A promising multiple-epitope recombinant vaccine against classical swine fever virus

Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious and often fatal disease of swine. It is caused by classical swine fever virus (CSFV), one of the members of the genus Pestivirus of the Flaviviridae family. The development of a safe and effective vaccine against the CSF is critical to pandemic control, this article shows a tandem-repeat multiple-epitope recombinant vaccine can protect pigs from CSFV challenge. That was composed as following: two copies each of glycoprotein E2 residues 693–707, 241–276 and 770–781, and two copies amino acid residues 1446–1460 of the non-structural protein NS2-3. In the challenge test, all of the swine vaccinated with Chinese vaccine strain (C-strain) were fully protected from a challenge with CSFV. However, after three successive vaccinations with the multiple-epitope recombinant vaccine, three out of five pigs were protected from challenge with CSFV (in terms of both clinical signs and viremia). These results demonstrate that multiple-epitope recombinant vaccine which carrying the major CSFV epitopes can induce a high level of epitope-specific antibodies and exhibit a protective capability that parallels induced by C-strain to a certain extent.     

用荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测猪瘟病毒

为了建立能特异检测不同基因型猪瘟病毒(Classical swine fever virus,CSFV),同时又能区分其他瘟病毒的基因检测方法,本实验针对CSFV基因组5′端非编码区设计并合成了简并引物和TaqMan探针,在优化反应条件的基础上,成功地建立了特异检测CSFV的荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法。再以已知滴度的CSFV石门株血毒总RNA反转录产物建立标准品,该标准品可以用于定量临床样品中的CSFV滴度,所建立的荧光定量PCR方法可以灵敏地检测出10~(-0.82)个TCID_(50)病毒含量。最后用建立的方法对108份临床样品进行检测并同时进行病毒分离,荧光定量PCR方法检测出73份阳性样品且与病毒分离的符合率为100%,而常规RT-PCR只检测出54份阳性样品,表明本荧光定量RT-PCR法在检测猪瘟病料上具有潜在的应用价值。     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒感染对猪瘟免疫的影响

猪瘟病毒（CSFV）与同属的牛病毒性腹泻病病毒（BVDV）同源性较高,抗原性上有交叉。本次调查对368份猪瘟免疫猪血清样本进行BVDV抗原检测,其中7份呈阳性,阳性率1.90%。对7份BVDV阳性血清采用ELISA和IHA两种方法检测猪瘟（CSFV）抗体水平,抗体合格率偏低,两者的结果符合率为71%。研究表明：BVDV在一定程度上干扰了猪瘟疫苗的免疫效果,影响抗体水平。     

种公猪精液中猪瘟和蓝耳病病毒混合感染的快速检测

参考GenBank公布的猪蓝耳病病毒(PRRSV)VL2332株、LV株以及猪瘟兔化弱毒(CSFV)C株的基因序列,各设计合成了一对引物,建立了在相同PCR扩增条件下能同时检测PRRSV和CSFV的RT-PCR方法。对2003~2004年期间江苏、浙江、安徽、福建、上海等省市的17个大中型猪场送检的186份种公猪精液进行了检测,结果18份呈PRRSV阳性,24份呈CSFV阳性,其中有11份为PRRSV和CSFV的混合感染,约占送检精液样品的5.91%。试验结果表明,所建立的RT-PCR方法可用于精液中这2种野毒感染的快速鉴定和分子流行病学调查。     

CSFV的RT-PCR检测在控制与净化猪瘟中的应用

应用反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测健康猪扁桃体猪瘟病毒以监控与净化猪瘟.2006年用RT-PCR对广西某存栏250头种猪场的母猪扁桃体连续进行3次猪瘟病毒检测,检出并清除带毒猪,猪群中猪瘟病毒的带毒猪明显下降.结果表明,RT-PCR检测猪扁桃体可应用于猪场猪瘟的控制与净化.     

猪瘟病毒荧光定量RT—PCR检测方法的建立及其初步应用

针对CSFV基因组5＇端非编码区序列设计并合成了高度特异的一对引物和一条探针,用于猪瘟病毒实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立。将提取的病毒的总RNA做为模板进行反转录和PCR,将PCR产物克隆到pMDl8-T载体后进行大肠杆菌转化,提取阳性质粒做为标准品绘制标准曲线,成功地建立了特异性检测CSFV的荧光定量RT-PCR方...     

猪瘟病毒及其致病机制研究进展

猪瘟(CSF)是猪的一种高度接触性传染病,该传染病可分为急性、亚急性、慢性、非典型性和不明显型.急性CSF由强毒株引发,一般导致高发病率和死亡率,而弱毒病毒感染则表现不明显.由于疫苗的广泛应用,有效地控制了猪瘟的大流行,减少了急性死亡.但从20世纪80年代以后,临床症状不典型且病程变长的非典型性猪瘟(或慢性猪瘟)成为该病的主要发生形式,持续感染普遍存在,疫苗的预防效果明显下降,使猪瘟防制遇到了新的困难.以目前人类对猪瘟的认识水平,尚难以从分子水平解释这一新变化的成因,这是因为对猪瘟病毒致病机理及其分子基础的认识深度不够.就此,文章综述了猪瘟及猪瘟病毒研究进展,主要涉及CSFV生物学特性、致病机制及其防控,希望能为猪瘟防控提供新的思路和对策.     

Prime-boost immunization using alphavirus replicon and adenovirus vectored vaccines induces enhanced immune responses against classical swine fever virus in mice

This study was designed to evaluate the prime-boost vaccination regimens as a novel immunization strategy for DNA vaccine against classical swine fever virus (CSFV). BALB/c mice were primed with the alphavirus replicon-vectored DNA vaccine pSFV1CS-E2-UL49 encoding the E2 protein of CSFV fused with the UL49 gene encoding the transduction protein VP22 of pseudorabies virus, followed by either homologous boosting with pSFV1CS-E2-UL49 or heterologous boosting with the recombinant adenovirus rAdV-E2 expressing the E2 protein or with the baculovirus-produced recombinant E2 protein (rE2) in adjuvant. The humoral and cell-mediated immune responses following prime-boost vaccination were assessed. The results showed that: (1) boosting with either rAdV-E2 or rE2 elicited high-level antibodies, whereas homologous boosting with pSFV1CS-E2-UL49 elicited low-level antibodies (below positive threshold); (2) heterologous boosting with rAdV-E2 resulted in stronger CD8⁺ and CD4⁺ T cells proliferation responses and higher stimulation indexes; and (3) heterologous boosting with rAdV-E2 induced more IFN-γ production. These results support the notion that a regimen of DNA prime-recombinant adenovirus boost enhances humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, and the DNA prime-protein boost regimen enhances humoral immune responses.     

Yeast-expressed classical swine fever virus glycoprotein E2 induces a protective immune response

Classical swine fever (CSF) is an economically important swine disease worldwide. The glycoprotein E2 of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is a viral antigen that can induce a protective immune response against CSF. A recombinant E2 protein was constructed using the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system and evaluated for its vaccine efficacy. The yeast-expressed E2 (yE2) was shown to have N-linked glycosylation and to form homodimer molecules. Four 6-week-old specified-pathogen-free (SPF) piglets were intramuscularly immunized with yE2 twice at 3-week intervals. All yE2-vaccinated pigs could mount an anamnestic response after booster vaccination with neutralizing antibody titers ranging from 1:96 to 1:768. Neutralizing antibody titers at 10 weeks post booster vaccination ranged from 1:16 to 1:64. At this time, the pigs were subjected to challenge infection with a dose of 1 × 10⁵ TCID₅₀ (50% tissue culture infective dose) virulent CSFV strain. At 1 week post challenge infection, all of the yE2-immunized pigs were alive and without symptoms or signs of CSF. Neutralizing antibody titers at this time ranged from 1:4,800 to 1:12,800 and even to 1:51,200 one week later. In contrast, the control pigs continuously exhibited signs of CSF and had to be euthanized because of severe clinical symptoms at 6 days post challenge infection. All of the yE2-vaccinated pigs were E^rns antibody negative and had seroconverted against E^rns by post challenge day 11, suggesting that yE2 is a potential DIVA (differentiating infected from vaccinated animals) vaccine. The yeast-expressed E2 protein retains correct immunogenicity and is able to induce a protective immune response against CSFV infection.     

A multiplex RT-PCR assay for the rapid and differential diagnosis of classical swine fever and other pestivirus infections

Classical swine fever is a highly contagious viral disease causing severe economic losses in pig production almost worldwide. All pestivirus species can infect pigs, therefore accurate and rapid pestivirus detection and differentiation is of great importance to assure control measures in swine farming. Here we describe the development and evaluation of a novel multiplex, highly sensitive and specific RT-PCR for the simultaneous detection and rapid differentiation between CSFV and other pestivirus infections in swine. The universal and differential detection was based on primers designed to amplify a fragment of the 5′ non-coding genome region for the detection of pestiviruses and a fragment of the NS5B gene for the detection of classical swine fever virus. The assay proved to be specific when different pestivirus strains from swine and ruminants were evaluated. The analytical sensitivity was estimated to be as little as 0.89 TCID₅₀. The assay analysis of 30 tissue homogenate samples from naturally infected and non-CSF infected animals and 40 standard serum samples evaluated as part of two European Inter-laboratory Comparison Tests conducted by the European Community Reference Laboratory, Hanover, Germany proved that the multiplex RT-PCR method provides a rapid, highly sensitive, and cost-effective laboratory diagnosis for classical swine fever and other pestivirus infections in swine.     

PK-15细胞膜蛋白提取方法的比较及猪瘟病毒膜表面受体的初步鉴定

以猪肾细胞(PK-15)为材料,比较真核细胞膜蛋白提取试剂盒、超声破碎法、反复冻融法、低渗裂解法4种不同方法对PK-15细胞膜蛋白提取的影响,结果表明,通过超声破碎的膜制备方法提取的PK-15细胞膜蛋白较理想。用此方法提取PK-15细胞膜蛋白,经SDS-PAGE后转印NC膜,利用病毒铺覆蛋白印迹技术(VOPBA)鉴定CSFV病毒的细胞受体。结果发现,PK-15细胞膜上有3种能与CSFV结合的蛋白质,分子量在90～100 ku之间,暗示这些蛋白可能是CSFV受体或者受体复合物。     

Development and evaluation of a rapid immunomagnetic bead assay for the detection of classical swine fever virus antigen

Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious and severe viral disease of swine resulting in substantial production losses in different farming systems in many regions of the world. The accurate and rapid detection of CSF outbreaks is reliant on sensitive and specific laboratory testing and is a key component of disease control. Specific detection of CSF virus can be achieved by virus isolation in tissue culture, antigen capture or the detection of viral RNA using molecular techniques. In order to reduce the time taken to achieve a diagnostic result and simplify testing methods, an antigen capture ELISA using immunomagnetic beads (IMB) as the solid phase was developed and compared to a microplate-based antigen capture (AC)-ELISA. The IMB-ELISA has up to 64-fold greater analytical sensitivity than the AC-ELISA and initial estimates of diagnostic sensitivity and specificity are 100%. The IMB-ELISA has a highly robust, rapid and stable test format and is simpler to perform than the AC-ELISA. The IMB-ELISA has the added advantage that a result can be sensitively and specifically determined by eye, lending it to the possibility of adaptation to a near-to-field test with minimal equipment or expertise needed.     

Laboratory decision-making during the classical swine fever epidemic of 1997-1998 in The Netherlands

The National Reference Laboratory for classical swine fever (CSF) virus in the Netherlands examined more than two million samples for CSF virus or serum antibody during the CSF epizootic of 1997–1998. The immense amount of samples and the prevalence of border disease (BD) virus and bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) virus infections in Dutch pig herds necessitated the diagnostic efforts of the laboratory to be focused on generating CSF specific test results throughout the eradication campaign.

Detection of 82% of the 429 outbreaks was achieved through the combined use of a direct immunofluorescence and peroxidase assay (FAT/IPA) with samples (tonsils) collected from clinically-suspected pigs. This suggests that in the majority of the outbreaks, the pigs had clinical signs that were recognised by the farmer and/or veterinarians, indicating the presence of CSF virus in a pig herd. A positive diagnosis of 74% of all the tissue samples (tonsils) collected at infected pig holdings was established by FAT. More than 140,000 heparinised blood samples were examined by virus isolation, resulting in the detection of 4.5% of the infected herds. CSF virus was isolated in approximately 29% of all the blood samples collected from pigs at infected or suspected farms.

Several serological surveys — each done within a different framework — led to the detection of 13.5% of the total number of outbreaks. The detection of CSF virus antibody in serum was carried out by semi-automated blocking ELISA. Approximately 28.5% of the sera which reacted in the ELISA were classified as CSF virus-neutralising antibody positive and 26.5% as positive for other pestiviruses following the virus neutralisation test (VNT).

We concluded that two of the CSF laboratory diagnostic methods described were determinative in the eradication campaign: first, the FAT for the screening of diseased pigs; and second, the ELISA and VNT when millions of predominantly healthy pigs needed to be screened for the presence of CSF serum antibody. Decision-making on the basis of results generated by either method can, however, be seriously hindered when samples are examined from pig herds with a high prevalence of non-CSF pestiviruses.     

猪瘟病毒单克隆抗体及其应用

自1985年wenvoort G C等首次应用细胞培养猪瘟病毒接种小鼠的方法建立并制备13株单克隆抗体以来,猪瘟单克隆抗体不仅越来越多的应用于猪瘟的鉴别诊断,而且还用于猪瘟病毒的分子生物学研究.论文对猪瘟病毒的单克隆抗体在猪瘟的鉴别诊断和猪瘟病毒抗原结构蛋白、保护性抗原蛋白、抗原变异以及Ez囊膜糖蛋白抗原表位分析等方面进行综述.     

猪瘟病毒TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR的建立与应用

为了建立一种既能检测野毒,又能检测疫苗毒的猪瘟病毒TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR方法,经过对GenBank中所有瘟病毒属成员高度保守的5’端非翻译区序列比对分析后,设计出1对TaqMan Real-time RT-PCR引物、1条TaqMan探针和3条RNA标准品制备引物。猪瘟病毒石门毒株经RNA标准品制备引物RT-PCR扩增后,再经T7 RNA聚合酶体外转录制备包含检测目的片断序列的猪瘟病毒RNA标准品。通过最佳引物、探针浓度的筛选及反应条件的优化,建立了猪瘟病毒TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR检测方法。该方法批内及批间重复试验变异系数均低于2%,特异性试验仅能检测出猪瘟强毒及疫苗毒株,最低浓度检测极限为1 X 102 copies/μL,上机检测时间少于60 min,建立的标准曲线斜率(Slope)为:-3.97,截距(Intercept)为:47.41,相关系数(R2)为:0.999779。运用该方法对3份猪瘟临床组织样品及6家企业生产的5种细胞苗及2种脾淋苗进行定量检测,结果提示:临床病料含有的病毒拷贝数差异不大,而疫苗产品每头份含有的病毒拷贝数差异较大。所建立的方法具有特异、快速、灵敏、可重复性和线性关系好的特点,不仅适合于猪瘟临床样品的早期检测,也适用于疫苗生产过程中的质控及疫苗制品的效价评估。     

Simulating the spread of classical swine fever virus between a hypothetical wild-boar population and domestic pig herds in Denmark

Denmark has no free-range wild-boar population. However, Danish wildlife organizations have suggested that wild boar should be reintroduced into the wild to broaden national biodiversity. Danish pig farmers fear that this would lead to a higher risk of introduction of classical swine fever virus (CSFV), which could have enormous consequences in terms of loss of pork exports. We conducted a risk assessment to address the additional risk of introducing and spreading CSFV due to the reintroduction of wild boar. In this paper, we present the part of the risk assessment that deals with the spread of CSFV between the hypothetical wild-boar population and the domestic population. Furthermore, the economic impact is assessed taking the perspective of the Danish national budget and the Danish pig industry. We used InterSpreadPlus to model the differential classical swine fever (CSF) risk due to wild boar. Nine scenarios were run to elucidate the effect of: (a) presence of wild boar (yes/no), (b) locations for the index case (domestic pig herd/wild-boar group), (c) type of control strategy for wild boar (hunting/vaccination) and (d) presence of free-range domestic pigs. The presence of free-range wild boar was simulated in two large forests using data from wildlife studies and Danish habitat data. For each scenario, we estimated (1) the control costs borne by the veterinary authorities, (2) the control-related costs to farmers and (3) the loss of exports associated with an epidemic. Our simulations predict that CSFV will be transmitted from the domestic pig population to wild boar if the infected domestic pig herd is located close to an area with wild boar (<5 km). If an outbreak begins in the wild-boar population, the epidemic will last longer and will occasionally lead to several epidemics because of periodic transfer of virus from groups of infected wild boar to domestic pig herds. The size and duration of the epidemic will be reduced if there are no free-range domestic pig herds in the area with CSF-infected wild boar. The economic calculations showed that the total national costs for Denmark (i.e. the direct costs to the national budget and the costs to the pig industry) related to an outbreak of CSF in Denmark will be highly driven by the reactions of the export markets and in particular of the non-EU markets. Unfortunately, there is a substantial amount of uncertainty surrounding this issue. If hunting is used as a control measure, the average expenses related to a CSF outbreak will be 40% higher if wild boar are present compared with not present. However, a vaccination strategy for wild boar will double the total costs compared with a hunting strategy.