Effect of Heat Stress on Grain Growth, Starch Synthesis and Protein Synthesis in Grains of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Varieties Differing in Grain Weight Stability

The effect of heat stress on the components of grain weight was analysed in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) varieties differing in grain weight stability. The wheat varieties PBW154, Sonalika and Hindi62 were raised in the field (New Delhi, India; 77°12' E, 28°40' N, 228.6 m a.s.l.) at three dates of sowing: 19 November 1992 (DOS I), 14 December 1992 (DOS II) and 18 January 1993 (DOS III). The late-sown crop (DOS III) experienced 6–8 °C warmer temperatures during grain development than the crop sown at the normal time (DOS I). The heat susceptibility index (S) revealed that grain weight was less susceptible to heat in Sonalika and PBW154 than in Hindi62. Heat stress reduced both the grain growth duration (GGD) and the grain growth rate (GGR). The grain weight reduction in PBW154 and Sonalika was mainly due to a reduction in GGR, while that of Hindi62 was due to a reduction in GGD. In vivo studies on starch and protein synthesis in excised endosperm at 15, 25 and 35 °C revealed that both processes were more thermotolerant in Hindi62 than in PBW154. The grain starch content was stable in Hindi62 while that in PBW154 was significantly reduced under heat stress. The grain nitrogen content at maturity increased in both varieties under heat stress. It was concluded that the heat susceptibility of grain weight in Hindi62 was mainly due to a reduction in GGD, although GGR, starch and protein synthesis were more thermotolerant in developing grains of Hindi62 than in those of PBW154.     

不同粒型小麦品种籽粒内源激素变化与籽粒灌浆特征的比较

选用2个粒重差异较大的小麦品种济麦20(小粒型)和山农710331(大粒型),对比研究其籽粒发育过程中4种主要内源激素(IAA,GAs,ZR和ABA)的含量变化及籽粒灌浆特征。结果表明,2个品种内源激素含量变化动态趋势基本一致,但品种间内源激素含量存在基因型差异。在籽粒发育过程中,IAA,GAs和ZR含量呈籽粒发育前期高、后期低的趋势,而ABA含量呈“V”型曲线变化。用Logistic方程拟合籽粒灌浆过程可以看出,籽粒灌浆启动时间、灌浆速率以及灌浆持续时间共同决定小麦最终籽粒重的高低。与小粒型品种济麦20相比,大粒型品种山农710331籽粒发育初期较高的ZR含量使其籽粒灌浆启动时间早;在整个籽粒发育过程中较高的GAs,ZR和ABA含量与较高的籽粒灌浆速率相联系;籽粒发育后期较高的ZR含量及相对较低的ABA增幅,可能是其籽粒灌浆持续时间较长的一个重要原因。     

Nitrogen Fertilizer Rate and Timing Effect on Bread Wheat Protein in Eastern Canada

Nitrogen management for production of bread quality wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) in eastern Canada has received little research attention. An experiment was conducted for 2 years at each of two sites in Québec to study the effect of level and timing of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application on grain protein concentration, protein content per seed, non-protein seed dry matter, grain protein yield and nitrogen harvest index (portion of plant N in the grain) of four hard red spring wheat cultivars known to have potential as bread wheats in eastern Canada. The soil types were Bearbroock clay (fine, mixed, non-acid, frigid, Humaquept) and Ste-Rosalie clay (typic, non-acid, frigid, Humaquept). The experiment was a 4 × 4 × 2 factorial. Four cultivars were used: Columbus, Katepwa, Max and Hege 155–85. In both years 0, 60, 120 and 180 kg Nha⁻¹ were applied either all at seeding or 60 % at seeding and 40 % at heading. Grain protein concentration and grain protein yield increased consistently with increasing N fertilizer and with split N application. Nitrogen harvest index was not increased by increasing applications of N fertilizer. Protein content per seed was more critical in determining grain protein concentration than non-protein seed dry matter content. The western Canadian cultivars Columbus and Katepwa generally had greater grain protein concentration than the European cultivars Max and Hege 155–85, With reasonable N fertility the grain protein concentration of spring wheats grown in eastern Canada are sufficient for bread production.     

Effects of High Temperature on Key Enzymes Involved in Starch and Protein Formation in Grains of Two Wheat Cultivars

High temperature is a major determinant of grain growth and yield formation in wheat. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of high temperature regimes on the activities of key regulatory enzymes involved in starch and protein accumulation in grains of two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars Yangmai 9 and Xuzhou 26 with different protein contents. Four day/night temperature regimes of 34 °C/22 °C, 32 °C/24 °C, 26 °C/14 °C and 24 °C/16 °C were established after anthesis, resulting in two daily temperature levels of 28 °C and 20 °C and two diurnal temperature differences of 12 °C and 8 °C. The activities of glutamine synthase (GS) in flag leaves and glutamate pyruvic aminotransferase (GPT), sucrose synthase (SS), soluble starch synthase (SSS) and granule‐bound starch synthase (GBSS) in grains were measured during the periods of grain filling. High temperature reduced both content and yield of starch in grains, while enhanced protein content and reduced protein yield in grains. High temperature significantly enhanced the activities of SS and GBSS on 14 days after anthesis (DAA). High temperature affected SSS slightly in Yangmai 9, but reduced SSS activity markedly in Xuzhou 26 on 14 DAA. However, at the middle and late stages of grain filling, high temperature reduced the activities of SS, GBSS and SSS significantly in the two wheat cultivars. High temperature reduced GPT activity in grains in the two wheat cultivars, but reduced GS activity in flag leaves of Yangmai 9 and enhanced GS activity of Xuzhou 26 on 14 DAA. In addition, under the same high temperature level, SS activity was higher at 34 °C/22 °C, whereas the activities of SSS and GBSS were higher at 32 °C/24 °C. Also, diurnal temperature differences affected GPT and GS activities differently between the two cultivars. Under optimum temperature level, the activities of key enzymes for starch and protein synthesis were higher at 26 °C/14 °C. The activities of SS, SSS and GBSS significantly correlated with starch accumulation in grains, except for GBSS activity to starch content on 14 DAA. GPT activity was positively correlated with protein yield, and GS activity was negatively correlated with protein yield on 14 DAA, while the activities of both GPT and GS were negatively related to protein content in grains.     

Effect of Heat Stress on Grain Starch Content in Diploid, Tetraploid and Hexaploid Wheat Species

Heat stress during grain development adversely affects the starch content of grain in wheat, which results in poor grain quality and yield. Identification of the sources of heat tolerance for grain starch content in wheat species is an important step towards breeding for heat‐tolerant wheat. In this study, 32 wild and cultivated genotypes belonging to diploid (probable donors of B, A and D genomes), tetraploid (BBAA and AAGG genomes) and hexaploid (BBAADD genome) wheat species were evaluated for heat stress tolerance in the field at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India (77°12′ E; 28°40′ N; 228.6 m m.s.l) on two dates, 18 November (normal sowing) and 15 January (heat stress), during 1995–96. The crop sown in January experienced mean maximum temperatures of 31.0–39.3 °C during grain development, which are considered to represent heat stress for wheat grain development. Hexaploids had the highest grain starch content and the lowest heat susceptibility index, followed by tetraploid and diploid species. The heat susceptibility index (S) for grain starch correlated significantly and positively with that of grain weight (Y = 1.259X ? 0.29, R² = 0.8902, P < 0.001) across wheat species, while the actual grain growth duration or the ‘S’ of grain growth duration did not correlate significantly with that of grain weight. Hence, a high mean grain growth rate under heat stress is a better trait for heat tolerance than long grain growth duration. Wide genetic variability for heat tolerance in grain starch content was observed among the wheat species. Hence, the grain weight and quality under heat stress can be improved by using the variability available among wheat species.     

Remobilization of Nitrogen and Carbohydrate from Stems of Bread Wheat in Response to Heat Stress during Grain Filling

When wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is grown under heat-stress conditions during grain filling, preanthesis stored total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC) and nitrogen (N) could serve as alternative source of assimilates. This study was performed to evaluate wheat genotypes for their ability to accumulate and remobilize TNC and N stored in their stem to support grain filling under heat stress. Eighteen genotypes were used for N remobilization study while nine of them were used for TNC remobilization study. They were grown in pots and placed in a vinyl house with the maximum temperature kept below 30 °C. Five days after anthesis (5DAA), half of the pots were taken to phytotrons where temperature was gradually increased and the maximum was set at 38 °C. Grain yield and grain weight decreased by about 35 % under heat stress. Significant differences were found among genotypes in percentage reduction in grain yield, grain weight, grain filling duration and harvest index because of heat stress. The N and TNC concentrations of the stem at 5DAA were significantly different among genotypes. Heat stress significantly reduced the N remobilization efficiency of most of genotypes. However, heat stress significantly increased TNC remobilization efficiency and significant variation were observed among genotypes. N remobilization efficiency across treatments significantly correlated with grain yield, grain weight, harvest index and grain filling duration. TNC at 5DAA negatively correlated with N at 5DAA and harvest index, but the TNC remobilization efficiency under heat stress positively correlated with mainstem grain yield, grain weight and harvest index. The rate of chlorophyll loss from flag leaf positively correlated with N and TNC remobilization efficiencies under heat stress suggesting a link between leaf senescence and remobilization efficiency. The results indicate that heat stress negatively affected grain yield, its components and N remobilization while it increased TNC remobilization because of the increasing demand for resources.     

Grain Protein Quality in Response to Changes in Pre-anthesis Duration in Wheats Released in 1940, 1964 and 1994

Grain protein content is one of the most important attributes in bread making quality. Several studies have reported that the type of, and the balances between, storage protein (i.e. gliadins and glutenins) are also relevant. Generally, the modern cultivars present less grain protein content than their predecessors, suggesting that breeding may have reduced baking quality while improving yield. Furthermore, there is little information on whether, and eventually how, breeding influences the types of protein synthesized in the grains, and the sensitivity of the type of protein and baking quality to changes in the environment. This study aimed to determine the stability in baking quality in wheat cultivars released at different eras to variation in the duration of the pre-anthesis period without changes in the sowing date. The experiment studied the combination of three cultivars released in 1940, 1964 and 1994 at two different durations from sowing to anthesis (because of exposure to different photoperiods during stem elongation in the field). Modern cultivars showed lower grain protein content than the oldest ones (11 vs. 14 %). There were no correlation between grain protein content and baking quality (assessed by Zeleny test), indicating that protein type is more important than grain protein content. Gliadins were more variable than glutenins because of differences between cultivars and flowering dates. Wheat breeding also seemed to have improved the stability of quality variables in response to environmental variation during the pre-anthesis period (when yield potential is being determined).     

冬小麦体细胞无性系种子蛋白质含量的遗传

从同一单倍体的幼穗、成熟胚、继代花药愈伤组织和种子植株幼穗获得的无性系，其蛋白质含量的变幅很大，分别为１２．１４％￣２１．３３％、１３．９８％￣２０．５１％，１３．８２％￣１７．９７％和１６．６２％￣２２．１６％。无性系蛋白质含量的变异发生在早代。获得的高蛋白特性可以遗传。已从单倍体幼穗无性系获得５个蛋白质含量高（１９％以上）的冬小麦新品系。     

Availability and Utilization of Assimilates in Relation to Grain Growth Within the Ear of Wheat

The development of grains of different positions in the apical, middle and basal spikelets of wheat var. Kaly-ansona showed that beyond first two basal grains, the more distal a grain in a spikelet the lower its weight. The distal grains received less assimilates than the proximal grains as revealed from sugar concentration in the grains. The eflficiency of distal grains of kalyansona to synthesize reserves was, however, not inferior than the proximal grains in a spikelet. The depression in grain weight lowards extreme spikelet was lower compared to the depression in weight of individual grams towards a distal position in a spikelet. The study seems to suggest that in order to ensure better grain uniformity while maintaining a higher grain number per ear, the spikelet number per ear should be increased instead of increasing the grain number per spikelet.     

硫对春小麦不同品质类型籽粒蛋白质及贮藏蛋白含量的效应

以6个不同品质类型春小麦为材料,在不同氮水平条件下,研究施硫对小麦籽粒蛋白质含量和贮藏蛋白含量的调节效应.研究结果表明,施硫影响籽粒蛋白质含量,2+12亚基组成品种籽粒蛋白质含量均在尿素60 kg/hm2(N60)水平下配合一定的硫肥表现最好,5+10亚基组成品种均在尿素128 kg/hm2(N128)水平下蛋白质含量较高.硫对籽粒蛋白质含量的     

冬小麦品种生育后期的耐热性评价

冬小麦品种生育后期耐热性遗传差异的表现受环境影响较大。通过1997～2000年间在北京对群体气-冠温差、灌浆特性、热感指数等三种耐热性评价方法有效性的比较研究，认为热感指数反映品种对后期热胁迫的敏感程度，利用千粒重热感指数可鉴定出后期耐热性较好的基因型。气-冠温差法快速、简便、准确，但叶片持绿期长的品种气-冠温差一般较大，可结合对灌浆速率的评价来筛选生育期适中的耐热基因型。在3年的试验中，小麦品种鲁936098表现耐热性强，千粒重稳定。     

棉花早期热激处理与高温期蕾铃脱落关系的初步研究

研究了棉花早期热激处理与高温期蕾铃脱落的关系，结果表明：早期热激处理有助于高温期棉株体内产生更丰富的热激蛋白，从而提高棉株的耐热程度，降低脱落率达１．７～３．０个百分点。但不同的品种，早期热激处理的最适生长阶段不同品种有差异     

Grain Protein Accumulation During Grain Development in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Grain protein accumulation during grain development was studied as a function of defoliation at anthesis in barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes grown under pot culture and non limiting nitrogen conditions. The data indicates that per cent grain protein did not decrease proportionally despite 50 % or more decrease in grain yield per plant. These data support the contention that shrivelling need not result in proportional increase in grain protein %. The data also suggests that accumulation of grain protein and carbohydrate during the grain development may not be negatively associated. The data also brings about the importance of grain protein yield per plant as a useful parameter for breeding high grain protein genotypes.     

2个小麦品种籽粒灌浆性状的分析

为了对小麦新品种的选育提供理论依据,利用Richards方程对小麦品种‘绵麦37’（四川省小麦新品种区域试验对照品种）和‘川麦42’（长江上游冬麦组品种区域试验对照品种）的灌浆性状进行了研究。研究得出了2个品种的主要灌浆性状参数,结果表明,在四川盆地,灌浆速率比灌浆持续时间更能影响小麦粒重,小麦粒重主要受灌浆前期和灌浆中期的灌浆速率的影响,灌浆中期对粒重的贡献达到45%以上。通过以上结果,认为在小麦新品种选育的实践中,要兼顾较长的灌浆持续期、较高的平均灌浆速率和最大灌浆速率、以及抗倒伏性等性状的选择。     

优质黑粒小麦76的选育及品质分析

应用小麦属间远缘杂交和染色体工程与组织培养等生物技术,首次育成了黑粒小麦76新品种,填补了自然界黑色谷物家族中无小麦的空白。文中报道了黑粒小麦76的选育经过,育种程序,特征特性和营养成分的分析比较。又人工合成黑粒小麦的可行性,超优小麦的选育等也进行了探讨。     

源库改变对小麦籽粒蛋白质,淀粉含量及产量的影响

利用蛋白质含量及产量各不相同3个春小麦品种．研究了源库改变对淀粉、蛋白质沉术；及单侏产量的影响．结果表明：源库改变明显地影响着籽粒蛋白质的含量，而对淀粉、可溶性糖含量影响不大；品种间蛋白质含量对源库变化的反应不同；千粒重的增减也因品种而异；淀粉的沉积主要受库的限制，而源库都影响着蛋白含量；旗叶在产量和蛋白形成中起着同样重要作用。     

取食不同寄主植物对绿盲蝽热激蛋白AlHSP90表达的影响

绿盲蝽热激蛋白90基因AlHSP90是绿盲蝽体内重要的抗逆基因,参与绿盲蝽耐受高温、杀虫剂等胁迫反应。为了明晰绿盲蝽取食不同寄主植物后其体内抗逆基因的表达特征,本试验通过荧光定量PCR和Western杂交技术,重点分析AlHSP90基因及其蛋白在绿盲蝽取食不同寄主植物后的表达谱。结果表明:绿盲蝽雌、雄成虫取食Bt棉、常规棉后,AlHSP90表达量显著高于取食其他寄主植物(P0.01);与对照四季豆相比,取食茼蒿之后AlHSP90表达量无显著变化(P0.05)。雌成虫取食Bt棉、常规棉后,AlHSP90表达量分别比对照上升了1.77、1.74倍;而雄成虫取食Bt棉、常规棉后,AlHSP90表达量则分别比对照上升了1.98、1.94倍。取食不同寄主植物之后,AlHSP90蛋白的表达谱结果与其基因的表达谱结果高度相似。绿盲蝽雌、雄成虫取食Bt棉、常规棉后,AlHSP90蛋白表达量显著高于取食其他寄主植物(P0.01);而取食茼蒿之后,AlHSP90蛋白表达量无显著变化(P0.05)。由此可见,AlHSP90基因是绿盲蝽适应棉花取食过程中重要的抗逆基因,并在绿盲蝽寄主转换过程中起到重要作用。     

行距配置对大穗型品种兰考矮早八旗叶氮代谢酶活性、籽粒产量及蛋白质含量的影响

在大田高产栽培条件下。研究了行距配置对大穗型冬小麦品种兰考矮早八花后旗叶硝酸还原酶活性、谷氨酰胺合成酶活性、籽粒产量、蛋白质含量及单位面积蛋白质产量的影响。结果表明,15cm行距处理下,旗叶在灌浆中后期具有较高的氮代谢酶活性。籽粒产量随行距减小而增加,而籽粒蛋白质含量却减小,籽粒蛋白质产量与籽粒产量表现相同趋势。因此,适当缩小种植行距,降低了籽粒蛋白质含量,但有利于提高籽粒产量和单位面积蛋白质产量。