淮北东部麦稻双季套播技术

淮北地区麦收后焚烧秸秆的不良习惯有碍环境质量,育秧、耕整和栽插不利省工、节本、节能,小麦后水直播水稻存在品种、季节和气候对结实、产量形成的风险。因此,有必要研究探讨麦稻双季套播技术,形成小麦、水稻双季套播全免耕栽培配套技术。通过该技术的应用,可以有效改善区域环境,有效培肥地力和改良土壤,有效规避不良种植方式的产量风险,实现节约增收。小麦水稻双季套播技术是一项环保、节约、安全和可持续的农业新技术。     

棉套麦生育特性及其配套栽培技术研究

本文分析了里下河地区棉田套种小麦的生育特点 ,探讨了其产量形成特性 ,提出了棉田套播麦的配套栽培技术即适时套种、合理密植、合理肥料运筹、适时采取化控措施。     

盘锦稻区水稻晚育晚插节水栽培技术

盘锦稻区在水稻泡田插秧期和插后前期管理阶段降雨少,可能出现水稻生产用水难以保证的情况。阐述了水稻晚育晚插节水栽培技术的定义及其技术优势,从品种选择、培育壮秧、适时插秧、加强插后田间水肥管理与病虫害防治等方面总结介绍了水稻晚育晚插节水栽培技术要点,并探讨了该项技术需注意的几个问题。     

晚茬小麦主要生育特性及调控技术探讨

随着高产优质的中晚熟粳稻品种种植面积逐年扩大、机械化插秧等新型栽培技术的推广应用和人为推迟水稻播种期,使水稻熟期明显推迟,给下茬小麦的适期播种造成了影响。小麦播种偏迟,难以形成冬前壮苗,常规生产上应用的高产优化调控技术在迟播麦上不能充分发挥作用。本文根据我县近几年来的试验和大面积生产实践,对晚茬小麦的一些主要生育特性及栽培技术进行了探讨,为晚茬小麦实现高产高效栽培提供理论依据。     

水稻直播高产栽培技术

水稻直播栽培与水稻移栽相比,具有省工省力、高产高效等优点。从品种选择、整地施肥、种子处理、播后管理、适时收获等方面总结了新疆阿克苏地区水稻直播高产栽培技术,其中播后管理部分又按苗期、分蘖期、拔节期、长穗期、出穗期、结实期等不同时期各自进行了侧重介绍。     

水稻优质高产栽培技术要点

介绍了适用于铁岭地区的水稻优质高产栽培技术要点，包括优良水稻品种的选择、秧田准备、科学安排播期、秧田管理、合理移栽、本田施肥管水及除草、病虫害防治、适时收获等内容，以便为辽北地区的水稻栽培提供科学参考。     

北方粳稻钵育苗抛秧栽培技术

水稻钵育苗抛秧栽培技术,是利用抛秧盘(简塑钵)育苗,采用抛秧方式插秧的一种水稻栽培技术。简述了抛秧盘(简塑钵)的选用规格、盘土的选择和配比、本田用盘数及盘土量等内容,从苗床处理、盘土配制与装盘、播种、浇水摆盘、绿化期及硬化期管理等方面介绍了抛秧盘(简塑钵)育苗技术,并总结了抛秧移栽中应注意的一些问题。     

宁麦19号机条播秸秆全量还田高产栽培技术

宁麦19号是江苏省农科院农业生物技术所和江苏红旗种业股份有限公司2008年育成的优质高产红皮小麦新品种,2012年通过江苏省审定。本文从宁麦19号特征特性与产量结构、前茬水稻秸秆全量还田技术、宁麦19号机条播技术及高产栽培技术4个方面进行总结。其中水稻秸秆全量还田技术包括秸秆切碎、灭茬、旋耕、混合和覆盖等;宁麦19号机条播技术主要包括选择适宜播期和播种量,应用小麦条播机完成小麦条播及镇压,同时完成相应配套沟系的开挖;宁麦19号高产栽培技术主要根据该品种的特征特性以及水稻秸秆全量还田后地力变化,从肥料运筹(基肥增加用氮量)、化控防倒伏、不同生育时期病虫草害的防治等方面进行论述。这一系列技术可为宁麦19的大面积推广种植提供参考。     

水稻旱育稀植高产栽培技术探讨

从准备苗床、整地作畦、播种、秧田管理、大田管理、综合防治病虫草害、适期收获等方面介绍了水稻旱育稀植高产栽培技术,为水稻种植户提供了技术参考。     

水稻大中棚钵体旱育苗超稀植综合配套栽培技术

水稻大中棚钵体旱育苗超稀植栽培技术具有经济效益高、社会效益好等特点。从大中棚的种类与建立、水稻品种的选择、育苗及秧田管理、本田整地施肥与插秧、本田水肥管理及病虫草害防治等方面介绍了水稻大中棚钵体旱育苗超稀植栽培技术,并详尽阐述了其技术优点。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.