鸡粪的新型处理技术及应用

鸡粪中含有大量的微生物并能发酵产生氨、硫化氢等有害气体，同时粗蛋白含量较高，氨基酸种类齐全，并含有丰富矿物质和微量元素，氮、磷、钾平衡合理，有机质含量高，所以鸡粪既对环境造成了很大污染，又是很好的饲料和有机肥资源。为了进一步合理开发利用鸡粪，中国家禽业协会、河南省家禽业协会与有关科研、生产部门合作，研制成功了对鸡粪处理的新型烘干配套技术，投资少，易操作，设备简单适用，烘干鸡粪达到了无害化处理的要求，同时生产各种专用肥、有机复合肥，对于养殖业和种植业的发展，对环境治理，促进农业的增产增收都具有十分…     

蚯蚓处理鸡粪技术研究现状与展望

随着我国养鸡业的迅猛发展,大量鸡粪的处理成为迫切需要解决的问题。利用蚯蚓处理鸡粪,过程符合自然规律,技术简单易学,产生的蚯蚓和蚓粪用途广泛,无"二次污染"危险,且该技术投资少,经济效益和环保效益明显。文章综述了国内蚯蚓处理鸡粪的技术,总结了利用蚯蚓处理单一鸡粪、含鸡粪的混合废弃物的关键参数,分析了鸡粪经蚯蚓处理后的变化,并提出加强蚯蚓处理鸡粪技术的研发和专用蚯蚓种的开发等建议,为以蚯蚓处理鸡粪为纽带建立循环养殖业服务。     

小型气流干燥器供热系统的改进

适用于山区乡镇企业的小型气流干燥器是一种新型供热系统。该系统以热风炉为热源,具有较高热效率、投资费用低、维修简单和操作方便等特点。     

畜禽粪便处理机问世

我国科技人员研制出了能将一堆浆糊似的鸡粪会在眨眼间分解成颗粒状鸡粪和含有有机质的水的机械-畜禽粪便处理机。 我国的肉鸡、蛋鸡、生猪等的饲养量逐年上升,产出的含有大量水分的畜禽粪便除了一部分直接用于作物施肥外,很大一部分随处堆积,造成环境污染。 该畜禽粪便处理机具有体积小,转速低、操作简便等显著的优点。在使用过程中不需添加任何絮凝剂。它通过对鸡粪、猪粪的吸入,螺旋式挤压,将粪便分离成液态有机肥和固态有机肥。液态的鸡粪     

猪场废水处理技术研究与应用

通过介绍猪场废水的三种处理模式(还田生态处理模式、自然处理模式和工业化处理模式)的工艺流程,以及对其投资运行费用的分析,为猪场废水处理的工艺选择、运行管理提供参考依据。     

300MW贫煤改烧烟煤制粉系统改造方案及效果分析

随着我国贫煤价格上涨及国家环保要求的日益严格,部分电厂要求将贫煤更换为烟煤。但燃料的变更会对制粉系统安全性造成一定影响。本文提出三种制粉系统改造方案,并在安全性、投资费用及运行费用等方面对三种方案进行了对比分析。结果表明,将原制粉系统改造为中速磨直吹制粉系统安全性最高、运行费用最低但初投资费用最高;改造为乏气送粉,热风+冷风+再循环风为干燥剂安全性最低,初投资费用最低;改造为乏气送粉,热风+炉烟干燥,安全性及初投资介于以上两种方案之间,但运行费用最高。     

简论发酵床养鸡技术

1推广发酵床养鸡的初衷我国是一个养鸡大国,在养鸡业取得辉煌成就的同时,环境污染问题也接踵而来。鸡粪作为养鸡产业的主要废弃物,在如何处理的问题上一直困扰着养鸡场经营者和有关管理部门。对鸡粪不做任何处理的饲养场已经成为环境的主要污染源,它给自身生产和周围环境造成了严重的威胁。现有的各种畜禽粪便的处理技术有一定效果,但由于投资大和运转费高,一般养殖场很难承受巨额的粪便处理投资。目前,普遍采用的畜禽粪便处理利用方式主要有禽粪干燥法、发酵法、畜粪尿沤制产     

新型鸡粪处理综合配套技术及实践应用

笔者根据多年实践经验,与有关科研、生产部门合作,研制成功了小型鸡粪烘干配套技术,投资少,易操作,设备简单适用,烘干鸡粪达到了无害化处理的要求,同时生产各种专用肥、有机复合肥,经济效益显著,为改善养鸡饲养环境,农民致富开辟了一条新路。现介绍如下:1工艺流程2综合配套技术     

浅谈鸡粪干燥的必要性与可行性

未经处理的鸡粪对环境造成污染，且其中含有的营养物质白白流失，大量未经处理的鸡粪便随意排放，给空气、水体、土壤、食品等环境造成严重危害。鸡粪干燥化处理后既便于储藏，也便于运输。本文从鸡粪未干燥的危害和鸡粪干燥化处理后的益处两方面分析了其必要性；又从干燥化处理方法和影响因素两方面分析了其可行性。     

鸡粪快速烘干工艺技术应用简介

现代集约化养鸡业除生产出大量的肉、蛋产品外，还产出大量的鸡场废弃物，其中鸡粪是鸡场中最主要的废弃物和鸡场附近最大的污染源。鸡粪中含有大量的病原微生物、重金属(Cu、Zn、Mn、等)，同时散发出多种有害气体(NH3、H2S等)，另外鸡粪场所还是鸡场蚊蝇的主要滋生源和啮齿类及鸟类动物的活动集中区域。一个10万只蛋鸡场每天产生鲜鸡粪近10t，如果不及时进行加工处理，这将会在很大程度上对养鸡场环境造成污染。合理的鸡粪处理和应用是解决上述污染问题、实现养鸡业可持续发展、开发绿色家禽产品、增加养鸡效益的惟一途径。目前，鸡粪的…     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -