,Ni,Cr,Pb,Cd的方法.选取8种具有广泛代表性的土壤标准物质对王水消解法进行考察,结合土壤标准物质标准值,通过大量试验数据对该方法做出全面评价.     

冀、鲁、豫、苏、皖五省农机夏收跨区作业调研报告

农机跨区作业是我国农民自发进行的又一项伟大的制度创新,为促进我国农业机械化发展做出了重要的贡献.为此,采用问卷调查法、文献资料法和数理统计法,对冀、鲁、豫、苏、皖等省505户参与跨区作业的农机大户进行了问卷调查.以问卷数据为基础,分析了农机大户的自身特征和经营状况,并总结了影响跨农机大户参与跨区作业的主要因素,最后提出了相应的对策建议.     

安徽省砀山县丰产农机合作社:创新模式发展优势服务

砀山县丰产农机服务专业合作社位于安徽省宿州市砀山县朱楼镇朱楼村,成立于2015年5月13日。合作社目前占地1.33 hm^2(20余亩),拥有成员200余人,拖拉机40多台,收割机18台,灌溉机械14套,植保飞机80多架,烘干机6组,配套农具230多台(套),机械资产达到1 200余万元。     

肥城桃不同栽培模式调查、经济效益分析及建议

肥城桃是中国著名的地方名优特果品之一,与奉化玉露、深州蜜桃、阳山水蜜并称为“中国传统四大名桃”。近年来,肥城桃产业高质量发展成效明显,一些优良品种的引进和新型栽培技术的应用,极大推动了肥城桃的区域规模种植,肥城桃种植成为当地桃民增收的重要途径之一。本文就山东省肥城桃产业实践应用中的三种不同栽培种植模式的生产成本和经济效益进行调查、分析,提出发展建议,以期为肥城桃种植提质增效和高质量规划发展提供参考。     

Advection,evaporation, and surface resistance

Summary We study the effect of surface resistance r (whether of monolayers on free water or plant diffusive resistance) on evaporation rate, energy balance, and microclimate, under advective conditions. We use power-law representations of the vertical profiles of mean windspeed and eddy diffusivity, and exploit two known similarity solutions, one for a step-function change of surface concentration, and the other for a step-function change of surface flux density. To a very close approximation, these two contrasting canonical advective problems yield the same (spatially variable) boundary layer transfer coefficient expressing the ratio of the surface flux perturbation to the surface concentration perturbation. Adopting this coefficient reduces the (spatially variable) surface energy balance for the advective boundary layer with surface resistance to a quadratic equation, with the solution yielding the fetch distances x at which the surface temperature assumes a given value To. With To (x) established thus, the other significant properties of the boundary layer follow simply and directly.The results reveal the profound influence of r, especially at small x. As boundary layer atmospheric resistance increases with x, r becomes relatively less important. It can be regarded as primarily reducing advective effects. Antievaporation films thus work best on small water surfaces in arid surroundings, but are less effective the larger the water body and the moister the surrounds. If leaf temperatures are not limiting, increasing r has greatest effect for small vegetated areas in an arid environment, but may not be optimal for extensive continuous monocultures. Control of surface resistance offers means of manipulating microclimate, for example when arid landscapes are watered for this purpose. The exploratory nature of this investigation, and its many limitations, are stressed.     

The FARMSCAPE approach to decision support: farmers', advisers', researchers' monitoring,simulation, communication and performance evaluation

FARMSCAPE (Farmers', Advisers', Researchers', Monitoring, Simulation, Communication And Performance Evaluation) is a program of participatory research with the farming community of northeast Australia. It initially involved research to explore whether farmers and their advisers could gain benefit from tools such as soil characterisation and sampling, climate forecasts and, in particular, simulation modelling. Its current focus is facilitating the implementation of commercial delivery systems for these same tools in order to meet industry demand for their access. This paper presents the story of what was done over the past decade, it provides performance indicators of impact, it reflects on what was learnt over this period and it outlines where this research is likely to head in the future.Over the past 10 years, the FARMSCAPE team employed a Participatory Action Research approach to explore whether farmers could value simulation as a decision support tool for managing their farming system and if so, could it be delivered cost-effectively. Through farmer group engagement, on-farm trials, soil characterisation, monitoring of crops, soils and climate, and sessions to apply the APSIM systems simulator, FARMSCAPE represented a research program on decision support intervention. Initial scepticism by farmers and commercial consultants about the value of APSIM was addressed by testing its performance both against measured data from on-farm trials and against farmers' experiences with past commercial crops. Once this credibility check was passed, simulation sessions usually evolved into participants interactively inquiring of the model the consequence of alternative management options. These ‘What if’ questions using APSIM were contextualised using local climate and soil data and the farmer's actual or proposed management rules.The active participation of farmers and their advisers, and working in the context of their own farming operations, were the key ingredients in the design, implementation and interpretation of the FARMSCAPE approach to decision support. The attraction of the APSIM systems simulator to farmers contemplating change was that it allowed them to explore their own system in a manner equivalent to learning from experience. To achieve this, APSIM had to be credible and flexible. While direct engagement of farmers initially enabled only a limited number of beneficiaries, this approach generated a commercial market for timely and high quality interactions based on soil monitoring and simulation amongst a significant sector of the farming community. Current efforts are therefore focused on the training, support and accreditation of commercial agronomists in the application of the FARMSCAPE approach and tools.The FARMSCAPE approach to decision support has come to represent an approach to guiding science-based engagement with farm decision making which is being tested nationally and internationally.