哺乳动物生物钟昼夜节律同步机制的研究进展

哺乳动物昼夜节律生物钟是以24 h为周期的自主维持的振荡器。在分子水平上,生物钟的振荡由自身调控反馈环路的转录和翻译组成,并接受外界环境因素的影响,通过下丘脑视叉上核(Supra Ch iasm atic N u-cleus,SCN)中枢震荡器的同步整和而产生作用。文章对生物钟上下游的分布、反馈环路的转录、翻译后事件、视觉通路、钟的整和等方面进行了综述,并对其今后的研究方向作了展望。     

Entrainment of a population of synthetic genetic oscillators

Biological clocks are self-sustained oscillators that adjust their phase to the daily environmental cycles in a process known as entrainment. Molecular dissection and mathematical modeling of biological oscillators have progressed quite far, but quantitative insights on the entrainment of clocks are relatively sparse. We simultaneously tracked the phases of hundreds of synthetic genetic oscillators relative to a common external stimulus to map the entrainment regions predicted by a detailed model of the clock. Synthetic oscillators were frequency-locked in wide intervals of the external period and showed higher-order resonance. Computational simulations indicated that natural oscillators may contain a positive-feedback loop to robustly adapt to environmental cycles.     

Feedback loops shape cellular signals in space and time

Positive and negative feedback loops are common regulatory elements in biological signaling systems. We discuss core feedback motifs that have distinct roles in shaping signaling responses in space and time. We also discuss approaches to experimentally investigate feedback loops in signaling systems.     

模拟电感和负阻变换器组成的振荡电路的研究

提出了一种由模拟电感和负阻变换器组成的正弦波振荡电路。该电路输出幅值大,频率高,且两者都是可方便调节的正弦波。作者分析了模拟电感和负阻变换器的工作原理,给出了电路起振条件和频率计算公式,电路的实验结果及调整方法。     

Engineering complex dynamical structures: sequential patterns and desynchronization

We used phase models to describe and tune complex dynamic structures to desired states; weak, nondestructive signals are used to alter interactions among nonlinear rhythmic elements. Experiments on electrochemical reactions on electrode arrays were used to demonstrate the power of mild model-engineered feedback to achieve a desired response. Applications are made to the generation of sequentially visited dynamic cluster patterns similar to reproducible sequences seen in biological systems and to the design of a nonlinear antipacemaker for the destruction of pathological synchronization of a population of interacting oscillators.     

Submicrometer ferromagnetic NOT gate and shift register

An all-metallic submicrometer device is demonstrated experimentally at room temperature that performs logical NOT operations on magnetic logic signals. When this two-terminal ferromagnetic structure is incorporated into a magnetic feedback loop, the junction performs a frequency division operation on an applied oscillating magnetic field. Up to 11 of these junctions are then directly linked together to create a magnetic shift register.     

Emerging coherence in a population of chemical oscillators

Coherence of interacting oscillating entities has importance in biological, chemical, and physical systems. We report experiments on populations of chemical oscillators and verify a 25-year-old theory of Kuramoto that predicts that global coupling in a set of smooth limit-cycle oscillators with different frequencies produces a phase transition in which some of the elements synchronize. Both the critical point and the predicted dependence of order on coupling are seen in the experiments. We extend the studies both to relaxation and to chaotic oscillators and characterize the quantitative similarities and differences among the types of systems.     

Cell polarity: quantitative modeling as a tool in cell biology

Among a number of innovative approaches that have modernized cell biology, modeling has a prominent yet unusual place. One popular view is that we progress linearly, from conceptual to ever more detailed models. We review recent discoveries of cell polarity mechanisms, in which modeling played an important role, to demonstrate that the experiment-theory feedback loop requires diverse models characterized by varying levels of biological detail and mathematical complexity. We argue that a quantitative model is a tool that has to fit an experimental study, and the model's value should be judged not by how complex and detailed it is, but by what could be learned from it.     

Studies and perspectives of protein kinase C

Protein kinase C, an enzyme that is activated by the receptor-mediated hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids, relays information in the form of a variety of extracellular signals across the membrane to regulate many Ca2+-dependent processes. At an early phase of cellular responses, the enzyme appears to have a dual effect, providing positive forward as well as negative feedback controls over various steps of its own and other signaling pathways, such as the receptors that are coupled to inositol phospholipid hydrolysis and those of some growth factors. In biological systems, a positive signal is frequently followed by immediate negative feedback regulation. Such a novel role of this protein kinase system seems to give a logical basis for clarifying the biochemical mechanism of signal transduction, and to add a new dimension essential to our understanding of cell-to-cell communication.     

顶点赋权图分析法在沼气工程系统中的应用研究

利用顶点赋权反馈图分析法分析江苏某猪场沼气系统工程的效益,并建立猪场排泄物无污染的仿真学模型。根据2011年江苏某猪场与年猪粪尿和沼气效益有关的顶点赋权反馈图对其中的权值进行量化,采用量化结果和农户液化气消耗情况及耕地面积,建立猪场排泄物无污染的仿真学模型。结果表明：2011年该系统中含有3条正反馈环（沼气能源效益正反馈环、施肥面积正反馈环和沼渣效益正反馈环）及2条负反馈环（沼气浪费负反馈环和沼肥浪费负反馈环）。建立了两套排泄物无污染的仿真学模型的调整方案：一是在平均存栏量（1 728头）不变的情况下与168户农户建立输气管道,供农户使用;二是按比例扩大规模至3 721头,并建立与周边所有361户农户的输气管道,进一步健全沼液灌溉渠,扩大沼液灌溉面积。     

Somatomedin-C mediates growth hormone negative feedback by effects on both the hypothalamus and the pituitary

Somatomedin-C stimulates somatostatin release to a maximum of 390 percent of basal release during short-term (20-minute) incubation of rat hypothalamus. It has no effect on basal or stimulated growth hormone release from primary cultures of rat adenohypophyseal cells during a 4-hour incubation, but inhibits stimulated release by more that 90 percent after 24 hours. These findings suggest that somatomedin-C participates in the growth hormone negative feedback loop with an immediate effect on hypothalamic somatostatin and a delayed effect on the anterior pituitary.     

alphaE-catenin controls cerebral cortical size by regulating the hedgehog signaling pathway

During development, cells monitor and adjust their rates of accumulation to produce organs of predetermined size. We show here that central nervous system-specific deletion of the essential adherens junction gene, alphaE-catenin, causes abnormal activation of the hedgehog pathway, resulting in shortening of the cell cycle, decreased apoptosis, and cortical hyperplasia. We propose that alphaE-catenin connects cell-density-dependent adherens junctions with the developmental hedgehog pathway and that this connection may provide a negative feedback loop controlling the size of developing cerebral cortex.     

The frequency dependence of osmo-adaptation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The propagation of information through signaling cascades spans a wide range of time scales, including the rapid ligand-receptor interaction and the much slower response of downstream gene expression. To determine which dynamic range dominates a response, we used periodic stimuli to measure the frequency dependence of signal transduction in the osmo-adaptation pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We applied system identification methods to infer a concise predictive model. We found that the dynamics of the osmo-adaptation response are dominated by a fast-acting negative feedback through the kinase Hog1 that does not require protein synthesis. After large osmotic shocks, an additional, much slower, negative feedback through gene expression allows cells to respond faster to future stimuli.     

宽带高频放大器的设计与仿真实现

阐述了一种负反馈宽带高频放大器的设计方法,给出了采用BFR93构成的宽带放大器的仿真实现 结果和实测值。结果表明,在20-500MHz的频率范围内,该放大器具有10dB的平坦增益和良好的输入 输出匹配性能。