毛竹向杉木林扩张后的群落物种多样性特征

以戴云山自然保护区毛竹向杉木林扩张过程中形成的3种林分:毛竹林、毛竹杉木混交林、杉木林为对象,研究毛竹扩张对立竹结构和物种多样性的影响。结果表明,毛竹杉木混交林中立竹高度>9 m以及胸径>9 cm的立竹比例显著高于毛竹林中的比例,混交林中毛竹通过增大立竹高度和立竹胸径获得更多的养分和光照等资源,从而促进毛竹的快速生长以及扩张。毛竹向杉木林扩张过程中,灌木层和草本层的物种数量呈增加趋势,当杉木林完全演替为毛竹林后,物种数量显著增加。毛竹扩张对灌木层物种分布均匀度无明显影响,但会增加草本层物种分布均匀度。研究结果可为毛竹林扩张控制的人工干扰提供理论依据。     

Terrestrial ecosystem responses to species gains and losses

Ecosystems worldwide are losing some species and gaining others, resulting in an interchange of species that is having profound impacts on how these ecosystems function. However, research on the effects of species gains and losses has developed largely independently of one another. Recent conceptual advances regarding effects of species gain have arisen from studies that have unraveled the mechanistic basis of how invading species with novel traits alter biotic interactions and ecosystem processes. In contrast, studies on traits associated with species loss are fewer, and much remains unknown about how traits that predispose species to extinction affect ecological processes. Species gains and losses are both consequences and drivers of global change; thus, explicit integration of research on how both processes simultaneously affect ecosystem functioning is key to determining the response of the Earth system to current and future human activities.     

Climate-driven range expansion and morphological evolution in a marine gastropod

Little is known about the phenotypic consequences of global climate change, despite the excellent Pleistocene fossil record of many taxa. We used morphological measurements from extant and Pleistocene populations of a marine gastropod (Acanthinucella spirata) in conjunction with mitochondrial DNA sequence variation from living populations to determine how populations responded phenotypically to Pleistocene climatic changes. Northern populations show little sequence variation as compared to southern populations, a pattern consistent with a recent northward range expansion. These recently recolonized northern populations also contain shell morphologies that are absent in extant southern populations and throughout the Pleistocene fossil record. Thus, contrary to traditional expectations that morphological evolution should occur largely within Pleistocene refugia, our data show that geographical range shifts in response to climatic change can lead to significant morphological evolution.     

耐生活污水的草种筛选研究进展

依据气候特征和植被的分布状况,筛选并发展耐水浸且具有耐污性的草种,建植耐污性草地草,有利于城乡经济建设、人工湿地处理生活污水和美化环境。介绍了我国水资源的现状及利用生活污水灌溉草地草的好处。论述了草地草污水处理的技术原理和耐生活污水草种筛选的研究意义,并探讨了草地草的研究方向,以及草在环境保护方面的应用前景。     

2种大型丛生竹对氮输入的可塑性响应

为全面了解半自然条件和造林条件下丛生竹氮输入与表型可塑性之间的关联性,对酒竹和绿竹扦插移栽植株在土壤氮素梯度变化条件下(N0～N160)的形态和生理适应性差异进行了研究。结果表明:与绿竹相比,酒竹具有较高的资源利用效率和较高的生产力,酒竹最优氮素施用更倾向于N120,而绿竹则为N80,酒竹对氮素利用有更大的饱和阈值;随着供氮水平的增加,酒竹和绿竹通过提高SLA、扩大冠幅和总叶面积以使光能吸收率和利用率达到最优化,并与根系数据(RGRr和根半径)相对应;酒竹和绿竹在纵向生长上也表现为通过开拓立体空间使株型更有利于摄取可利用的光资源;在中等氮肥供应(N80～N120处理)情况下能显著促进目标竹种光合生理参数如Pmax、LSP、LCP、Rd和φAQY的上升;而各项形态和生理参数在高氮素施用情况下均有所下降,但与对照相比均有显著提高;N40数据表明2种竹种在低氮施用下可塑性并不明显,但是根系和φAQY对低氮仍有一定的响应。     

Apriori算法在杉木伴生树种选择中的应用

合适的伴生树种是杉木混交林营造成功的关键,本研究应用Apriori算法从杉木混交林野外调查数据中挖掘出杉木与其伴生树种之间的关联关系,得到合适的伴生树种,提供杉木伴生树种选择的新途径.     

Temperature-dependent alterations in host use drive rapid range expansion in a butterfly

Responses of species to climate change are extremely variable, perhaps because of climate-related changes to interactions among species. We show that temperature-related changes in the dependence of the butterfly Aricia agestis on different larval host plants have facilitated rapid range expansion. Historically, the butterfly was largely restricted to a single plant species, Helianthemum nummularium, but recent warmer conditions have enabled the butterfly to increasingly use the more widespread plant species Geranium molle. This has resulted in a substantial increase in available habitat and rapid range expansion by the butterfly (79 kilometers northward in Britain in 20 years). Interactions among species are often seen as constraints on species' responses to climate change, but we show that temperature-dependent changes to interspecific interactions can also facilitate change.     

生物柴油树种评价与筛选

在福建省乡土油料树种资源调查的基础上,提出了福建生物柴油树种筛选的主要标准:种子含油率≥30%,种子千粒重≥100 g,脂肪酸组成中C16和C18的总量大于50%。对乌桕、无患子等20种传统油料树种进行3个指标多层次的联合选择,初步确定麻疯树、乌桕、野茉莉、蓖麻、无患子、竹柏可作为植物源生物柴油树种,其种子含油率为30.0%-54.1%,种子千粒重109.9-137.3 g,油脂脂肪酸组成中C16和C18的总量为58.2%-100.0%、酸值为1.29-63.6 mg.g-1、皂化值为151.9-205.7 mg.g-1。     

Geographic range size and determinants of avian species richness

Geographic patterns in species richness are mainly based on wide-ranging species because their larger number of distribution records has a disproportionate contribution to the species richness counts. Here we demonstrate how this effect strongly influences our understanding of what determines species richness. Using both conventional and spatial regression models, we show that for sub-Saharan African birds, the apparent role of productivity diminishes with decreasing range size, whereas the significance of topographic heterogeneity increases. The relative importance of geometric constraints from the continental edge is moderate. Our findings highlight the failure of traditional species richness models to account for narrow-ranging species that frequently are also threatened.     

基于GIS的禽流感发生格局研究

    基于GIS空间数据处理技术,综合风险评估的理论和方法探询我国禽流感发生的风险格局.结果表明,我国禽流感疫情在经过2004年以来的综合防治以及2005年以来的免疫政策,目前疫情发生强度虽有所减弱,但疫情扩散和病毒变异风险依然存在:①我国以散养和小规模养殖模式为主体的养殖结构使禽流感发生的接触和暴露风险增大,特别是在候鸟迁徙区域的西南流域温地、西藏流域湿地、新疆流域湿地、甘蒙流域湿地、长江流域湿地以及黑龙江流域湿地,这些湿地区域在候鸟迁徙、带毒扩散上的廊道作用将逐渐显现;②目前我国禽流感疫情发生的聚集型态势明显.区域尺度疫点格局分析表明,在云南、辽宁、新疆、内蒙、广西和西藏的禽流感疫情发生的空间相关性显著,为聚集型分布,格局分析同时表明,目前我国禽流感发生已经形成了以西南一华南流域湿地、长江流域湿地、西藏流域湿地、新疆流域湿地、甘蒙流域湿地和黑龙江流域湿地等为中心的多点位发生态势;③全国尺度疫点格局分析表明,我国2004--2006年禽流感发生疫点的空间分布为聚集型,R统计特征值为0.43126(0.05水平),标准化ZR为7.69399,95%的置信区间内说明我国目前疫情已经跨越了零星发生的态势,聚集分布的空间特征使我国禽流感在一定时间段内复发成为可能.     

Psychological responses after abortion

A review of methodologically sound studies of the psychological responses of U.S. women after they obtained legal, nonrestrictive abortions indicates that distress is generally greatest before the abortion and that the incidence of severe negative responses is low. Factors associated with increased risk of negative response are consistent with those reported in research on other stressful life events.     

3个树种对不同程度土壤干旱的生理生化响应

利用盆栽试验和采用人工浇水后持续自然耗水的方法,研究了3年生山杏(Prunus sibirica)、沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)、油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)对土壤干旱胁迫的生理生化响应过程.结果表明:随着干旱程度加剧,3个树种叶片相对含水量(LRWC)及叶绿素(Chl)含量持续下降,细胞膜透性逐渐增大;其中,以山杏和沙棘变化幅度较大,油松最小;3个指标发生显著变化的土壤相对含水量(RWC)临界值,油松为54.7％、山杏和沙棘分别为46.7％和48.4％.3个树种超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)与过氧化物酶(POD)两种抗氧化酶活性,随RWC降低先升高后降低;维持较高抗氧化酶活性的RWC范围,油松为32.9％-76.4％、山杏和沙棘分别为46.7％-77.9％和35.8％-78.2％;在不同土壤干旱程度下,油松的抗氧化酶活性水平高于沙棘和山杏.3个树种两种渗透调节物质脯氨酸(Pro)与可溶性糖(Ss)的含量随RWC降低而增加,油松的增加幅度大于山杏和沙棘;Pro含量的增加速度大于Ss含量.结论:3个树种可通过渗透调节、抗氧化酶活性升高等途径增强对干旱逆境的耐受性和适应性;3个树种的抗旱能力为油松＞沙棘＞山杏.     

小麦抗旱性生理生化研究进展

目的 明确干旱及复水处理对不同小麦品种(系)苗期生长指标的影响。 方法 以抗旱型品种靖麦12号与干旱敏感型品系云0073为材料,以正常水分管理作为对照,待小麦长至三叶期,采用干旱—复水法取幼苗全株测定株高、地上部分干质量、地下部分干质量、根冠比以及初生根数、根长、根平均直径、根体积和根表面积等生长指标的变化情况。 结果 干旱处理下,两品种(系)之间地下部分干质量、根冠比、总根长、根平均直径及根总体积存在极显著差异(P<0.01),株高、地上部分干质量和根总表面积存在显著差异(P<0.05)。处理间地下部分干质量、根冠比、根平均直径及根总体积存在极显著差异(P<0.01),初生根数达显著差异(P<0.05)。云0073的幼苗除初生根数外,其余指标均较对照显著降低(P<0.05),而靖麦12号均无显著变化(P>0.05)。在复水条件下,2个品种的初生根数变化趋势基本一致,其余生长指标靖麦12号均显著优于云0073 (P<0.05)。干旱及复水处理下,品种与株高极显著负相关(P<0.01),与根平均直径显著负相关(P<0.05);地下部分干质量与根平均直径和根总体积极显著正相关(P<0.01),与地上部分和根总表面积显著正相关(P<0.05);地上部分干质量与总根长、根总体积和根总表面积极显著正相关(P<0.01);总根长与根总表面积极显著正相关(P<0.01),与根平均直径和根总体积显著正相关(P<0.05);根平均直径与根总表面积显著正相关(P<0.05);根总体积与根总表面积极显著正相关(P<0.01)。 结论 不同抗旱性品种形态指标对干旱响应存在差异,抗旱品种靖麦12号多项指标明显优于干旱敏感品系云0073,受干旱影响相对较小,各项生长指标也表现较好;复水后靖麦12号能较快恢复,而云0073在复水5 d后受害有进一步加剧的趋势;干旱及复水处理下,小部分生长指标之间存在负相关性,而大部分指标之间存在正相关性。靖麦12号和云0073相比,靖麦12号表现出较强的抵御干旱及复水后的恢复能力。     

成渝地区城市森林树种选择研究

【目的】筛选适宜成渝地区的优良造林树种,为本区域城市森林造林提供树种参考依据.【方法】以成渝地区的乡土树种作为研究对象,将生态学特性、生态功能、景观功能和经济价值作为城市森林树种选择的主要依据.采用实地调查、问卷调查和查阅资料相结合的方法进行分析.【结果】初步拟定82个树种,选取形态特性、生长速度、土壤适宜性、滞尘能力、降温效果、叶形叶色、造林成本等17个指标,采用定性与定量相结合的层次分析法对成渝地区的城市森林树种进行评价筛选.【结论】香樟、银木、银杏、栾树、桂花、香椿、木芙蓉等17个树种可作为成渝地区城镇森林营建的骨干树种;羊蹄甲、龙爪槐、峨眉含笑、深山含笑、杜英等36个树种可作为主要配置树种;紫叶李、旱柳、柳杉、柏木、侧柏、重阳木、日本五针松、水杉等29个树种可作为补充配置树种.     

杭州市行道树现状调查及布局设想

通过对浙江省杭州市行道树现状的调查,认为该市目前应用的行道树种类较单调,与国际旅游城市的形象不符合。提出行道树应多样化。建议应用鹅掌楸、北美鹅掌楸、杂交鹅掌楸、银杏、连香树、合欢、金钱松和玉兰等观赏性强的落叶树中以及舟山木姜子、普陀樟、交让木、红楠、细柄蕈树和灰毛含笑等绿化效果良好的常绿树种作为主要行道树。根据西湖风景区、工厂区、住宅区、窗口区和闹市区五大功能区,分别配植与其功能相符合的树种,以形     

灰色综合评判在防火性树种选择中的应用

以河南宝天曼自然保护区的１９个树种的５项指标作为评判依据,采用灰色系统理论中的关联度作为测度,对各树种的防火性能进行综述评判,评判结果与实际情况一致,从而为防火树的选择提供了一种新的科学方法。     

基于GIS的松树萎蔫病发生格局研究

通过GIS对发病信息的空间定位以及发病林型几何质心的挖掘,对空间点(单元)发病属性数据建立距离矩阵,利用空间自相关性指数研究探询安徽滁州地区松树萎蔫病发生的空间扩散机制,结果表明:松树萎蔫病在安徽滁州和马鞍山地区的发病率从0.18%到46%不等,严重发病的区域主要集中在明光县管店林业总厂及其相邻的鲁山林厂和老嘉山林场,发病率都在40%～46%;其次为马鞍山地区的横山林场及其附近的薛津镇.在安徽滁州地区和马鞍山地区松树萎蔫病的发生和扩散有适宜的生境条件,该地区松材线虫易感植被集聚分布的特点使松树萎蔫病持续发生和蔓延成为可能.空间自相关性的分析发现,松树萎蔫病在该区域内发病的Moran's Ⅰ的空间自相关指数高达74.86%(0.05水平检验),推断在安徽滁州和马鞍山地区1316个以林型为发病单元的发病点的分布格局为高度聚集型,同时也说明松树萎蔫病在安徽滁州和马鞍山地区的发生具有一定强度的传染性.     

Inhibition of pyruvate kinase M2 by reactive oxygen species contributes to cellular antioxidant responses

Control of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations is critical for cancer cell survival. We show that, in human lung cancer cells, acute increases in intracellular concentrations of ROS caused inhibition of the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) through oxidation of Cys(358). This inhibition of PKM2 is required to divert glucose flux into the pentose phosphate pathway and thereby generate sufficient reducing potential for detoxification of ROS. Lung cancer cells in which endogenous PKM2 was replaced with the Cys(358) to Ser(358) oxidation-resistant mutant exhibited increased sensitivity to oxidative stress and impaired tumor formation in a xenograft model. Besides promoting metabolic changes required for proliferation, the regulatory properties of PKM2 may confer an additional advantage to cancer cells by allowing them to withstand oxidative stress.