Acrylamide-gel electrophorograms by mechanical fractionation: radioactive adenovirus proteins

A mechanical fractionator was developed to produce electrophorograms by extrusion of polyacrylamide gels through a narrow orifice in a continuous, sequential stream. The system permits separation of uniform fractions free of zone distortion. An electrophorogram of radioactive type-2 adenovirus proteins so fractionated gave a pattern in excellent agreement with the pattern obtained by laborious manual sectioning and in agreement with the pattern obtained on a replicate gel stained with Coomassie brilliant blue R250. The adenovirus particle yielded about ten resolvable protein components in unequal amounts. Like picornaviruses, these icosahedral animal viruses have multiple protein components in the viral coat.     

食用菌病毒研究进展

食用菌病毒作为真菌病毒的一部分,有多种形态,多数为分段的dsRNA基因组形式,也有正义单链RNA,其中主要编码衣壳蛋白和依赖于RNA的RNA聚合酶。目前,已有食用菌病毒基因组序列被测定,并分析了其基因组的结构与功能。dsRNA技术和酶学方法使dsRNA食用菌病毒的研究很容易的深入到分子水平,特别是dsRNA技术,已在平菇得到应用。食用菌病毒有其特有的复制模式,分两个阶段进行,其原始的起源可能是自我复制的细胞内mRNA,因为细胞内mRNA明显的原始性。综述了上述内容,并对食用菌病毒与其寄主在共进化这方面做了进一步展望,对食用菌病毒的进一步研究,以及选育脱毒菌株,都有重要的意义。     

Autolytic processing of dimeric plant virus satellite RNA

Associated with some plant viruses are small satellite RNA's that depend on the plant virus to provide protective coat protein and presumably at least some of the proteins necessary for satellite RNA replication. Multimeric forms of the satellite RNA of tobacco ringspot virus are probable in vivo precursors of the monomeric satellite RNA. Evidence is presented for the in vitro autolytic processing of dimeric and trimeric forms of this satellite RNA. The reaction generates biologically active monomeric satellite RNA, apparently is reversible to form dimeric RNA from monomeric RNA, and does not require an enzyme for its catalysis.     

Polyadenylic acid sequences in the virion RNA of poliovirus and Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus

Poliovirus virion RNA contains a single covalently bound sequence of polyadenylic acid which is approximately 49 nucleotides long. A single, slightly longer polyadenylic acid sequence is contained in Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus RNA. Since these viruses are otherwise dissimilar these sequences may play a common role in viral replication, possibly in translation of the viral RNA.     

APOBEC-mediated editing of viral RNA

Retroviral DNA can be subjected to cytosine-to-uracil editing through the action of members of the APOBEC family of cytidine deaminases. Here we demonstrate that APOBEC-mediated cytidine deamination of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) virion RNA can also occur. We speculate that the natural substrates of the APOBEC enzymes may extend to RNA viruses that do not replicate through DNA intermediates. Thus, cytosine-to-uracil editing may contribute to the sequence diversification of many viruses.     

Identification of a conserved receptor-binding site on the fiber proteins of CAR-recognizing adenoviridae

The human adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) is used widely for applications in human gene therapy. Cellular attachment of Ad5 is mediated by binding of the carboxyl-terminal knob of its fiber coat protein to the Coxsackie adenovirus receptor (CAR) protein. However, Ad5 binding to CAR hampers the development of adenovirus vectors capable of specifically targeting (diseased) tissues or organs. Through sequence analysis and mutagenesis, a conserved receptor-binding region was identified on the side of three divergent CAR-binding knobs. The feasibility of simultaneous CAR ablation and redirection of an adenovirus to a new receptor is demonstrated.     

M13噬菌体衣壳蛋白的研究应用

M13噬菌体是一种丝状噬菌体,内有一个环状单链DNA分子,它由约2 800个PⅧ蛋白组成的圆柱形衣壳包围环状单链DNA分子,其中5个PⅦ和5个PⅪ蛋白在噬菌体的一端,另一端有5个PⅥ蛋白和5个PⅢ蛋白。这些衣壳蛋白参与着噬菌体的感染、组装等功能。文中对这5种衣壳蛋白在噬菌体展示技术的研究应用进行了综述。     

Cofolding organizes alfalfa mosaic virus RNA and coat protein for replication

Alfalfa mosaic virus genomic RNAs are infectious only when the viral coat protein binds to the RNA 3' termini. The crystal structure of an alfalfa mosaic virus RNA-peptide complex reveals that conserved AUGC repeats and Pro-Thr-x-Arg-Ser-x-x-Tyr coat protein amino acids cofold upon interacting. Alternating AUGC residues have opposite orientation, and they base pair in different adjacent duplexes. Localized RNA backbone reversals stabilized by arginine-guanine interactions place the adenosines and guanines in reverse order in the duplex. The results suggest that a uniform, organized 3' conformation, similar to that found on viral RNAs with transfer RNA-like ends, may be essential for replication.     

香石竹斑驳病毒外壳蛋白基因的原核表达及抗血清制备

 香石竹斑驳病毒（Carnation mottle virus,CarMV）是侵染香石竹的主要病毒。本研究从已鉴定的CarMV毒源植物中提取总RNA, 克隆外壳蛋白（cp）基因后构建pET30a CP重组质粒,并转入BL21（DE3）pLysS进行原核表达。通过对诱导温度、初菌浓度、IPTG的浓度等表达条件进行优化,目的蛋白在37℃, IPTG 终浓度为10mmol/L的条件下,诱导表达6h后获得最高表达量。采用割胶的方法纯化cp蛋白,纯化后的目的蛋白免疫小鼠获得了特异性抗血清。经Western blot检测,结果表明所制备的抗血清与诱导表达的重组蛋白及接种CarMV的香石竹样品均发生特异性结合。利用所制备抗血清对昆明地区的48个香石竹样品进行抽检,结果表明香石竹样品的带毒率为79.2%。本研究为大规模抗血清生产、检测应用和深入研究该病毒cp基因与寄主的互作奠定基础。     

Molecular basis of bunyavirus transmission by mosquitoes: role of the middle-sized RNA segment

In an examination of the molecular basis of oral transmission of bunyaviruses by mosquitoes., La Crosse (LAC), snowshoe hare (SSH), and LAC-SSH reassortant viruses were compared in their ability to be transmitted to laboratory mice by the natural mosquito vector of LAC virus, Aedes triseriatus. Both LAC virus and the reassortment viruses containing the middle-sized (M) segment from the LAC parent were efficiently transmitted. In contrast, SSH virus and reassortment viruses containing the M RNA from the SSH parent were inefficiently transmitted. Thus, the M RNA segment, which codes for the virion glycoproteins, may be a major determinant of oral transmission of bunyaviruses by mosquitoes.     

果树病毒载体研究进展

植物病毒载体作为重要的研究工具被广泛运用于蛋白表达、基因沉默等研究,当前普遍使用的是以烟草花叶病毒载体等为代表的草本植物病毒载体,但其大多不能侵染果树,且稳定性较差,容易丢失插入的外源基因,因此该类载体无法满足果树等多年生植物研究的需要。近年来新兴的果树病毒载体可解决这些难题,为此作者对果树病毒载体的研究进展和发展方向进行综述。当前国内外取得的研究成果主要包括：（1）通过掌握柑橘衰退病毒、柑橘叶斑病毒、李痘病毒、苹果潜隐球形病毒、葡萄病毒A和葡萄卷叶伴随病毒等果树病毒的传播途径、寄主范围、致病力分化、基因功能和表达策略等特性,采用体外转录或农杆菌介导的方式获得了上述果树病毒的全长侵染性克隆。在此基础上,通过在病毒外壳蛋白基因与其邻近的上游基因之间插入外源基因（包括荧光蛋白基因和β-葡萄糖醛酸酶基因等报告基因）,并用该病毒外壳蛋白基因的启动子或其他异源启动子驱动外源基因表达的方式,将上述6种果树病毒的全长侵染性克隆改造成为病毒载体;（2）运用果树病毒载体明确了柑橘衰退病毒、柑橘叶斑病毒、李痘病毒、苹果潜隐球形病毒和葡萄卷叶伴随病毒在植株中的分布、移动规律,及其在细胞中的定位。探寻了柑橘衰退病毒在大翼来檬上产生茎陷点症状的原因,以及交叉保护防治柑橘衰退病的主要机理。果树病毒载体还被作为病毒诱导的基因沉默载体用于基因功能和防病研究;（3）通过选用本地已经存在,且无虫传能力的弱毒株,以及对控制病毒致病和媒介传播能力的基因进行敲除、突变可以解决果树病毒载体研发过程中所遇到的安全风险。由于有些果树病毒仅分布于植株的韧皮部,因此限制了其作为病毒载体在植株中表达外源基因的范围,但由这类果树病毒构建的病毒载体稳定性极高,并且通过添加分泌信号肽基因等方式可以扩大表达产物在植株中的分布和作用范围,因此其在果树病毒研究方面仍然具有很高的应用价值。此外,采用不同病毒来源的异源启动子代替同源重复区来驱动外源基因的表达,可以进一步提高果树病毒载体的稳定性。     

减蛋综合征病毒六邻体蛋白基因的克隆与真核表达载体的构建

应用降落PCR技术扩增出减蛋综合征病毒六邻体蛋白基因并将其克隆至pMDT-18载体上,酶切、PCR及测序结果表明插入的片段为目的基因.切下该目的基因定向克隆至pcDNA 3质粒构建六邻体蛋白基因真核表达载体pcDNA 3-hexon,经各种酶切、PCR鉴定及进一步测序鉴定,证明六邻体蛋白基因片段所插入的位置、大小、核苷酸序列和阅读框架正确无误,从而为下一步的转染、表达及进一步阐明EDSV六邻体基因结构与功能的关系和减蛋综合征基因工程苗的研究奠定了良好的基础.     

病毒外壳蛋白基因在马铃薯基因组中的整合与转录表达

以表达马铃薯卷叶病毒（ＰＬＲＶ）外壳蛋白（ＣＰ）基因的转基因马铃薯植株为供试材料,在接种病毒后续发感染条件下提取转基因植株ＤＮＡ和ＲＮＡ,用克隆的病毒ＣＰ基因ｃＤＮＡ为探针进行Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ和Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ杂交分析,结果表明,外源ＣＰ基因稳定整合于马铃薯基因组内,并在转录水平上高效表达．     

低温胁迫对黄瓜花叶病毒CMV-BG株系cp基因多态性的影响

研究了低温胁迫下黄瓜花叶病毒与三生烟互作后CMV cp基因序列的变化规律,并分析了植物RNA病毒的进化机制。用黄瓜花叶病毒北京甘蓝分离物(CMV-BG)侵染三生烟不同单株,置于不同温度条件下(常温和低温)培养30 d后,对CMV cp基因进行克隆、序列测定和多态性分析。结果表明,侵染低温组植物CMV的cp基因多态性(Pi=0.001 76)高于常温组(Pi=0.001 14),IFEL分析检测到低温组第48个氨基酸位点为正选择位点,初步表明低温胁迫有助于提高CMV-BG cp基因序列的多态性,温度胁迫是植物RNA病毒与宿主互作过程中基因序列变异的一种重要的作用力。     

4株禽腺病毒的鉴定和分析

[目的]对六安、郭河、宣城、肥西某养殖户送检的疑似腺病毒的病料进行分离鉴定,为进一步鉴别、预防和控制疾病提供科学的理论依据。[方法]首先采集病例中鸡的肝脏,提取病毒DNA,根据Genbank已登录腺病毒的hexon基因设计引物,通过PCR检测病料中腺病毒,对扩增的序列进行连接转化和阳性克隆子筛选,并对扩增到的序列进行测序鉴定,最后将获得的基因序列构建进化树分析确定安徽省部分地区禽腺病毒血清型。[结果]临床中疑似腺病毒感染的主要症状为心包积液和肝脏肿大,用设计的引物均检测出大小为599 bp的目的基因条带,序列比对结果发现,此次检测的腺病毒均为4型腺病毒。[结论]试验建立了快速检测禽腺病毒的方法,为安徽省地区禽腺病毒防控提供了理论依据。